枫香人工林生态系统水文过程及主要营养元素动态特征
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摘要
森林生态系统的水文过程及主要营养元素动态特征在陆地生态系统的碳氮平衡过程中发挥着重要作用。我国人工林生态系统面积大,因此对人工林生态系统水文生态功能及养分的研究已成为当今社会关注的一个热点问题。枫香具有维护地力高,生态效益好,速生落叶的优良阔叶树种。揭示枫香人工林生态系统内与系统间水分循环的时空变异规律、机理及驱动变量,成为我们亟待解决的问题。2009年1月至2010年12月,本论文采用定位观测方法,对长沙市枫香人工林生态系统水文生态功能和养分循环的动态变化特征进行了研究,目的是揭示枫香人工林水文生态功能和养分循环特征,为估算出枫香人工林生态系统涵养水源,合理有效经营和维持林地生产力的作用,积累人工林植被与水分循环的研究数据。研究结果表明：
1、枫香人工林林冠截留对降水的截留率主要分布在10.7%～59.3%范围内,大气降雨量与林冠截留量相关关系：y=9.6893+0.1079x,P<0.01；与树干茎流量相关关系：y=-0.0493+0.0182x,P<0.01；与林内降雨量相关关系：y=-9.6433+0.8739x,P<0.001；林冠对大气降水的截留作用呈现出明显的月变化和季节变化,夏秋季的林内降雨量小,平均最低为59.4%,林内降雨最高为84.5%。树干茎流率表现出随大气降水强度的增加而增加。观测到的季平均最低值为0.94%,季平均最高值为2.4%。同一降雨强度下,枫香人工林夏季林冠截留量最大,达到39.37%,春季、秋季、冬季林冠截留率分别为36.51%、37.75%、34.02%,呈现出夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的特征。
2、大气降水的pH值在5.7±0.2～7.0±0.2的范围内变化,林内降雨pH值在6.4±0.1～7.2±0.2的范围内变化,树干茎流的pH值波动不大。三种降水的pH年均值由大到小排序为：穿透水(6.8±0.20)>大气降水(6.5±0.20)>树干茎流(6.34±0.17)。林外降水中以Ca2+元素含量最高,为6.323mg/L, Cu2+含量最低,仅0.038mg/L,林内降雨中Ca2+的含量最高,为11.253mg/L,占各种化学组分总量的34.29%； NO3-N含量占3.90%；NH4+-N含量占18.14%；K+含量占29.27%。Pb2+含量最低,仅0.027mg/L。树干茎流水中,NH4+-N含量最高,占总量30.72%；Pb2+含量最低,仅0.013mg/L。
3、枫香人工林大气降水、林内降雨和树干茎流中各营养元素含量季节之间差异性显著(P<0.05),大气降水、林内降雨和树干茎流中大量元素NO3--N、NH4+-N、Ca2+、K+、SO42-、Mg2+等含量,均表现出雨季低、旱季高,含量随降水季节表现出明显的季节动态变化。林外降水中季节变化幅度最大的是NH4+-N,林内降雨中季节变化幅度最大的是K+,树干茎流中季节变化幅度与林外降水和林内降雨刚好相反,季节变化幅度最大的是PO42-。微量元素在林外降水、穿透水以及树干茎流中不同季节输入量均表现出一致的趋势。林内降雨中Fe3+、Cu2+、Zn2+、pb2+和Cd2+均表现为负淋溶。表明枫香人工林生态系统对林内降雨Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、pb2+和Cd2+具有一定的吸收、吸附作用,具有净化作用。
4、枫香大根、中根和细根营养元素含量营养元素总含量的差异性显著(P<0.05),大根、中根和细根大量元素不同季节含量的差异性显著(P<0.05)。大根、中根和细根微量元素含量季节之间差异性达到显著(P<0.05)。总含量季节变化为冬季>夏季>春季>秋季。枫香人工林林下植被营养元素总含量季节之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。林下植被的大量养分元素含量年均值为38.925±4.263g／kg,林下植被微量元素总含量季节之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。林下植被的养分元素总含量年均值为929.125±114.537mg/kg。林下植被各微量元素的季节变化显著(P<0.05)。
5、枫香人工林凋落物生物量年平均为1023.9±114.3g/m,地表凋落物层厚度为0.8～2.0cm,其中叶、小枝占总凋落物量的69.37%。凋落物的养分元素总含量年平均值为32.480±3.537g/kg。枫香林土壤营养元素总含量从a层向下到c层呈下降趋势。a层大量元素总含量与b、c层之间差异性达到显著(P<0.05),总含量年平均值为7.419±1.053g／kg,所含大量元素之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。土壤b层养分元素总含量年平均值为5.724±.493g／kg。土壤b层大量元素之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。土壤c层营养元素总含量年平均值为5.623±0.484g／kg。土壤a、b、c层中微量元素总含量之间差异性没有达到显著(P>0.05),3层土壤养分元素总含量年平均值为1905.709±201.427mg/kg。
