氧化石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料的界面改性与性能研究
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摘要
石墨烯是目前已知强度最高的材料，只有单原子层厚度的石墨烯具有许多优异的性能，他的出现在21世纪初期的科学界掀起了一股研究的热潮。其中，以石墨烯作为增强体制备石墨烯/树脂纳米复合材料是十分引人注目的研究焦点之一，因为石墨烯的引入赋予了树脂基复合材料以出色的力学、热学性能以及光学、电学等功能性。然而，石墨烯的批量制备及其与树脂的亲和性却一直制约着石墨烯在树脂基复合材料中的应用。另一方面，作为继承了石墨烯大部分力学性能的一种重要衍生物，氧化石墨烯凭借着片层表面丰富的含氧官能团和批量制备的简单可操作性，在树脂基复合材料领域引起了极大关注。随着研究的深入，氧化石墨烯的表面状态越来越难以适应日益增长的应用需求，为了进一步获得更高性能的氧化石墨烯/树脂复合材料，需要对氧化石墨烯进行表面修饰以得到更好的界面性能，而官能团的大量存在也为其表面修饰提供了可能。
本文首先制备了氧化石墨烯，并以原始氧化石墨烯（aGO）为起点，使用“清洗-重建”过程制备了碱洗氧化石墨烯（bwGO）和两种不同端基的硅烷化氧化石墨烯，分别为端氨基的APTS-GO和端环氧基的GPTS-GO，然后使针棒状的凹凸棒土粘土颗粒吸附在氧化石墨烯表面得到了一种一维-二维复合物ATP-GO。这五种不同表面状态的氧化石墨烯被分别用作增强体材料掺入环氧树脂中制备了多种组分的氧化石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料，并且研究了复合材料的拉伸力学性能、断裂韧性、动态力学性能和热稳定性。
多官能团的aGO比少官能团的bwGO表现出更高的力学性能增强，aGO的含量为1wt%时，aGO/epoxy复合材料的杨氏模量和拉伸强度达到最高，为3.1GPa和79.7Mpa，比纯环氧树脂分别增加了24%和14%；复合材料的临界应力强度因子KIC和临界能量释放率GIC在0.5wt%aGO/epoxy中达到最高，分别为1.27MPam1/2和0.45kJ/m2，均较环氧树脂增加了25%；而玻璃化转变温度（Tg）达最高时复合材料中含有0.2wt%的aGO，其值为133℃，比环氧树脂提高了5.1℃；由于含有更多的含氧官能团，aGO使环氧树脂复合材料的热稳定性下降，较少官能团的bwGO却能提高复合材料的热性能。
硅烷化氧化石墨烯增强的环氧树脂复合材料比aGO和bwGO增强的复合材料拥有更好的力学性能，尤其是断裂韧性。表面官能团的不同也使两种硅烷化氧化石墨烯对环氧树脂的增强行为有所不同：端氨基的APTS-GO对复合材料杨氏模量和拉伸强度的增强效率更高，0.2wt%APTS-GO/epoxy复合材料的杨氏模量和拉伸强度最高，为3.3GPa和81.2MPa，比纯环氧树脂分别提高了32%和16%；而端环氧基的GPTS-GO则对复合材料的韧性增强更明显，0.2wt%GPTS-GO/epoxy复合材料的KIC和GIC值最大，为1.46MPam1/2和0.62kJ/m2，与纯环氧树脂相比分别增加了43%和72%。
ATP-GO复合增强体对复合材料力学性能的增强幅度高于单独使用ATP或GO作为增强材料，并且只有在复合增强体的两种组分达到最优质量配比时才能使复合材料获得最高的力学性能，1wt%ATP+0.2wt%GO便是最优的配比，此时的A1G02/epoxy复合材料拥有最高的杨氏模量、拉伸强度、KIC和GIC，分别为3.4GPa、80.8Mpa、1.29MPa·m1/2和0.43kJ/m2，比纯环氧树脂增加了36%、16%、27%和19%。得益于ATP的加入，ATP-GO/epoxy复合材料的热性能也高于aGO增强的复合材料。
本文继而使用拉曼（Raman）光谱实验方法研究了五种氧化石墨烯在环氧树脂中的分散状态和两相间的界面相互作用，并以此为基础讨论了不同表面状态氧化石墨烯在复合材料中的微观作用机制。官能团数量的变化使bwGO在基体中的分散性和界面载荷传递效率劣于aGO；氨基硅烷化的APTS-GO的分散性不如GPTS-GO，却能更好地与基体间进行载荷传递，但是APTS-GO的载荷传递效率却低于aGO，这是因为硅烷偶联剂的修饰在氧化石墨烯片层的附近引入了柔性界面层吸收了部分应变能；ATP-GO复合物在基体中的分散性略低于aGO，却具有更高的界面相互作用。
由此可见，对氧化石墨烯采用不同手段进行表面修饰能够改变其在复合材料中的行为，是获得高性能树脂基复合材料的有效方法和途径。
As the toughest material in the world, the one-atom-thick graphene is becoming more and more popular in the research field since the beginning of21st century, because of its excellent properties. Among a large number of researches regarding the exciting material, graphene/polymer nanocomposite is considered as one of the hottest research objectives since it always shows outstanding mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical and other functional properties. However, the mass production of graphene and its poor compatibility with the polymer matrix have limited the application of graphene in such promising field. On the other hand, graphene oxide (GO), as one of the derivatives of graphene which possesses abundant functional groups and the feasibility of mass production, has attracted great attention in the research field of polymer based nanocomposites. In order to meet the growing demands for applications, it is necessary to further improve the performances of GO/polymer composites. One common way is conducting surface modification on GO sheet to achieve better interfacial interaction between GO and the matrix, and the plenty of functional groups on its surface could be used as active sites to perform the modification.
