三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究
摘要
随着计算机软硬件技术、图形学、空间测量、空间数据存储等技术的日益成熟，地理信息系统(GIS)由二维向三维的转变已成为必然的发展趋势。三维空间数据模型研究已成为三维GIS领域内的研究热点和难点，也是空间信息可视化的基础。如何高效地组织和管理三维空间数据，构建易于交互的三维空间模型已成为三维GIS成功应用的关键。目前，由于三维GIS的理论与技术尚不成熟，其应用主要集中于地质、矿山、数字城市等一些特殊的领域，并且提供的功能也非常有限。尤其是在地质领域，尚有一系列问题亟待解决，例如：如何根据钻孔数据，自动生成三维地质体的表面模型；针对特定的地质体，如何利用现有的模型(或者是模型集成的方式)对其实现高效、完整的三维表达；如何在三维环境下对模型进行可视化渲染，以及如何对大规模场景进行实时漫游等等。这些问题的解决，无疑将对三维GIS的发展产生较大的推动作用。因此，针对上述问题，本文主要从以下几个方面展开研究。
(1)针对矿山地质三维数据的特征，根据离散拟合的思想，提出了三维GIS模型的分层表示策略及基于离散算法的自动建模技术。给定原始地质钻孔数据，利用自适应神经网络预测地质体横剖面内信息未知区域的品位属性，生成分层数据；结合离散网络模型自动创建相邻数据分层内控制点之间的拓扑关系，由此建立三维地质体的表面模型；然后利用OpenGL技术对三维表面模型进行可视化渲染，并在此基础上设计了模型动态交互算法。
(2)在重新定义地质块段模型的基础上，提出了基于八叉树和四面体格网的集成数据结构模型(Block Octree Tetrahedron Model，BOT模型)。采用BOT模型生成算法对块段模型进行重新分割，八叉树作整体描述，四面体格网作局部精确描述，并以不同的灰度值表示不同的单元块属性。同时，为节省存储空间，提出了线性BOT编码技术，并结合基于Morton码的压缩技术实现了对BOT模型的数据压缩。
(3)在充分分析不规则三角网(Triangulated Irregular Network，TIN)与构造实体几何(Constructive Solid Geometry，CSG)各自特性的基础上，提出了限定TIN与CSG集成的仿真建模算法。采用TIN模型描述地形，CSG模型描述建筑物，通过抽取建筑物地面轮廓线作为地形三角剖分时的限定约束条件，将两种模型有机集成在一起。同时，给出了任意限定条件下的地形Delaunay剖分算法，实现了两类模型可视化渲染操作的同步进行。
(4)为了解决大规模地形实时漫游过程中，由于不同细节层次模型之间过渡而引起的图像跳变(popping)以及图像绘制帧率不高的问题，提出了自底向上的一次性整体构网，网格节点实时更新的建模策略。运用基于块和三角形面片的混合裁剪模式，结合简化的高度差投影计算方法，快速选取适合的地形节点；然后采用“加点、删点和局部更新”三种途径对Delaunay地形三角网进行实时更新。同时在地形漫游过程中实现了对高度差投影限的自适应控制。
为验证本文上述研究成果的有效性，针对每一种模型与算法都设计了相应的试验原形系统。在条件许可的情况下，与传统算法进行了试验对比分析。结果表明：地质体分层模型在保证精度要求的前提下，降低了人为因素的影响，有效地简化了建模过程；BOT模型充分发挥了八叉树和四面体格网各自表示空间实体的优势，具有精确表示目标和表示较为复杂空间拓扑关系的能力：限定TIN与CSG集成模型实现了不同对象(地形与建筑物)的同步可视化渲染操作，有效减少了三维场景的渲染时间；视点相关的大规模地形实时绘制算法消除了地形漫游时的图像跳变现象，并有较高的图像绘制帧率，特别适合于大规模地形近距离漫游仿真。
With the rapid development of technologies such as computer software and hardware, graphics, spatial measurement and spatial data storage, it is inevitable for geographic information system (GIS) turning from 2D to 3D. The study of 3D spatial data model is of great importance in 3D GIS application and is the basis of spatial information visualization. To organize and manage 3D data efficiently and to construct interactive 3D spatial model are the keys to successful application of 3D GIS. Currently, applications of 3D GIS mainly focus onsome special areas, including geology, mine, digital city and so on, with limited function for its undevelopment theory and technology. Especially in the field of geology, there still exist a series of problems unresolved, some of which are constructing 3D surface model of ore body based on drill hole data, representing 3D spatial objects integrally by means of model integration, realizing visualization under 3D environment and real-time walkthrough for large-scale terrain. The settlement of these problems will undoubtedly have a greater impetus to the development of 3D GIS. Therefore, aiming at the above problems, related studies are carried out as follows:
(1) In view of characteristics of 3D geological data, a layered representation method for 3D model and its modeling technology based on discrete algorithm are put forward. The modeling process is as follows: firstly, on the basis of original geological drill hole data, the layered data can be obtained by forecasting the attributes value of information unknown areas in geological section planes using self-adaptive neural network; secondly, based on dynamic discrete network model, the topological relations for control points of adjacent layer can be established automatically, and then the surface model of 3D ore body can be obtained; finally, the OpenGL is adopted to render the established 3D surface model, and the model dynamic interactive algorithm is realized as well.