The hydrological processes and dynamic characteristics of the main nutrient elements carbon and nitrogen in terrestrial forest ecosystems balancing process plays an important role. Hydrological function and nutrient research has become a hot topic of social concern about the plantation ecosystem. Liquidambar the maintenance of high fertility and ecological benefits of good, excellent fast-growing deciduous broad-leaved species. Reveals Liquidambar plantation ecosystem and water circulation systems temporal variation regularity, mechanism and driving variables, we become a serious problem. In January2009to December2010, we study dynamic characteristics of Liquidamba formosana plantation ecosystem hydrology ecological function and nutrient cycling by long-term observation in Changsha. Research data of plantation vegetation and water cycle was accumulated. The purpose is to reveal the Liquidamba formosana plantation hydro-ecological function and nutrient cycling characteristics, to estimate the role of water in Liquidamba formosana plantation ecosystem conservation, reasonable and effective operation and maintenance of forest productivity. The results showed that:
1、Liquidamba formosana artificial canopy interception of precipitation interception rate is mainly distributed in the range of10.7%to59.3%, the atmospheric rainfall canopy interception relationship:y=9.6893+0.1079x, P<0.01; stem-flow relationship:y=-0.0493+0.0182x, P<0.01; Rinnai rainfall correlation:y=-9.6433+0.8739x, P<0.001; canopy interception of precipitation showing obvious monthly and seasonal changes, rainfall in the summer and autumn forest within average minimum of59.4%the rainfall of up to84.5%. Stem-flow rate showed increase with the increase in the intensity of precipitation. The observed quarter average minimum value of0.94%, the highest season average value of2.4%. Same rainfall intensity, Liquidamba formosana plantation Summer Forest crown interception, reaching39.37percent, spring, fall, winter canopy interception rate of36.51%,37.75%,34.02%, showing a summer> autumn> spring> winter characteristics.
2、Precipitation pH value in the range of5.7±0.2～7.0±0.2of the Rinnai rainfall pH value in the range of6.4±0.1～7.2±0.2of the changes in the pH of stem-flow fluctuations. Three precipitation average pH value descending order:the penetration of water (6.8±0.20)> precipitation (6.5±0.20)> the stem-flow (6.34±0.17). Outside the forest precipitation Ca2+element content in the highest,632.3mg/L Cu2+content of the lowest, only0.038mg/L, Rinnai rainfall of Ca2+content in the highest,11.253mg/L, representing a variety of chemical components of the total amount of34.29The%; NO3-N content accounted for3.90%; NH4+-N content of18.14%; K+content of29.27%. Pb2+content is lowest, is only0.027mg/L The sap flowing water, NH4+-N content of the highest, accounting for30.72%of the total; Pb2+content was the lowest, only0.013mg/L.