In this thesis, GO was firstly prepared and then employed as the initiating material for the “wash-and-rebuild” process in which base wash GO (bwGO) and two other modified GO with different end groups were synthesized successively. These two modified GOs were recognized as the amino groups terminated APTS-GO and the epoxy groups terminated GPTS-GO, respectively. Finally, a novel ATP-GO hybrid was also obtained by attaching the needle-like attapulgite (ATP) particle onto the surface of GO platelet. The above five GOs with different surface states were introduced into epoxy resin separately to prepare GO/epoxy nanocomposites. The tensile properties, fracture toughness, dynamic mechanical properties and thermal properties of the composites were investigated in the study.
The as-prepared GO (aGO) with more functional groups could act better reinforcement on the mechanical properties of the composites than the base wash GO (bwGO) with less functional groups. When the content of aGO was1wt%, the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the aGO/epoxy composites reached their highest value of3.1GPa and79.7MPa, which were24%and14%higher than the pure epoxy. The highest critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical energy release rate (GIC) was1.27MPam1/2and0.45kJ/m2respectively for the0.5wt%aGO/epoxy composites, they were both25%higher than the values for the pure epoxy. The0.2wt%aGO/epoxy composites have the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) of133℃,5.1℃higher than the neat epoxy. However, the thermal stability of the GO/epoxy composites was only enhanced by introducing less functionalized bwGO. aGO may decrease the thermal stability of the epoxy composites because the active functional groups on its surface were instable to heat.
The silane functionalized GOs were found to be superior to both aGO and bwGO in reinforcing mechanical properties of the GO/epoxy composites, especially for fracture toughness. Meanwhile, the reinforcing behavior of these two functionalized GOs may vary depending on the different functional groups they possessed. The addition of0.2wt%amino-functionalized GO (APTS-GO) yielded a32%increase in Young’s modulus (3.3GPa) and16%increase in tensile strength (81.2MPa). Less reinforcement was observed with the epoxy-functionalized GO (GPTS-GO) but there was a more significant increase in ductility for GPTS-GO/epoxy, with the fracture toughness (KIC) and fracture energy (GIC) increased43%(1.46MPam1/2) and72%(0.62kJ/m2) respectively at0.2wt%loading.
Remarkable enhancements on mechanical properties were achieved by using ATP-GO hybrids as the reinforcing fillers, much greater than that of the composites reinforced individually by ATP or GO. The best performance was obtained only when the composition of the hybrids was optimized. The optimum composition was1wt%ATP+0.2wt%GO in the composite, which resulted in the highest Young’s modulus, tensile strength, KIC and GIC, increased by36%(3.4GPa),16%(80.8MPa),27%(1.29MPam1/2) and19%(0.43kJ/m2), correspondingly. Moreover, the thermal properties were increased in ATP-GO/epoxy composites as well, owing to the introduction of the heat-stable ATP.
Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy methods were utilized to investigate the dispersion of GOs and the interfacial stress transfer between the two phases, based upon which the mechanism for the interaction between epoxy and GO with different surface states was discussed. The reduction of functional groups led to a poorer distribution of bwGO than aGO and a lower efficiency of stress transfer in the bwGO/epoxy composites. The dispersion of APTS-GO was less uniform than GPTS-GO, while the interaction between APTS-GO and the matrix was stronger. However, the stress transfer in APTS-GO/epoxy was found to be weaker than that in aGO/epoxy composites, which was because the mobility of graphene sheets was increased as a result of the formation of soft interphase around the GO sheets caused by the modification of silane coupling agent. Thus the strain energy was partly consumed by the soft interphase. In case of ATP-GO hybrid, the dispersion of the hybrid was a little poorer than aGO, whereas the interfacial interaction was much higher.
