黄土高原保护性耕作下轮作系统根际土壤质量及其微生物机制
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摘要
黄土高原气候干旱,降水偏少而相对集中,植被稀疏,土壤抗蚀性较差,加之长期的不当利用,导致农业生产力和效率低下、植被破坏和水土流失十分严重。因此,从根本上治理黄土高原水土流失、建立良性循环的生态系统以适应人类大规模的生产和经济活动迫在眉睫。免耕和秸秆覆盖等保护性耕作措施能有效减少农田土壤侵蚀、改善耕地质量,从而保障食物安全,是实现农业可持续发展和环境保护双赢的有效途径。然而长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施后,轮作系统根际土壤质量变化及其微生物机制尚不明确。本研究在黄土高原雨养农业区,以2001年建立的实施免耕和秸秆覆盖的玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统为研究对象,测定作物根际土壤营养元素含量、根际土壤微生物区系、活性、群落结构和功能多样性等,以揭示长期免耕和秸秆覆盖对根际土壤质量的改善效果,阐明根际土壤质量改善的微生物学机理,明确两者之间的联系。
得到如下主要结果和结论：
1)秸秆覆盖显著增加了玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统作物根际土壤中OC和全N含量,显著提高了玉米和大豆成熟期根际土壤中NH4+和N03-含量。较传统耕作而言,其他保护性耕作措施均能显著提高根际土壤中速效P的含量。除了玉米成熟期外,根际土壤中全P含量在免耕条件下显著增加。免耕和秸秆覆盖对根际土壤中全K含量没有显著影响,但速效K含量在秸秆覆盖条件下显著增加。免耕和秸秆覆盖对作物根际土壤中Ca、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu含量没有显著影响。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施后,玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤营养元素含量发生了不同程度的改变,其中OC、全N、全P、矿质N、速效P、速效K等含量增加,而微量元素含量无明显变化。
2)免耕和秸秆覆盖均显著提高了玉米和冬小麦根际土壤中MBC和MBN含量,大豆根际土壤中MBC和MBN含量在秸秆覆盖条件下显著增加。免耕显著降低了土壤呼吸强度和10cm处的土壤温度。土壤呼吸熵强度表现出明显的季节变化,免耕和秸秆覆盖均能显著降低土壤呼吸熵强度。免耕和秸秆覆盖均能显著提高冬小麦和大豆根际土壤中真菌和放线菌数量。免耕显著提高了根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,秸秆覆盖显著提高了纤维素酶活性。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施后,玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤微生物活性、3大类微生物数量和土壤酶活性均有所提高。
3)作物成熟期根际土壤中PLFA,总量普遍高于花期。免耕能显著提高作物根际土壤中PLFA,总量。秸秆覆盖能显著提高冬小麦花期和成熟期的根际土壤真菌／细菌比值,免耕也能显著提高玉米和冬小麦成熟期根际土壤真菌／细菌比值。耕作措施、作物类型以及生育期对G+特征PLFA以及G-/G+的影响没有明显规律性,免耕显著提高作物成熟期G-特征PLFA。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施能显著影响玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤微生物的群落组成和结构多样性,而且这种影响受作物类型和生育期的调节。
4)免耕显著提高玉米和冬小麦成熟期根际土壤微生物利用碳源的总能力,且微生物各群落指数也显著增加。秸秆覆盖后大豆成熟期根际土壤微生物利用碳源的总能力显著增加。免耕显著提高了玉米和冬小麦成熟期根际土壤微生物对氨基酸类、聚合物类、羧酸类以及糖类碳源的利用能力。秸秆覆盖后,冬小麦根际土壤微生物对胺／氨基化合物类和糖类碳源的利用能力显著增加,但是羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的利用程度显著下降。大豆根际土壤微生物对胺／氨基化合物类和羧酸类碳源的利用率在秸秆覆盖条件下显著提高,但双亲类化合物利用率显著降低。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施能显著影响玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤微生物利用单一碳源的能力,而且双亲化合物类、羧酸类和糖类碳源等是区分传统耕作和其他保护性耕作处理下根际土壤微生物功能多样性的主要特异性碳源。
In the Loess Plateau of China, arid climate, low and unbalanced rainfall, thin vegetation cover, highly erodible soil as well as unsuitable and intensive cultivation have resulted in lower agricultural productivity, vegetation deterioration and severe soil erosion. Therefore, it is urgent to find ways to fundamentally control soil erosion and establish some vital and suitable ecological systems in this area. No-tillage and residue retention can effectively reduce soil erosion, improve arable land quality and protect food safety, is an efficient way for the sustainable development of agricultural production and the protection of environment in the Loess Plateau. However, how rhizospheric soil quality changed and why from the viewpoint of microbial level under long-term no-tillage and residue retention managements were still not very clear. In this study, the effects of long-term tillage and crop residue retention on rhizospheric soil quality, soil microbial activity, soil microbial community structure and functional diversity were investigated in a maize(Zea mays L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation system which was established in2001on the Loess Plateau, Gansu Province, China. The objectives of this research are to reveal the effect of long-term no-tillage and residue retention managements on rhizospheric soil quality, elucidate the microbial mechanism of rhizospheric soil quality change, and uncover the link between rhizospheric soil and rhizospheric soil microbes.