3、Liquidamba formosana plantation meteoric Rinnai rainfall and the stem-flow difference between the content of each nutrient season was significantly (P<0.05), a large number of elements in the precipitation, forest rainfall and stem flow of NO3-N and NH4+-N, Ca2+, K+, SO42", Mg2+content showed low during the rainy season, dry season and high content with precipitation season showed obvious seasonal dynamics. Outside the forest precipitation seasonal variation biggest is NH4+-N, Rinnai rainfall seasonal variation biggest is K+. stem-flow in seasonal changes in amplitude and outside the forest precipitation and Rinnai rainfall is just the opposite, the largest seasonal variation PO42-. Trace elements outside the forest precipitation, throughfall, and stem-flow in different seasons input volume showed a consistent trend. Rainfall within the forest, Fe3+, Cu2+. Zn2+, Pb2+and Cd2+showed negative leaching. The Liquidamba formosana plantation ecosystem of forest within rainfall Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+,Pb2+and Cd2+with a certain degree of absorption, adsorption, purification function.
4、Large root, root and fine root of Liquidamba formosana plantation nutrient element content of nutrient elements in the total content of the differences in significant significantly (P<0.05), large root, root and fine root of a large number of elements different season of the content of the differences in significant significantly (P<0.05). Large root, the difference between the roots and fine roots trace element contents season reached significant (P<0.05). The seasonal variation of the total content of winter> summer> spring> autumn. Liquidamba formosana Plantations differences between the vegetation total content of nutrient elements season significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the nutrient content of the understory vegetation38.925±4.263g/kg, the difference between the total content of trace elements under vegetation season significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the total content of nutrient elements of the understory vegetation929.125±114.537mg/kg. Understory vegetation seasonal variation of trace elements significantly (P <0.05).
5、Annual average litterfall biomass of Liquidamba formosana plantation was1023.9±114.3g/m in surface litter layer thickness of0.8to2.0cm, which leaf, sprig of69.37%of the total litter weight. The annual average of the total content of the litter nutrient elements to32.480±3.537g/kg. Liquidamba formosana forest soil nutrient elements in the total content of a downward trend from a layer down to C and A layer of a large number of differences between the elements of the total content of B, C layer reaches a significant (P<0.05), the total content of the annual average of7.419±1.053g/kg, the difference between the large number of elements contained significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the total content of the soil the B layer nutrient elements5.724±0.493g/kg. The difference between the large number of elements of the soil B layer significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the total content of the soil the C layer nutrition elements5.623±0.484g/kg. No significant differences (P>0.05), the annual average of the total content of the three layers of soil nutrient elements1905.709±201.427mg/kg total content of trace elements in the soil layer.
1、枫香人工林林冠截留对降水的截留率主要分布在10.7%～59.3%范围内,大气降雨量与林冠截留量相关关系：y=9.6893+0.1079x,P<0.01；与树干茎流量相关关系：y=-0.0493+0.0182x,P<0.01；与林内降雨量相关关系：y=-9.6433+0.8739x,P<0.001；林冠对大气降水的截留作用呈现出明显的月变化和季节变化,夏秋季的林内降雨量小,平均最低为59.4%,林内降雨最高为84.5%。树干茎流率表现出随大气降水强度的增加而增加。观测到的季平均最低值为0.94%,季平均最高值为2.4%。同一降雨强度下,枫香人工林夏季林冠截留量最大,达到39.37%,春季、秋季、冬季林冠截留率分别为36.51%、37.75%、34.02%,呈现出夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的特征。