It is obvious that the modification on GO has changed its reinforcing behavior in the composites, thus could be considered as an effective way to achieve high
performance polymer nanocomposites.
本文首先制备了氧化石墨烯，并以原始氧化石墨烯（aGO）为起点，使用“清洗-重建”过程制备了碱洗氧化石墨烯（bwGO）和两种不同端基的硅烷化氧化石墨烯，分别为端氨基的APTS-GO和端环氧基的GPTS-GO，然后使针棒状的凹凸棒土粘土颗粒吸附在氧化石墨烯表面得到了一种一维-二维复合物ATP-GO。这五种不同表面状态的氧化石墨烯被分别用作增强体材料掺入环氧树脂中制备了多种组分的氧化石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料，并且研究了复合材料的拉伸力学性能、断裂韧性、动态力学性能和热稳定性。
多官能团的aGO比少官能团的bwGO表现出更高的力学性能增强，aGO的含量为1wt%时，aGO/epoxy复合材料的杨氏模量和拉伸强度达到最高，为3.1GPa和79.7Mpa，比纯环氧树脂分别增加了24%和14%；复合材料的临界应力强度因子KIC和临界能量释放率GIC在0.5wt%aGO/epoxy中达到最高，分别为1.27MPam1/2和0.45kJ/m2，均较环氧树脂增加了25%；而玻璃化转变温度（Tg）达最高时复合材料中含有0.2wt%的aGO，其值为133℃，比环氧树脂提高了5.1℃；由于含有更多的含氧官能团，aGO使环氧树脂复合材料的热稳定性下降，较少官能团的bwGO却能提高复合材料的热性能。
硅烷化氧化石墨烯增强的环氧树脂复合材料比aGO和bwGO增强的复合材料拥有更好的力学性能，尤其是断裂韧性。表面官能团的不同也使两种硅烷化氧化石墨烯对环氧树脂的增强行为有所不同：端氨基的APTS-GO对复合材料杨氏模量和拉伸强度的增强效率更高，0.2wt%APTS-GO/epoxy复合材料的杨氏模量和拉伸强度最高，为3.3GPa和81.2MPa，比纯环氧树脂分别提高了32%和16%；而端环氧基的GPTS-GO则对复合材料的韧性增强更明显，0.2wt%GPTS-GO/epoxy复合材料的KIC和GIC值最大，为1.46MPam1/2和0.62kJ/m2，与纯环氧树脂相比分别增加了43%和72%。
ATP-GO复合增强体对复合材料力学性能的增强幅度高于单独使用ATP或GO作为增强材料，并且只有在复合增强体的两种组分达到最优质量配比时才能使复合材料获得最高的力学性能，1wt%ATP+0.2wt%GO便是最优的配比，此时的A1G02/epoxy复合材料拥有最高的杨氏模量、拉伸强度、KIC和GIC，分别为3.4GPa、80.8Mpa、1.29MPa·m1/2和0.43kJ/m2，比纯环氧树脂增加了36%、16%、27%和19%。得益于ATP的加入，ATP-GO/epoxy复合材料的热性能也高于aGO增强的复合材料。
本文继而使用拉曼（Raman）光谱实验方法研究了五种氧化石墨烯在环氧树脂中的分散状态和两相间的界面相互作用，并以此为基础讨论了不同表面状态氧化石墨烯在复合材料中的微观作用机制。官能团数量的变化使bwGO在基体中的分散性和界面载荷传递效率劣于aGO；氨基硅烷化的APTS-GO的分散性不如GPTS-GO，却能更好地与基体间进行载荷传递，但是APTS-GO的载荷传递效率却低于aGO，这是因为硅烷偶联剂的修饰在氧化石墨烯片层的附近引入了柔性界面层吸收了部分应变能；ATP-GO复合物在基体中的分散性略低于aGO，却具有更高的界面相互作用。
由此可见，对氧化石墨烯采用不同手段进行表面修饰能够改变其在复合材料中的行为，是获得高性能树脂基复合材料的有效方法和途径。
As the toughest material in the world, the one-atom-thick graphene is becoming more and more popular in the research field since the beginning of21st century, because of its excellent properties. Among a large number of researches regarding the exciting material, graphene/polymer nanocomposite is considered as one of the hottest research objectives since it always shows outstanding mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical and other functional properties. However, the mass production of graphene and its poor compatibility with the polymer matrix have limited the application of graphene in such promising field. On the other hand, graphene oxide (GO), as one of the derivatives of graphene which possesses abundant functional groups and the feasibility of mass production, has attracted great attention in the research field of polymer based nanocomposites. In order to meet the growing demands for applications, it is necessary to further improve the performances of GO/polymer composites. One common way is conducting surface modification on GO sheet to achieve better interfacial interaction between GO and the matrix, and the plenty of functional groups on its surface could be used as active sites to perform the modification.