1) Crop residue retention led to significant increase in the contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen of rhizospheric soil under long-term maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system, and also in the contents of rhizospheric soil NH4+and NO3-under maize and soybean at maturity. Compared to conventional tillage, conservation tillage significantly increased available phosphorus content in the rhizospheric soil. No-tillage significantly increased total phosphorus content in the rhizospheric soil except that under maize at maturity. There was no significant effect of conservation tillage on total potassium content in the rhizospheric soil, while higher available potassium content was observed with crop residue retention compared to that without retention. Long-term conservation tillage didn't significantly influence the contents of Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu in the rhizospheric soil. It suggested that the nutrients in the rhizospheric soil have been modulated by long-term conservation tillage under mazie-winter wheat-soybean rotation system. The contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, mineralized nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly greater under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage, while trace element contents didn't significantly change.
2) No-tillage and crop residue retention both significantly increased the contents of microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in the rhizospheric soil under maize and winter wheat. MBC and MBN contents under soybean were higher with residue retention than without retention. Soil respiration rate and soil temperature of10cm depth was significantly reduced under no-tillage. No-tillage and crop residue retention both significantly led to the decrease in qCO2under the rotation system. The amounts of fungi and actinomycetes were higher with no-tillage and residue retention under winter wheat and soybean than under conventional tillage. No-tillage significantly increased the activities of catalase, urease and sucrase, and crop residue retention led to significant increase in cellulose activity. It showed that the microbial activity, microbial amount, and soil enzyme activity in the rhizospheric soil were promoted by long-term conservation tillage under maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system.
3) No-tillage significantly increased total amount of phospholipid fatty acids in the rhizospheric soil. Crop residue retention led to the increase in the ratio of fungus vs. bacterium under winter wheat, and no-tillage did the same under maize and winter wheat at maturity. PLFA amounts of G+and the ratio of PLFA amounts of G-vs. G+were not significantly affected by tillage management, crop type and crop growth stage, no-tillage significantly increased the PLFA amounts of G-at crops maturity. It suggested that long-term conservation tillage can obviously affect microbial community structural diversity in the rhizsopheric soil under maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system, and it is regulated by crop type and crop growth stage.