2、大气降水的pH值在5.7±0.2～7.0±0.2的范围内变化,林内降雨pH值在6.4±0.1～7.2±0.2的范围内变化,树干茎流的pH值波动不大。三种降水的pH年均值由大到小排序为：穿透水(6.8±0.20)>大气降水(6.5±0.20)>树干茎流(6.34±0.17)。林外降水中以Ca2+元素含量最高,为6.323mg/L, Cu2+含量最低,仅0.038mg/L,林内降雨中Ca2+的含量最高,为11.253mg/L,占各种化学组分总量的34.29%； NO3-N含量占3.90%；NH4+-N含量占18.14%；K+含量占29.27%。Pb2+含量最低,仅0.027mg/L。树干茎流水中,NH4+-N含量最高,占总量30.72%；Pb2+含量最低,仅0.013mg/L。
3、枫香人工林大气降水、林内降雨和树干茎流中各营养元素含量季节之间差异性显著(P<0.05),大气降水、林内降雨和树干茎流中大量元素NO3--N、NH4+-N、Ca2+、K+、SO42-、Mg2+等含量,均表现出雨季低、旱季高,含量随降水季节表现出明显的季节动态变化。林外降水中季节变化幅度最大的是NH4+-N,林内降雨中季节变化幅度最大的是K+,树干茎流中季节变化幅度与林外降水和林内降雨刚好相反,季节变化幅度最大的是PO42-。微量元素在林外降水、穿透水以及树干茎流中不同季节输入量均表现出一致的趋势。林内降雨中Fe3+、Cu2+、Zn2+、pb2+和Cd2+均表现为负淋溶。表明枫香人工林生态系统对林内降雨Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、pb2+和Cd2+具有一定的吸收、吸附作用,具有净化作用。
4、枫香大根、中根和细根营养元素含量营养元素总含量的差异性显著(P<0.05),大根、中根和细根大量元素不同季节含量的差异性显著(P<0.05)。大根、中根和细根微量元素含量季节之间差异性达到显著(P<0.05)。总含量季节变化为冬季>夏季>春季>秋季。枫香人工林林下植被营养元素总含量季节之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。林下植被的大量养分元素含量年均值为38.925±4.263g／kg,林下植被微量元素总含量季节之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。林下植被的养分元素总含量年均值为929.125±114.537mg/kg。林下植被各微量元素的季节变化显著(P<0.05)。
5、枫香人工林凋落物生物量年平均为1023.9±114.3g/m,地表凋落物层厚度为0.8～2.0cm,其中叶、小枝占总凋落物量的69.37%。凋落物的养分元素总含量年平均值为32.480±3.537g/kg。枫香林土壤营养元素总含量从a层向下到c层呈下降趋势。a层大量元素总含量与b、c层之间差异性达到显著(P<0.05),总含量年平均值为7.419±1.053g／kg,所含大量元素之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。土壤b层养分元素总含量年平均值为5.724±.493g／kg。土壤b层大量元素之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。土壤c层营养元素总含量年平均值为5.623±0.484g／kg。土壤a、b、c层中微量元素总含量之间差异性没有达到显著(P>0.05),3层土壤养分元素总含量年平均值为1905.709±201.427mg/kg。
The hydrological processes and dynamic characteristics of the main nutrient elements carbon and nitrogen in terrestrial forest ecosystems balancing process plays an important role. Hydrological function and nutrient research has become a hot topic of social concern about the plantation ecosystem. Liquidambar the maintenance of high fertility and ecological benefits of good, excellent fast-growing deciduous broad-leaved species. Reveals Liquidambar plantation ecosystem and water circulation systems temporal variation regularity, mechanism and driving variables, we become a serious problem. In January2009to December2010, we study dynamic characteristics of Liquidamba formosana plantation ecosystem hydrology ecological function and nutrient cycling by long-term observation in Changsha. Research data of plantation vegetation and water cycle was accumulated. The purpose is to reveal the Liquidamba formosana plantation hydro-ecological function and nutrient cycling characteristics, to estimate the role of water in Liquidamba formosana plantation ecosystem conservation, reasonable and effective operation and maintenance of forest productivity. The results showed that:
1、Liquidamba formosana artificial canopy interception of precipitation interception rate is mainly distributed in the range of10.7%to59.3%, the atmospheric rainfall canopy interception relationship:y=9.6893+0.1079x, P<0.01; stem-flow relationship:y=-0.0493+0.0182x, P<0.01; Rinnai rainfall correlation:y=-9.6433+0.8739x, P<0.001; canopy interception of precipitation showing obvious monthly and seasonal changes, rainfall in the summer and autumn forest within average minimum of59.4%the rainfall of up to84.5%. Stem-flow rate showed increase with the increase in the intensity of precipitation. The observed quarter average minimum value of0.94%, the highest season average value of2.4%. Same rainfall intensity, Liquidamba formosana plantation Summer Forest crown interception, reaching39.37percent, spring, fall, winter canopy interception rate of36.51%,37.75%,34.02%, showing a summer> autumn> spring> winter characteristics.
