可摘局部义齿计算机辅助设计三维图像专家系统的研究
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摘要
计算机辅助设计(computer aided design，CAD)，是计算机科学、基础数学、数据处理技术、计算机图形图像学与设计人员的专业知识、经验和独创性密切结合产生的一门新技术。科技人员可以运用该技术通过人机对话方式，高速度高质量的获得最佳设计方案。专家系统是基于知识库的智能推理系统，它涉及知识获取、知识库、推理控制机制以及智能人机界面的研究，集人工智能和领域知识于一体。目前，对可摘局部义齿计算机辅助设计专家系统的研究基本上是以二维牙列缺损模型为基础，其设计结果均为二维平面图像，且由于受到研究平台的局限，无法与近年来日臻成熟的计算机三维图像技术相结合。因此，具有三维图像效果的可摘局部义齿计算机辅助设计专家系统尚未见报道。本研究首先建立形态色彩逼真、能模拟牙列缺损的牙颌计算机三维模型，再以此模型为平台，研究开发一套具有三维图像效果的可摘局部义齿计算机辅助设计专家系统。
第一部分 牙列缺损计算机三维建模
材料和方法：运用常规CT从冠状面和矢状面两个方向扫描头颅骨标本获得牙颌二维断层图像数据，使用表面绘制法依据该数据在3DStudio Max中沿牙体长轴进行放样得到三维实体模型，再对其进行局部微调并赋以材质和灯光，得到牙列缺损计算机三维模型。
结果：创建包括上下牙列的牙列缺损计算机三维模型，该模型能在计算机中方便、快速、准确地模拟任意类型的牙列缺损，并可全方位地旋转、放大和缩小。
结论：提供了一种牙列缺损计算机三维建模的新方法，为三维义齿专家系统的开发和计算机辅助教学的发展创建了基础。
第二部分 建立可摘局部义齿部件三维图形库
南京医科大学硕士学位论文
材料和方法:按照可摘局部义齿的常规组成将其部件分类细化，依据
Kennedyl一W类牙列缺损的可摘局部义齿设计需要确定各类部件的
具体数目和绘制方案。然后，在3D studio Max中，以建成的牙列缺
损计算机三维模型为平台，依据设计方案制作义齿部件的三维图形，
并分类别、按规则命名，最后，将其一一转化为*.3DS文件后保存，
建成义齿部件图形库。
结果:建成可摘局部义齿部件的三维图形库。
结论:探索了一种运用计算机制作可摘局部义齿部件三维图形库的新
方法。该图形库设计有接口，能够继续扩充和升级，经格式转换后，
也可以为口腔修复领域义齿部件的生物力学分析提供基本的形态学
参数。
第三部分建立可摘局部义齿修复设计知识库
材料和方法:在收集大量可摘局部义齿修复设计资料及专家经验的基
础上，总结出一定的规则，依据这些规则编写出牙列缺损诊断与义齿
修复设计方案之间的对应关系，即牙列缺损情况与图形库中三维义齿
部件之间的调用组合关系，再将这些关系编译成计算机语言(C++语
言)，从而建成知识库。
结果:建成可摘局部义齿修复设计知识库。
结论:成功的将Kennedyl一W类牙列缺损的可摘局部义齿修复常规
设计写入知识库中。该知识库为一个多层次的树形结构知识推理系
统，其程序设计为模块式结构，能够随着学科的发展而不断扩充，可
以与其它牙列缺损计算机辅助设计专家系统之间实现资源共享。
第四部分人机对话操作界面的制作
材料和方法:以修复科门诊病历的格式为参照，结合上述牙列缺损三
维模型，图形库和知识库的特点，运用劝sualC++制作一个操作简便，
内容详实的可视化人机对话操作界面，并反复调试和修改，直至能顺
、........leseseeeseses
南京医科大学硕士学位论文
利输入牙列缺损患者的信息。然后建立动态链接数据库，使计算机在
获得患者信息并依据知识库进行逻辑推理后，能够对图形库义齿部件
进行调用和组合，实现人工智能化。
结果:开发出一套具有逼真三维效果的牙歹」缺损可摘局部义齿计算机
辅助设计专家系统。
结论:运用该系统，医生只需输入患者的口腔缺牙情况、基牙、牙槽
骨情况以及咬朴关系等信息，计算机便可根据提供的信息进行逻辑推
理，依据知识库从图形库中调出相应的可摘局部义齿三维部件图形，
组合成数种不同设计，形象生动和色彩逼真的三维结构模拟义齿，用
以指导口腔修复临床和教学工作。该系统的临床信息输入界面具有数
据库功能，可作为修复科门诊病案管理系统单独使用。
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a new technology, which comes from the close combination of computer science, basic mathematics, data processing technique, computer graphics and the specialized knowledge, experience, and originality of designers. Scientists can apply this technology to get the best design promptly and perfectly on the way of man-machine dialogue. Expert system is an intelligent deductive system on the basis of the knowledge library, which involves the study on knowledge obtaining, knowledge library, deductive controlling mechanism and intelligent manipulating panel, and combines artificial intelligence with field knowledge. However, the present computer aided expert systems for designing Removed Partial Dentures are all explored on the basis of 2-D model of dentition defect, the results of which are plane images. Furthermore, limited by the established base, it is difficult for them to combine with computer technology of 3-D image, which is more and more perfect in recent years. As a result,
there is no 3-D computer aided expert systems for designing Removed Partial Dentures reported. In this research, a kind of computerized 3-D model of dentition defect, vivid in shape and color, was set up firstly, which could imitate dentition defect. Then, on the basis of this model, we explored a 3-D computer aided expert system for designing Removed Partial Dentures.
