林木根系固土力学特性研究
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摘要
森林生态系统中的根系有固持植物体、吸收水分和溶于水中的矿物质的作用,同时还能够阻止浅层滑坡、固持水土。本文通过对华北土石山区4种常见乔木：油松、落叶松、白桦和蒙古栎根系进行轴向疲劳拉伸试验,测定其疲劳前后的抗拉力学特性；分析了直径、树种等因素对根系疲劳前后对最大抗拉力、抗拉强度和应力-应变关系的影响；然后,选取4个树种直径3、5、7mm根系作为试验根样与华北木兰围场取回的土样一起制备成根—土复合体试样,采用全自动三轴压缩仪对复合体进行剪切试验,对复合体的剪切特性进行研究分析,评价根系直径、树种和不同分布方式对土壤抗剪强度的增强作用。
主要研究成果如下：
(1)疲劳前4种乔木根系最大抗拉力的平均值大小顺序为：白桦>蒙古栎>油松>落叶松。循环10000次前后油松的抗拉力变化最大,其次是落叶松和蒙古栎,变化最小的是白桦。疲劳后4种乔木根系最大抗拉力平均值大小顺序为：蒙古栎>白桦>油松>落叶松。
(2)4个树种根系疲劳前抗拉强度随着直径的增加而减小,成幂函数关系；4个树种的抗拉强度排序为白桦>蒙古栎>油松>落叶松。经过10000次疲劳拉伸试验后,4种乔木根系抗拉强度顺序是：白桦>蒙古栎≈油松>落叶松。这与疲劳前顺序基本没有变化,说明疲劳对树种单根抗拉强度有所影响但不足以改变物种本身根系结构组成所造成的影响,树种依旧是影响根系抗拉强度特性非常重要的因素。植物根系在10000次疲劳后的最大抗拉力和抗拉强度均比循环前相同根径的大,说明根系在自然界中的水流或者暴风等破坏力的低周疲劳作用下,自身的抗拉性能不但没有降低,其抗拉性能有不同程度的增加,增强了根系的固土能力。
(3)三轴压缩试验结果表明根系能明显有效地提高土壤的抗剪强度。分布在土体中根系直径增加,根—土复合体的内摩擦角和内粘聚力也随之增大,土壤抗剪强度加强,加根能够明显提高土体抵抗剪切破坏的能力。
(4)根系这种增强作用与根系直径及其在土样中的分布方式有很大关系。复合根复合体抗剪强度值较其他两种分布方式抗剪强度有明显增加。在水平根、垂直根和复合根三种复合体抗剪强度增加顺序基本遵循复合根复合体>垂直根复合体>水平根复合体。说明复合根在增强土体强度方面效果最为显著,说明植物根系在土壤中形成横纵交错的状态对减少滑坡等自然灾害方面起到更好的作用。
Roots in forest ecosystems play the roles of retaining plants, absorbing water and solubling minerals in water, and also can be able to prevent shallow landslides, soil and water retention. This article is adopted by the roots of the four common trees in North China Mountainous Area in10000axial fatigue tensile test about Chinese pine, larch, birch, and Mongolian oak which is3,5,7mm diameter,to get the determination of tensile mechanical properties of single root fatigue before and after. The qualitative analysis of the impact of the diameter, species and other factors at the root fatigue before and after the maximum tensile strength, tensile strength and stress-strain relations. Then,selected four species roots as3,5,7mm diameter test root like Mulan Paddock of North China retrieved soil samples with the preparation of the complex into the root soil sample, using automatic triaxial compression meter complex shear test research and analysis of complex shear characteristics,evaluation of the enhanced role of the shear strength of the soil root diameter, tree species, and buried roots way.
The main research results are as follows:
(1) The average size of the order of the maximum tensile strength of four kinds of tree roots before the fatigue test:birch> mongolian oak> pine> larch. Looping10,000times, the greatest change in tensile strength is Pinus tabulaeformis,then larch and mongolian oak,the the last is birch.After fatigue test,four kinds of tree roots maximum tensile strength of the average size of the order:Mongolian oak> birch> pine> larch.
(2) Before fatigue test,four species root tensile strength with increasing diameter decreases,takes on a power function relationship.The tensile strength of the four species is birch> Mongolian oak> pine> larch. After10000fatigue tensile test, the tensile strength of the order of the four kinds of tree roots: birch> mongolian oak=pine> larch. This is essentially unchanged before fatigue test. There is the description that fatigue but not enough to change the impact of the species itself that the root structure of the composition have an impact on a single tensile strength of the species, the species is still a very important factor affecting root tensile strength characteristics. Roots after the10000fatigue have bigger maximum tensile strength and tensile strength than the same root diameter before test. It shows that the low cycle fatigue under the action of the root system in the nature of the Chinese Pine water or storm destructive, not only decreases its own tensile performance,but also contributes to the improvement of its tensile properties and enhanced root solid soil capacity.
(3) Triaxial compression test results show that the root system can significantly improve the shear strength of the soil. Buried in the soil increased root diameter, root soil complex internal friction angle and inner cohesion also increases and soil shear strength is strengthened.Adding roots can significantly improve the ability of the soil to resist shear.