2、Precipitation pH value in the range of5.7±0.2～7.0±0.2of the Rinnai rainfall pH value in the range of6.4±0.1～7.2±0.2of the changes in the pH of stem-flow fluctuations. Three precipitation average pH value descending order:the penetration of water (6.8±0.20)> precipitation (6.5±0.20)> the stem-flow (6.34±0.17). Outside the forest precipitation Ca2+element content in the highest,632.3mg/L Cu2+content of the lowest, only0.038mg/L, Rinnai rainfall of Ca2+content in the highest,11.253mg/L, representing a variety of chemical components of the total amount of34.29The%; NO3-N content accounted for3.90%; NH4+-N content of18.14%; K+content of29.27%. Pb2+content is lowest, is only0.027mg/L The sap flowing water, NH4+-N content of the highest, accounting for30.72%of the total; Pb2+content was the lowest, only0.013mg/L.
3、Liquidamba formosana plantation meteoric Rinnai rainfall and the stem-flow difference between the content of each nutrient season was significantly (P<0.05), a large number of elements in the precipitation, forest rainfall and stem flow of NO3-N and NH4+-N, Ca2+, K+, SO42", Mg2+content showed low during the rainy season, dry season and high content with precipitation season showed obvious seasonal dynamics. Outside the forest precipitation seasonal variation biggest is NH4+-N, Rinnai rainfall seasonal variation biggest is K+. stem-flow in seasonal changes in amplitude and outside the forest precipitation and Rinnai rainfall is just the opposite, the largest seasonal variation PO42-. Trace elements outside the forest precipitation, throughfall, and stem-flow in different seasons input volume showed a consistent trend. Rainfall within the forest, Fe3+, Cu2+. Zn2+, Pb2+and Cd2+showed negative leaching. The Liquidamba formosana plantation ecosystem of forest within rainfall Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+,Pb2+and Cd2+with a certain degree of absorption, adsorption, purification function.
4、Large root, root and fine root of Liquidamba formosana plantation nutrient element content of nutrient elements in the total content of the differences in significant significantly (P<0.05), large root, root and fine root of a large number of elements different season of the content of the differences in significant significantly (P<0.05). Large root, the difference between the roots and fine roots trace element contents season reached significant (P<0.05). The seasonal variation of the total content of winter> summer> spring> autumn. Liquidamba formosana Plantations differences between the vegetation total content of nutrient elements season significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the nutrient content of the understory vegetation38.925±4.263g/kg, the difference between the total content of trace elements under vegetation season significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the total content of nutrient elements of the understory vegetation929.125±114.537mg/kg. Understory vegetation seasonal variation of trace elements significantly (P <0.05).
5、Annual average litterfall biomass of Liquidamba formosana plantation was1023.9±114.3g/m in surface litter layer thickness of0.8to2.0cm, which leaf, sprig of69.37%of the total litter weight. The annual average of the total content of the litter nutrient elements to32.480±3.537g/kg. Liquidamba formosana forest soil nutrient elements in the total content of a downward trend from a layer down to C and A layer of a large number of differences between the elements of the total content of B, C layer reaches a significant (P<0.05), the total content of the annual average of7.419±1.053g/kg, the difference between the large number of elements contained significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the total content of the soil the B layer nutrient elements5.724±0.493g/kg. The difference between the large number of elements of the soil B layer significantly (P<0.05). The annual average of the total content of the soil the C layer nutrition elements5.623±0.484g/kg. No significant differences (P>0.05), the annual average of the total content of the three layers of soil nutrient elements1905.709±201.427mg/kg total content of trace elements in the soil layer.
引文
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