This study includes four parts as follows:
Part I Computer aided 3-D reconstruction of dentition defect
Materials and methods: A series of cross-sectional images was acquired by scanning a skull specimen from coronal plane and sagittal plane with routine CT. Then, using the method of surface drawing, and on the basis of these data, a computerized 3-D model of dentition defect was established by creating through axes of teeth, modifying and putting materials and lights in 3D Studio Max.
Results: A computerized 3-D model of dentition defect, including mandible and maxillary, was established. In computer, the 3-D model could imitate any classification of dentition defect promptly and
accurately, and be rotated, enlarged and shrunk in any direction. Conclusion: It is a new method to establish a computerized 3-D model of dentition defect. It made a foundation for the exploration of 3-D computer aided expert systems for designing dentures and the development of Computer Aided Instruction (CAI).
Part II Establishing a 3-D model library of component parts of
Removed Partial Dentures
Materials and methods: Firstly, according to the routine structure of Removed Partial Dentures, we carefully classified its component parts, and on the basis of designing needs for dentition defects of Kennedy I ~ IV, determined the number and drawing plan of all sorts of these component parts. At the second step, on the basis of the 3-D model of dentition defect, we made 3-D models of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures according to the determined drawing plan and gave name to them in 3D Studio Max. Finally, after changing these 3-D models into *.3DS files, the 3-D model library of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures was set up.
Results: A 3-D model library of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures was set up.
Conclusion: It is a new method to establish a 3-D model library of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures by using 3D Studio Max. The 3-D model library was retained a port for expanding and updating, and after being changed into other files, it could also be used for biomechanical analysis of denture component parts as fundamental figure parameters in prosthodontics.
Part III Establishing a knowledge library of Removed Partial
Denture designing
Materials and methods: After collecting lots of cases of Removed Partial Dentures and experience of experts, we summary some principles. Then, on the basis of these principles, we compiled the corresponding
relations between the diagnosis of dentition defect and denture designing, which would guide selecting component parts of Removed Partial Dentures from the 3-D model li
第一部分 牙列缺损计算机三维建模
材料和方法：运用常规CT从冠状面和矢状面两个方向扫描头颅骨标本获得牙颌二维断层图像数据，使用表面绘制法依据该数据在3DStudio Max中沿牙体长轴进行放样得到三维实体模型，再对其进行局部微调并赋以材质和灯光，得到牙列缺损计算机三维模型。
结果：创建包括上下牙列的牙列缺损计算机三维模型，该模型能在计算机中方便、快速、准确地模拟任意类型的牙列缺损，并可全方位地旋转、放大和缩小。
结论：提供了一种牙列缺损计算机三维建模的新方法，为三维义齿专家系统的开发和计算机辅助教学的发展创建了基础。
第二部分 建立可摘局部义齿部件三维图形库
南京医科大学硕士学位论文
材料和方法:按照可摘局部义齿的常规组成将其部件分类细化，依据
Kennedyl一W类牙列缺损的可摘局部义齿设计需要确定各类部件的
具体数目和绘制方案。然后，在3D studio Max中，以建成的牙列缺
损计算机三维模型为平台，依据设计方案制作义齿部件的三维图形，
并分类别、按规则命名，最后，将其一一转化为*.3DS文件后保存，
建成义齿部件图形库。
结果:建成可摘局部义齿部件的三维图形库。
结论:探索了一种运用计算机制作可摘局部义齿部件三维图形库的新
方法。该图形库设计有接口，能够继续扩充和升级，经格式转换后，
也可以为口腔修复领域义齿部件的生物力学分析提供基本的形态学
参数。
第三部分建立可摘局部义齿修复设计知识库
材料和方法:在收集大量可摘局部义齿修复设计资料及专家经验的基
础上，总结出一定的规则，依据这些规则编写出牙列缺损诊断与义齿
修复设计方案之间的对应关系，即牙列缺损情况与图形库中三维义齿
部件之间的调用组合关系，再将这些关系编译成计算机语言(C++语