4) The capability to use carbon substrates of the rhizospheric soil microbes was enhanced significantly by no-tillage and residue retention. No-tillage led to the improvement of the utilisation of amino acids, polymers, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates by the rhizospheric soil microbes under maize and winter wheat at maturity. Maize residue retention significantly increased the utilisation of amines and carbohydrates, and decreased the utilisation of carboxylic acids and polymers by the rhizospheric soil microbes under winter wheat. The utilisation of amines and carboxylic acids by the rhizospheric soil microbes was enhanced under soybean with winter wheat residue retention, while miscellaneous utilisation was significantly retarded. It showed that microbial community functional diversity in the rhizospheric soil was significantly affected by long-term conservation tillage under maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system. Miscellaneous, carboxylic acids and carbohydrates were main carbon sources to discriminate microbial community functional diversity in the rhizsopheric soil with conservation or conventional tillage.
得到如下主要结果和结论：
1)秸秆覆盖显著增加了玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统作物根际土壤中OC和全N含量,显著提高了玉米和大豆成熟期根际土壤中NH4+和N03-含量。较传统耕作而言,其他保护性耕作措施均能显著提高根际土壤中速效P的含量。除了玉米成熟期外,根际土壤中全P含量在免耕条件下显著增加。免耕和秸秆覆盖对根际土壤中全K含量没有显著影响,但速效K含量在秸秆覆盖条件下显著增加。免耕和秸秆覆盖对作物根际土壤中Ca、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu含量没有显著影响。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施后,玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤营养元素含量发生了不同程度的改变,其中OC、全N、全P、矿质N、速效P、速效K等含量增加,而微量元素含量无明显变化。
2)免耕和秸秆覆盖均显著提高了玉米和冬小麦根际土壤中MBC和MBN含量,大豆根际土壤中MBC和MBN含量在秸秆覆盖条件下显著增加。免耕显著降低了土壤呼吸强度和10cm处的土壤温度。土壤呼吸熵强度表现出明显的季节变化,免耕和秸秆覆盖均能显著降低土壤呼吸熵强度。免耕和秸秆覆盖均能显著提高冬小麦和大豆根际土壤中真菌和放线菌数量。免耕显著提高了根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,秸秆覆盖显著提高了纤维素酶活性。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施后,玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤微生物活性、3大类微生物数量和土壤酶活性均有所提高。
3)作物成熟期根际土壤中PLFA,总量普遍高于花期。免耕能显著提高作物根际土壤中PLFA,总量。秸秆覆盖能显著提高冬小麦花期和成熟期的根际土壤真菌／细菌比值,免耕也能显著提高玉米和冬小麦成熟期根际土壤真菌／细菌比值。耕作措施、作物类型以及生育期对G+特征PLFA以及G-/G+的影响没有明显规律性,免耕显著提高作物成熟期G-特征PLFA。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施能显著影响玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤微生物的群落组成和结构多样性,而且这种影响受作物类型和生育期的调节。
4)免耕显著提高玉米和冬小麦成熟期根际土壤微生物利用碳源的总能力,且微生物各群落指数也显著增加。秸秆覆盖后大豆成熟期根际土壤微生物利用碳源的总能力显著增加。免耕显著提高了玉米和冬小麦成熟期根际土壤微生物对氨基酸类、聚合物类、羧酸类以及糖类碳源的利用能力。秸秆覆盖后,冬小麦根际土壤微生物对胺／氨基化合物类和糖类碳源的利用能力显著增加,但是羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的利用程度显著下降。大豆根际土壤微生物对胺／氨基化合物类和羧酸类碳源的利用率在秸秆覆盖条件下显著提高,但双亲类化合物利用率显著降低。这表明,长期实施免耕和秸秆覆盖措施能显著影响玉米-冬小麦-大豆轮作系统中作物根际土壤微生物利用单一碳源的能力,而且双亲化合物类、羧酸类和糖类碳源等是区分传统耕作和其他保护性耕作处理下根际土壤微生物功能多样性的主要特异性碳源。
In the Loess Plateau of China, arid climate, low and unbalanced rainfall, thin vegetation cover, highly erodible soil as well as unsuitable and intensive cultivation have resulted in lower agricultural productivity, vegetation deterioration and severe soil erosion. Therefore, it is urgent to find ways to fundamentally control soil erosion and establish some vital and suitable ecological systems in this area. No-tillage and residue retention can effectively reduce soil erosion, improve arable land quality and protect food safety, is an efficient way for the sustainable development of agricultural production and the protection of environment in the Loess Plateau. However, how rhizospheric soil quality changed and why from the viewpoint of microbial level under long-term no-tillage and residue retention managements were still not very clear. In this study, the effects of long-term tillage and crop residue retention on rhizospheric soil quality, soil microbial activity, soil microbial community structure and functional diversity were investigated in a maize(Zea mays L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation system which was established in2001on the Loess Plateau, Gansu Province, China. The objectives of this research are to reveal the effect of long-term no-tillage and residue retention managements on rhizospheric soil quality, elucidate the microbial mechanism of rhizospheric soil quality change, and uncover the link between rhizospheric soil and rhizospheric soil microbes.