(4) The arrangement of the enhanced role of the root diameter of the roots in soil samples have a great relationship. Same as the buried roots way, the composite root complex shear strength values compared to the other two buried root shear strength increased significantly. Three forms of horizontal root, vertical root and composite root type, soil shear strength increased order is:composite root complex>the level root complex>vertical root complex. It shows that the composite root in enhancing soil strength effect is most significant, and the composite root forest tree species is best suited to enhance the strength of the soil to maintain soil stability.
主要研究成果如下：
(1)疲劳前4种乔木根系最大抗拉力的平均值大小顺序为：白桦>蒙古栎>油松>落叶松。循环10000次前后油松的抗拉力变化最大,其次是落叶松和蒙古栎,变化最小的是白桦。疲劳后4种乔木根系最大抗拉力平均值大小顺序为：蒙古栎>白桦>油松>落叶松。
(2)4个树种根系疲劳前抗拉强度随着直径的增加而减小,成幂函数关系；4个树种的抗拉强度排序为白桦>蒙古栎>油松>落叶松。经过10000次疲劳拉伸试验后,4种乔木根系抗拉强度顺序是：白桦>蒙古栎≈油松>落叶松。这与疲劳前顺序基本没有变化,说明疲劳对树种单根抗拉强度有所影响但不足以改变物种本身根系结构组成所造成的影响,树种依旧是影响根系抗拉强度特性非常重要的因素。植物根系在10000次疲劳后的最大抗拉力和抗拉强度均比循环前相同根径的大,说明根系在自然界中的水流或者暴风等破坏力的低周疲劳作用下,自身的抗拉性能不但没有降低,其抗拉性能有不同程度的增加,增强了根系的固土能力。
(3)三轴压缩试验结果表明根系能明显有效地提高土壤的抗剪强度。分布在土体中根系直径增加,根—土复合体的内摩擦角和内粘聚力也随之增大,土壤抗剪强度加强,加根能够明显提高土体抵抗剪切破坏的能力。
(4)根系这种增强作用与根系直径及其在土样中的分布方式有很大关系。复合根复合体抗剪强度值较其他两种分布方式抗剪强度有明显增加。在水平根、垂直根和复合根三种复合体抗剪强度增加顺序基本遵循复合根复合体>垂直根复合体>水平根复合体。说明复合根在增强土体强度方面效果最为显著,说明植物根系在土壤中形成横纵交错的状态对减少滑坡等自然灾害方面起到更好的作用。
Roots in forest ecosystems play the roles of retaining plants, absorbing water and solubling minerals in water, and also can be able to prevent shallow landslides, soil and water retention. This article is adopted by the roots of the four common trees in North China Mountainous Area in10000axial fatigue tensile test about Chinese pine, larch, birch, and Mongolian oak which is3,5,7mm diameter,to get the determination of tensile mechanical properties of single root fatigue before and after. The qualitative analysis of the impact of the diameter, species and other factors at the root fatigue before and after the maximum tensile strength, tensile strength and stress-strain relations. Then,selected four species roots as3,5,7mm diameter test root like Mulan Paddock of North China retrieved soil samples with the preparation of the complex into the root soil sample, using automatic triaxial compression meter complex shear test research and analysis of complex shear characteristics,evaluation of the enhanced role of the shear strength of the soil root diameter, tree species, and buried roots way.
The main research results are as follows:
(1) The average size of the order of the maximum tensile strength of four kinds of tree roots before the fatigue test:birch> mongolian oak> pine> larch. Looping10,000times, the greatest change in tensile strength is Pinus tabulaeformis,then larch and mongolian oak,the the last is birch.After fatigue test,four kinds of tree roots maximum tensile strength of the average size of the order:Mongolian oak> birch> pine> larch.
(2) Before fatigue test,four species root tensile strength with increasing diameter decreases,takes on a power function relationship.The tensile strength of the four species is birch> Mongolian oak> pine> larch. After10000fatigue tensile test, the tensile strength of the order of the four kinds of tree roots: birch> mongolian oak=pine> larch. This is essentially unchanged before fatigue test. There is the description that fatigue but not enough to change the impact of the species itself that the root structure of the composition have an impact on a single tensile strength of the species, the species is still a very important factor affecting root tensile strength characteristics. Roots after the10000fatigue have bigger maximum tensile strength and tensile strength than the same root diameter before test. It shows that the low cycle fatigue under the action of the root system in the nature of the Chinese Pine water or storm destructive, not only decreases its own tensile performance,but also contributes to the improvement of its tensile properties and enhanced root solid soil capacity.
(3) Triaxial compression test results show that the root system can significantly improve the shear strength of the soil. Buried in the soil increased root diameter, root soil complex internal friction angle and inner cohesion also increases and soil shear strength is strengthened.Adding roots can significantly improve the ability of the soil to resist shear.
(4) The arrangement of the enhanced role of the root diameter of the roots in soil samples have a great relationship. Same as the buried roots way, the composite root complex shear strength values compared to the other two buried root shear strength increased significantly. Three forms of horizontal root, vertical root and composite root type, soil shear strength increased order is:composite root complex>the level root complex>vertical root complex. It shows that the composite root in enhancing soil strength effect is most significant, and the composite root forest tree species is best suited to enhance the strength of the soil to maintain soil stability.
引文
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