(2) On the basis of redefining the geological block model, a hybrid data structure model called BOT model (block octree tetrahedron model) is presented, which combines octree and tetrahedral network (TEN) structures. Using BOT generation algorithm, the block model is redivided with octree as general shape description and TEN as partial precise description, in which different gradations of grey are used to stand for different attributes of unit blocks. To reduce memory space a linear BOT coding technology is proposed as well to implement data compression based on Morton code.
(3) In view of characteristics of triangular irregular network (TIN) and constructive solid geometry (CSG), a new integrated model structure is put forward, which combines data structures of constrained TIN and CSG. In this model, TIN is used to represent terrain and CSG to represent buildings. The two simulation models are integrated by extracting ground contour lines of buildings as constrained conditions when carrying out triangulating terrains. And the visualization for all parts of the integrated model can be processed synchronously.
(4) During the flyover of large-scale terrain, in order to eliminate the popping effect of switching among levels of detail and to increase the frame rates with high image quality, a new bottom-up modeling strategy is put forward, which constructs simplified terrain triangle mesh globally and updates mesh nodes dynamically. Hybrid culling technique based on blocks and triangle faces and simplified computing method for screen-space errors are employed to select appropriate terrain nodes rapidly. Then the Delaunay terrain mesh is updated by adding nodes, deleting nodes and modifying locally: At the same time self-adaptive control for screen-space error tolerance is achieved during the terrain flyover.
To validate the effectiveness of the above work, related prototype systems are developed. Results of simulation experiments demonstrate that: ore body layered representation model reduces the influence of human factor with receivable precision and simplifies modeling process effectively; BOT model holds merits of both octree and TEN and has the ability of precisely representing 3D objects and complicated spatial topological relations; constrained TIN and CSG integrated model can perform 3D visualization for different objects (terrain and buildings) simultaneously, which reduces 3D scene render time effectively; view-dependent real-time rendering algorithm for large-scale terrain eliminates popping effect effectively, and has a higher frame rate compared with conventional algorithms, particularly suitable for close-distance flyover simulation of large-scale terrain.
(1)针对矿山地质三维数据的特征，根据离散拟合的思想，提出了三维GIS模型的分层表示策略及基于离散算法的自动建模技术。给定原始地质钻孔数据，利用自适应神经网络预测地质体横剖面内信息未知区域的品位属性，生成分层数据；结合离散网络模型自动创建相邻数据分层内控制点之间的拓扑关系，由此建立三维地质体的表面模型；然后利用OpenGL技术对三维表面模型进行可视化渲染，并在此基础上设计了模型动态交互算法。
(2)在重新定义地质块段模型的基础上，提出了基于八叉树和四面体格网的集成数据结构模型(Block Octree Tetrahedron Model，BOT模型)。采用BOT模型生成算法对块段模型进行重新分割，八叉树作整体描述，四面体格网作局部精确描述，并以不同的灰度值表示不同的单元块属性。同时，为节省存储空间，提出了线性BOT编码技术，并结合基于Morton码的压缩技术实现了对BOT模型的数据压缩。
(3)在充分分析不规则三角网(Triangulated Irregular Network，TIN)与构造实体几何(Constructive Solid Geometry，CSG)各自特性的基础上，提出了限定TIN与CSG集成的仿真建模算法。采用TIN模型描述地形，CSG模型描述建筑物，通过抽取建筑物地面轮廓线作为地形三角剖分时的限定约束条件，将两种模型有机集成在一起。同时，给出了任意限定条件下的地形Delaunay剖分算法，实现了两类模型可视化渲染操作的同步进行。
(4)为了解决大规模地形实时漫游过程中，由于不同细节层次模型之间过渡而引起的图像跳变(popping)以及图像绘制帧率不高的问题，提出了自底向上的一次性整体构网，网格节点实时更新的建模策略。运用基于块和三角形面片的混合裁剪模式，结合简化的高度差投影计算方法，快速选取适合的地形节点；然后采用“加点、删点和局部更新”三种途径对Delaunay地形三角网进行实时更新。同时在地形漫游过程中实现了对高度差投影限的自适应控制。
为验证本文上述研究成果的有效性，针对每一种模型与算法都设计了相应的试验原形系统。在条件许可的情况下，与传统算法进行了试验对比分析。结果表明：地质体分层模型在保证精度要求的前提下，降低了人为因素的影响，有效地简化了建模过程；BOT模型充分发挥了八叉树和四面体格网各自表示空间实体的优势，具有精确表示目标和表示较为复杂空间拓扑关系的能力：限定TIN与CSG集成模型实现了不同对象(地形与建筑物)的同步可视化渲染操作，有效减少了三维场景的渲染时间；视点相关的大规模地形实时绘制算法消除了地形漫游时的图像跳变现象，并有较高的图像绘制帧率，特别适合于大规模地形近距离漫游仿真。