In this thesis, GO was firstly prepared and then employed as the initiating material for the “wash-and-rebuild” process in which base wash GO (bwGO) and two other modified GO with different end groups were synthesized successively. These two modified GOs were recognized as the amino groups terminated APTS-GO and the epoxy groups terminated GPTS-GO, respectively. Finally, a novel ATP-GO hybrid was also obtained by attaching the needle-like attapulgite (ATP) particle onto the surface of GO platelet. The above five GOs with different surface states were introduced into epoxy resin separately to prepare GO/epoxy nanocomposites. The tensile properties, fracture toughness, dynamic mechanical properties and thermal properties of the composites were investigated in the study.
The as-prepared GO (aGO) with more functional groups could act better reinforcement on the mechanical properties of the composites than the base wash GO (bwGO) with less functional groups. When the content of aGO was1wt%, the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the aGO/epoxy composites reached their highest value of3.1GPa and79.7MPa, which were24%and14%higher than the pure epoxy. The highest critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical energy release rate (GIC) was1.27MPam1/2and0.45kJ/m2respectively for the0.5wt%aGO/epoxy composites, they were both25%higher than the values for the pure epoxy. The0.2wt%aGO/epoxy composites have the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) of133℃,5.1℃higher than the neat epoxy. However, the thermal stability of the GO/epoxy composites was only enhanced by introducing less functionalized bwGO. aGO may decrease the thermal stability of the epoxy composites because the active functional groups on its surface were instable to heat.
The silane functionalized GOs were found to be superior to both aGO and bwGO in reinforcing mechanical properties of the GO/epoxy composites, especially for fracture toughness. Meanwhile, the reinforcing behavior of these two functionalized GOs may vary depending on the different functional groups they possessed. The addition of0.2wt%amino-functionalized GO (APTS-GO) yielded a32%increase in Young’s modulus (3.3GPa) and16%increase in tensile strength (81.2MPa). Less reinforcement was observed with the epoxy-functionalized GO (GPTS-GO) but there was a more significant increase in ductility for GPTS-GO/epoxy, with the fracture toughness (KIC) and fracture energy (GIC) increased43%(1.46MPam1/2) and72%(0.62kJ/m2) respectively at0.2wt%loading.
Remarkable enhancements on mechanical properties were achieved by using ATP-GO hybrids as the reinforcing fillers, much greater than that of the composites reinforced individually by ATP or GO. The best performance was obtained only when the composition of the hybrids was optimized. The optimum composition was1wt%ATP+0.2wt%GO in the composite, which resulted in the highest Young’s modulus, tensile strength, KIC and GIC, increased by36%(3.4GPa),16%(80.8MPa),27%(1.29MPam1/2) and19%(0.43kJ/m2), correspondingly. Moreover, the thermal properties were increased in ATP-GO/epoxy composites as well, owing to the introduction of the heat-stable ATP.
Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy methods were utilized to investigate the dispersion of GOs and the interfacial stress transfer between the two phases, based upon which the mechanism for the interaction between epoxy and GO with different surface states was discussed. The reduction of functional groups led to a poorer distribution of bwGO than aGO and a lower efficiency of stress transfer in the bwGO/epoxy composites. The dispersion of APTS-GO was less uniform than GPTS-GO, while the interaction between APTS-GO and the matrix was stronger. However, the stress transfer in APTS-GO/epoxy was found to be weaker than that in aGO/epoxy composites, which was because the mobility of graphene sheets was increased as a result of the formation of soft interphase around the GO sheets caused by the modification of silane coupling agent. Thus the strain energy was partly consumed by the soft interphase. In case of ATP-GO hybrid, the dispersion of the hybrid was a little poorer than aGO, whereas the interfacial interaction was much higher.
It is obvious that the modification on GO has changed its reinforcing behavior in the composites, thus could be considered as an effective way to achieve high
performance polymer nanocomposites.
引文
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