电力系统动态过程刚性分布特性与柔性化仿真方法研究
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摘要
电力系统的不断壮大,在带来巨大规模效益的同时,不可避免地造成了电力系统运行复杂度的增加。电力系统发生级联事故的可能性、波及范围和危害性,会随着系统规模的不断增大而可能得到不同程度的扩大。如何正确高效地仿真电力系统受到扰动后的动态响应,是可靠掌握系统运行行为、针对安全隐患正确整定保护和控制系统的一项十分重要而基础性的工作。由于构成电力系统的环节和系统可能受到的扰动存在多样性差异,因此,电力系统的动态过程往往既存在快慢速现象共存、又存在快慢速变量集合构成不断发生变化的情形,使得电力系统的动态过程表现出明显的刚性特征,严重制约了电力系统动态过程仿真的效率。本文通过对电力系统动态过程刚性分布的时空局部性的分析,研究了如何根据动态过程变化情况自适应地划分系统变量组别以使系统刚性过程得到柔性化的措施。在此基础上,构建了电力系统动态过程柔性化仿真算法,并将其应用于包含风电系统的电力系统长动态过程仿真。
作为电力系统动态过程刚性问题实施柔性化的理论基础,论文首先通过对刚性含义的阐述,界定了局部刚性与全局刚性的区别,并通过对系统动态过程刚性分布特性的分析,指出:刚性往往具有时间和变量空间上的局部分布特征,即刚性程度一方面会随着时间而发生改变,系统可以由较强刚性向着弱刚性甚至柔性转换;另一方面,如果某些时段系统表现出刚性,通常也只是在某些变量集合之间呈现刚性,而集合内部的变量之间往往表现出良好的柔性特征。大型电力系统动态过程、特别是长动态过程,其刚性分布的时空局部性表现得更为明显。这种特性为电力系统动态过程刚性的柔性化提供了前提条件。基于刚性分布的时空局部特性,论文分析了电力系统动态过程刚性问题柔性化的策略,为后续研究提供了技术支持。
变量分组是实施刚性问题柔性化的一种可行措施。在以往的仿真方法中,贯彻系统动态计算全过程的往往只是一种事先给定的固定变量分组形式,不同变量组别间的步长比例因子等赋定初值后也不再相机调整,此种方式对不同系统动态过程刚性分布的时空局部特征的适应性明显不够,制约了相应算法的计算效率。针对此现状,本文提出了一种综合自适应柔性分组和具有自校正积分措施的变量组协调策略的电力系统动态过程柔性化仿真方法。方法由局部截断误差自适应地划分变量组别、调整相对步长因子和最小积分步长,以达到自适应柔性分组的目的,并在慢变组步长时点处进行校正式积分,以提高计算精度。算例分析表明,所提出的方法,在保证计算精度的前提下,可显著提高计算效率。
电力系统动态过程中的许多变量,在系统扰动对其影响衰减到一定程度后,进一步变化的幅度、特别是包络值或包络中心值进一步变化的幅度将变得十分微小。此时,如果忽略这种微小变化,并使其自动退出积分计算,则对系统后续积分精度的影响不会超出工程允许的范围,且可以明显提高后续计算的效率;如果将这些变量继续保留参与分组和积分运算,则会明显制约积分步长的放大并影响计算效率的进一步提高。针对此问题,本文提出了一种变量适时退出机制,并形成了一种综合变量分组和退出策略的柔性化仿真方法。仿真算例结果表明,融合变量退出机制的柔性仿真方法,可以在保证计算精度的前提下,进一步提高计算效率。
目前,尚缺乏比较成熟的方法和计算程序对大型电力系统长动态过程行为进行高效计算,特别是大规模风电系统的并网运行,更加速了对相关仿真方法和计算程序需求的迫切性。针对此现状,本文最后结合异步风力发电机和双馈风力发电机模型,将柔性仿真方法应用于包含风电系统的大型电力系统长动态过程仿真,并针对不同风速变化模式和系统运行工况,对风电系统接入电网后的频率、电压等动态行为进行分析。算例结果表明,论文提出的柔性仿真方法能够适应包含风电系统的大型电力系统长动态过程行为快速分析的需要,具有比较广阔的应用前景。
本文工作得到国家自然科学基金项目“含间歇式电源的大型电力系统绿色能效协联优化理论研究”(项目编号:50877014)和黑龙江省博士后科研启动基金项目“电力系统稳定数值仿真的动态模式分析法”的资助。
The unceasing strengthen of the power system will led to the coutinuous increase of power system operation complexity when the enormous benefits is brought. The possibility of the occurrence, affecting scope, and dangers of cascading accidents, will be enlarged in different extent with the continual increasing system scale. How to correctly and efficiently simulate power system dynamic response after the disturbance is a very important and basic work for reliable mastering system operation acts and setting the correct protection and control system against the safety. As a result of possible disturbances being subject to the link and system which constitutes the power system may exist diverse differences, therefore, the dynamic process of power system is often not only the existence of the coexistence of slow-fast phenomenon, but also the existence of slow and fast variables constitute a continual changing situation, which make the power system dynamic process show the obvious stiff characteristics, has seriously hampered the efficiency of power system dynamic simulation process. This thesis research on how to adaptively divide variables into different groups based on the changes of dynamic process so as to obtain flexible stiff process measures through the analysis for dynamic process of spatial and temporal distribution of localized stiff analysis. On this basis, a flexible algorithm for power system dynamic simulation process is built and applied to power system long dynamic process simulation including wind power.