With the rapid development of technologies such as computer software and hardware, graphics, spatial measurement and spatial data storage, it is inevitable for geographic information system (GIS) turning from 2D to 3D. The study of 3D spatial data model is of great importance in 3D GIS application and is the basis of spatial information visualization. To organize and manage 3D data efficiently and to construct interactive 3D spatial model are the keys to successful application of 3D GIS. Currently, applications of 3D GIS mainly focus onsome special areas, including geology, mine, digital city and so on, with limited function for its undevelopment theory and technology. Especially in the field of geology, there still exist a series of problems unresolved, some of which are constructing 3D surface model of ore body based on drill hole data, representing 3D spatial objects integrally by means of model integration, realizing visualization under 3D environment and real-time walkthrough for large-scale terrain. The settlement of these problems will undoubtedly have a greater impetus to the development of 3D GIS. Therefore, aiming at the above problems, related studies are carried out as follows:
(1) In view of characteristics of 3D geological data, a layered representation method for 3D model and its modeling technology based on discrete algorithm are put forward. The modeling process is as follows: firstly, on the basis of original geological drill hole data, the layered data can be obtained by forecasting the attributes value of information unknown areas in geological section planes using self-adaptive neural network; secondly, based on dynamic discrete network model, the topological relations for control points of adjacent layer can be established automatically, and then the surface model of 3D ore body can be obtained; finally, the OpenGL is adopted to render the established 3D surface model, and the model dynamic interactive algorithm is realized as well.
(2) On the basis of redefining the geological block model, a hybrid data structure model called BOT model (block octree tetrahedron model) is presented, which combines octree and tetrahedral network (TEN) structures. Using BOT generation algorithm, the block model is redivided with octree as general shape description and TEN as partial precise description, in which different gradations of grey are used to stand for different attributes of unit blocks. To reduce memory space a linear BOT coding technology is proposed as well to implement data compression based on Morton code.
(3) In view of characteristics of triangular irregular network (TIN) and constructive solid geometry (CSG), a new integrated model structure is put forward, which combines data structures of constrained TIN and CSG. In this model, TIN is used to represent terrain and CSG to represent buildings. The two simulation models are integrated by extracting ground contour lines of buildings as constrained conditions when carrying out triangulating terrains. And the visualization for all parts of the integrated model can be processed synchronously.
(4) During the flyover of large-scale terrain, in order to eliminate the popping effect of switching among levels of detail and to increase the frame rates with high image quality, a new bottom-up modeling strategy is put forward, which constructs simplified terrain triangle mesh globally and updates mesh nodes dynamically. Hybrid culling technique based on blocks and triangle faces and simplified computing method for screen-space errors are employed to select appropriate terrain nodes rapidly. Then the Delaunay terrain mesh is updated by adding nodes, deleting nodes and modifying locally: At the same time self-adaptive control for screen-space error tolerance is achieved during the terrain flyover.
To validate the effectiveness of the above work, related prototype systems are developed. Results of simulation experiments demonstrate that: ore body layered representation model reduces the influence of human factor with receivable precision and simplifies modeling process effectively; BOT model holds merits of both octree and TEN and has the ability of precisely representing 3D objects and complicated spatial topological relations; constrained TIN and CSG integrated model can perform 3D visualization for different objects (terrain and buildings) simultaneously, which reduces 3D scene render time effectively; view-dependent real-time rendering algorithm for large-scale terrain eliminates popping effect effectively, and has a higher frame rate compared with conventional algorithms, particularly suitable for close-distance flyover simulation of large-scale terrain.
引文
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