1) Crop residue retention led to significant increase in the contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen of rhizospheric soil under long-term maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system, and also in the contents of rhizospheric soil NH4+and NO3-under maize and soybean at maturity. Compared to conventional tillage, conservation tillage significantly increased available phosphorus content in the rhizospheric soil. No-tillage significantly increased total phosphorus content in the rhizospheric soil except that under maize at maturity. There was no significant effect of conservation tillage on total potassium content in the rhizospheric soil, while higher available potassium content was observed with crop residue retention compared to that without retention. Long-term conservation tillage didn't significantly influence the contents of Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu in the rhizospheric soil. It suggested that the nutrients in the rhizospheric soil have been modulated by long-term conservation tillage under mazie-winter wheat-soybean rotation system. The contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, mineralized nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly greater under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage, while trace element contents didn't significantly change.
2) No-tillage and crop residue retention both significantly increased the contents of microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in the rhizospheric soil under maize and winter wheat. MBC and MBN contents under soybean were higher with residue retention than without retention. Soil respiration rate and soil temperature of10cm depth was significantly reduced under no-tillage. No-tillage and crop residue retention both significantly led to the decrease in qCO2under the rotation system. The amounts of fungi and actinomycetes were higher with no-tillage and residue retention under winter wheat and soybean than under conventional tillage. No-tillage significantly increased the activities of catalase, urease and sucrase, and crop residue retention led to significant increase in cellulose activity. It showed that the microbial activity, microbial amount, and soil enzyme activity in the rhizospheric soil were promoted by long-term conservation tillage under maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system.
3) No-tillage significantly increased total amount of phospholipid fatty acids in the rhizospheric soil. Crop residue retention led to the increase in the ratio of fungus vs. bacterium under winter wheat, and no-tillage did the same under maize and winter wheat at maturity. PLFA amounts of G+and the ratio of PLFA amounts of G-vs. G+were not significantly affected by tillage management, crop type and crop growth stage, no-tillage significantly increased the PLFA amounts of G-at crops maturity. It suggested that long-term conservation tillage can obviously affect microbial community structural diversity in the rhizsopheric soil under maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system, and it is regulated by crop type and crop growth stage.
4) The capability to use carbon substrates of the rhizospheric soil microbes was enhanced significantly by no-tillage and residue retention. No-tillage led to the improvement of the utilisation of amino acids, polymers, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates by the rhizospheric soil microbes under maize and winter wheat at maturity. Maize residue retention significantly increased the utilisation of amines and carbohydrates, and decreased the utilisation of carboxylic acids and polymers by the rhizospheric soil microbes under winter wheat. The utilisation of amines and carboxylic acids by the rhizospheric soil microbes was enhanced under soybean with winter wheat residue retention, while miscellaneous utilisation was significantly retarded. It showed that microbial community functional diversity in the rhizospheric soil was significantly affected by long-term conservation tillage under maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation system. Miscellaneous, carboxylic acids and carbohydrates were main carbon sources to discriminate microbial community functional diversity in the rhizsopheric soil with conservation or conventional tillage.
引文
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