As the theoretical foundation of the implementation flexibility to stiff problem for power system dynamic process, this thesis firstly expounds the definition of the stiffness, defines the the distinction between local stiffness and the overall stiffness, and through the analysis for distribution characteristics of stiffness of system dynamic process, pointed out: stiffness often has the local distribution characteristics of time and variables space, that is, the degree of stiffness on the one hand, will change over time, the system can be conversed from more stiffness toward the weak-stiff or even flexible. On the other hand, if system shows sfiff some time, usually only in some variables sets, while the variables in internal sets often show the characteristics of a good flexiblity. During dymamic process for a large scale power system, especially a long term dynamic process, temporal and spatial characteristics of stiffness distribution show obvious, which provides precondition for flexibility of stiffness in power system dynamic process. Based temporal and spatial characteristics of stiffness distribution, this thesis analyze flexiblity strategies for stiff problem of power system dynamic process, which provides technical support for follow-up study.
Variable grouping problem is a feasible measure to implement the flexiblity of stiff problem. In the past simulation methods, only a pre-fixed variables grouping form runs through the the whole process of system dynamic calculation, the grouping scale factor between different variables after the initial value is given, is no longer adjusted, this way is difficult to adapt the temporal and spatial characteristics of stiffness distribution for different dynamic process, which restricts efficiency of relevant computational methods. According to existing problems, this thesis provides a kind of flexiblity simulation method combining self-adaptive flexible grouping strategy and variables grouping coordination strategy with self-adjustment integral measures for power system dynamic process. Based on the local truncation error, this method can finish variables grouping adaptively, and adjust the relative step factor and the smallest integral step, which achieves the purpose of adaptively flexible grouping, and at the slow-varying step size spot, integral tuning is implemented in order to improve computational precision. Results of calculation example show that the proposed method improves computational efficiency in ensuring the accuracy.
For many variables in power system dynamic process after influence of system disturbances attenuation to a certain extent, it will be very small to further variable range especially variable range of envelope value or envelope centre value. At that time, if these small changes are ignored, and make variables secede from integral computation, then the influence on the follow-up integral precision of system will not be out of range of engineering permission, which can improve the follow-up computational efficiency obviously. If these variables are retained in grouping and integral computation, it will restraint enlarge the integral step and influence the improvement of computational efficiency. Pointing to this problem, this thesis provides a variable seceding mechanism at proper time, which forms a flexible simulation method combining variables grouping and seceding strategies. Simulation examples show that this flexible simulation method including variables seceding strategy may further improve computational efficiency in ensuring the computational accuracy.
At present, there are scarced relative ripe methods and computational programs used for computing efficiently long term dynamic behaviour of large scale power system, especially wind power integration on a large scale power system, which speeds up the urgent demand for simulation methods and computational programs. Pointing to this situation, flexible simulation method has been applied to large-scale power system simulation including wind electric power grid combined with asynchronous wind generators and doubly-fed wind turbine model, analyze dynamic behavior such as frequency, voltage for different wind speed change modes and system operating conditions after wind power integration on power system. The simulation results show that the proposed flexible simulation method can adapt to the need for rapid analysis for long term dynamic process of large power systems that contains wind power.
This research work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China "optimization theory research on green energy efficiency of large power systems including intermittent power supply" under Grant 50477008, and Heilongjiang Province research initiation funds for the postdoctoral researcher project "analysis method of the dynamic mode for numerical simulation of power system stability".
作为电力系统动态过程刚性问题实施柔性化的理论基础,论文首先通过对刚性含义的阐述,界定了局部刚性与全局刚性的区别,并通过对系统动态过程刚性分布特性的分析,指出:刚性往往具有时间和变量空间上的局部分布特征,即刚性程度一方面会随着时间而发生改变,系统可以由较强刚性向着弱刚性甚至柔性转换;另一方面,如果某些时段系统表现出刚性,通常也只是在某些变量集合之间呈现刚性,而集合内部的变量之间往往表现出良好的柔性特征。大型电力系统动态过程、特别是长动态过程,其刚性分布的时空局部性表现得更为明显。这种特性为电力系统动态过程刚性的柔性化提供了前提条件。基于刚性分布的时空局部特性,论文分析了电力系统动态过程刚性问题柔性化的策略,为后续研究提供了技术支持。
变量分组是实施刚性问题柔性化的一种可行措施。在以往的仿真方法中,贯彻系统动态计算全过程的往往只是一种事先给定的固定变量分组形式,不同变量组别间的步长比例因子等赋定初值后也不再相机调整,此种方式对不同系统动态过程刚性分布的时空局部特征的适应性明显不够,制约了相应算法的计算效率。针对此现状,本文提出了一种综合自适应柔性分组和具有自校正积分措施的变量组协调策略的电力系统动态过程柔性化仿真方法。方法由局部截断误差自适应地划分变量组别、调整相对步长因子和最小积分步长,以达到自适应柔性分组的目的,并在慢变组步长时点处进行校正式积分,以提高计算精度。算例分析表明,所提出的方法,在保证计算精度的前提下,可显著提高计算效率。
电力系统动态过程中的许多变量,在系统扰动对其影响衰减到一定程度后,进一步变化的幅度、特别是包络值或包络中心值进一步变化的幅度将变得十分微小。此时,如果忽略这种微小变化,并使其自动退出积分计算,则对系统后续积分精度的影响不会超出工程允许的范围,且可以明显提高后续计算的效率;如果将这些变量继续保留参与分组和积分运算,则会明显制约积分步长的放大并影响计算效率的进一步提高。针对此问题,本文提出了一种变量适时退出机制,并形成了一种综合变量分组和退出策略的柔性化仿真方法。仿真算例结果表明,融合变量退出机制的柔性仿真方法,可以在保证计算精度的前提下,进一步提高计算效率。
目前,尚缺乏比较成熟的方法和计算程序对大型电力系统长动态过程行为进行高效计算,特别是大规模风电系统的并网运行,更加速了对相关仿真方法和计算程序需求的迫切性。针对此现状,本文最后结合异步风力发电机和双馈风力发电机模型,将柔性仿真方法应用于包含风电系统的大型电力系统长动态过程仿真,并针对不同风速变化模式和系统运行工况,对风电系统接入电网后的频率、电压等动态行为进行分析。算例结果表明,论文提出的柔性仿真方法能够适应包含风电系统的大型电力系统长动态过程行为快速分析的需要,具有比较广阔的应用前景。
本文工作得到国家自然科学基金项目“含间歇式电源的大型电力系统绿色能效协联优化理论研究”(项目编号:50877014)和黑龙江省博士后科研启动基金项目“电力系统稳定数值仿真的动态模式分析法”的资助。
The unceasing strengthen of the power system will led to the coutinuous increase of power system operation complexity when the enormous benefits is brought. The possibility of the occurrence, affecting scope, and dangers of cascading accidents, will be enlarged in different extent with the continual increasing system scale. How to correctly and efficiently simulate power system dynamic response after the disturbance is a very important and basic work for reliable mastering system operation acts and setting the correct protection and control system against the safety. As a result of possible disturbances being subject to the link and system which constitutes the power system may exist diverse differences, therefore, the dynamic process of power system is often not only the existence of the coexistence of slow-fast phenomenon, but also the existence of slow and fast variables constitute a continual changing situation, which make the power system dynamic process show the obvious stiff characteristics, has seriously hampered the efficiency of power system dynamic simulation process. This thesis research on how to adaptively divide variables into different groups based on the changes of dynamic process so as to obtain flexible stiff process measures through the analysis for dynamic process of spatial and temporal distribution of localized stiff analysis. On this basis, a flexible algorithm for power system dynamic simulation process is built and applied to power system long dynamic process simulation including wind power.
As the theoretical foundation of the implementation flexibility to stiff problem for power system dynamic process, this thesis firstly expounds the definition of the stiffness, defines the the distinction between local stiffness and the overall stiffness, and through the analysis for distribution characteristics of stiffness of system dynamic process, pointed out: stiffness often has the local distribution characteristics of time and variables space, that is, the degree of stiffness on the one hand, will change over time, the system can be conversed from more stiffness toward the weak-stiff or even flexible. On the other hand, if system shows sfiff some time, usually only in some variables sets, while the variables in internal sets often show the characteristics of a good flexiblity. During dymamic process for a large scale power system, especially a long term dynamic process, temporal and spatial characteristics of stiffness distribution show obvious, which provides precondition for flexibility of stiffness in power system dynamic process. Based temporal and spatial characteristics of stiffness distribution, this thesis analyze flexiblity strategies for stiff problem of power system dynamic process, which provides technical support for follow-up study.
Variable grouping problem is a feasible measure to implement the flexiblity of stiff problem. In the past simulation methods, only a pre-fixed variables grouping form runs through the the whole process of system dynamic calculation, the grouping scale factor between different variables after the initial value is given, is no longer adjusted, this way is difficult to adapt the temporal and spatial characteristics of stiffness distribution for different dynamic process, which restricts efficiency of relevant computational methods. According to existing problems, this thesis provides a kind of flexiblity simulation method combining self-adaptive flexible grouping strategy and variables grouping coordination strategy with self-adjustment integral measures for power system dynamic process. Based on the local truncation error, this method can finish variables grouping adaptively, and adjust the relative step factor and the smallest integral step, which achieves the purpose of adaptively flexible grouping, and at the slow-varying step size spot, integral tuning is implemented in order to improve computational precision. Results of calculation example show that the proposed method improves computational efficiency in ensuring the accuracy.
For many variables in power system dynamic process after influence of system disturbances attenuation to a certain extent, it will be very small to further variable range especially variable range of envelope value or envelope centre value. At that time, if these small changes are ignored, and make variables secede from integral computation, then the influence on the follow-up integral precision of system will not be out of range of engineering permission, which can improve the follow-up computational efficiency obviously. If these variables are retained in grouping and integral computation, it will restraint enlarge the integral step and influence the improvement of computational efficiency. Pointing to this problem, this thesis provides a variable seceding mechanism at proper time, which forms a flexible simulation method combining variables grouping and seceding strategies. Simulation examples show that this flexible simulation method including variables seceding strategy may further improve computational efficiency in ensuring the computational accuracy.
At present, there are scarced relative ripe methods and computational programs used for computing efficiently long term dynamic behaviour of large scale power system, especially wind power integration on a large scale power system, which speeds up the urgent demand for simulation methods and computational programs. Pointing to this situation, flexible simulation method has been applied to large-scale power system simulation including wind electric power grid combined with asynchronous wind generators and doubly-fed wind turbine model, analyze dynamic behavior such as frequency, voltage for different wind speed change modes and system operating conditions after wind power integration on power system. The simulation results show that the proposed flexible simulation method can adapt to the need for rapid analysis for long term dynamic process of large power systems that contains wind power.
This research work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China "optimization theory research on green energy efficiency of large power systems including intermittent power supply" under Grant 50477008, and Heilongjiang Province research initiation funds for the postdoctoral researcher project "analysis method of the dynamic mode for numerical simulation of power system stability".
引文
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