言)，从而建成知识库。
结果:建成可摘局部义齿修复设计知识库。
结论:成功的将Kennedyl一W类牙列缺损的可摘局部义齿修复常规
设计写入知识库中。该知识库为一个多层次的树形结构知识推理系
统，其程序设计为模块式结构，能够随着学科的发展而不断扩充，可
以与其它牙列缺损计算机辅助设计专家系统之间实现资源共享。
第四部分人机对话操作界面的制作
材料和方法:以修复科门诊病历的格式为参照，结合上述牙列缺损三
维模型，图形库和知识库的特点，运用劝sualC++制作一个操作简便，
内容详实的可视化人机对话操作界面，并反复调试和修改，直至能顺
、........leseseeeseses
南京医科大学硕士学位论文
利输入牙列缺损患者的信息。然后建立动态链接数据库，使计算机在
获得患者信息并依据知识库进行逻辑推理后，能够对图形库义齿部件
进行调用和组合，实现人工智能化。
结果:开发出一套具有逼真三维效果的牙歹」缺损可摘局部义齿计算机
辅助设计专家系统。
结论:运用该系统，医生只需输入患者的口腔缺牙情况、基牙、牙槽
骨情况以及咬朴关系等信息，计算机便可根据提供的信息进行逻辑推
理，依据知识库从图形库中调出相应的可摘局部义齿三维部件图形，
组合成数种不同设计，形象生动和色彩逼真的三维结构模拟义齿，用
以指导口腔修复临床和教学工作。该系统的临床信息输入界面具有数
据库功能，可作为修复科门诊病案管理系统单独使用。
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a new technology, which comes from the close combination of computer science, basic mathematics, data processing technique, computer graphics and the specialized knowledge, experience, and originality of designers. Scientists can apply this technology to get the best design promptly and perfectly on the way of man-machine dialogue. Expert system is an intelligent deductive system on the basis of the knowledge library, which involves the study on knowledge obtaining, knowledge library, deductive controlling mechanism and intelligent manipulating panel, and combines artificial intelligence with field knowledge. However, the present computer aided expert systems for designing Removed Partial Dentures are all explored on the basis of 2-D model of dentition defect, the results of which are plane images. Furthermore, limited by the established base, it is difficult for them to combine with computer technology of 3-D image, which is more and more perfect in recent years. As a result,
there is no 3-D computer aided expert systems for designing Removed Partial Dentures reported. In this research, a kind of computerized 3-D model of dentition defect, vivid in shape and color, was set up firstly, which could imitate dentition defect. Then, on the basis of this model, we explored a 3-D computer aided expert system for designing Removed Partial Dentures.
This study includes four parts as follows:
Part I Computer aided 3-D reconstruction of dentition defect
Materials and methods: A series of cross-sectional images was acquired by scanning a skull specimen from coronal plane and sagittal plane with routine CT. Then, using the method of surface drawing, and on the basis of these data, a computerized 3-D model of dentition defect was established by creating through axes of teeth, modifying and putting materials and lights in 3D Studio Max.
Results: A computerized 3-D model of dentition defect, including mandible and maxillary, was established. In computer, the 3-D model could imitate any classification of dentition defect promptly and
accurately, and be rotated, enlarged and shrunk in any direction. Conclusion: It is a new method to establish a computerized 3-D model of dentition defect. It made a foundation for the exploration of 3-D computer aided expert systems for designing dentures and the development of Computer Aided Instruction (CAI).
Part II Establishing a 3-D model library of component parts of
Removed Partial Dentures
Materials and methods: Firstly, according to the routine structure of Removed Partial Dentures, we carefully classified its component parts, and on the basis of designing needs for dentition defects of Kennedy I ~ IV, determined the number and drawing plan of all sorts of these component parts. At the second step, on the basis of the 3-D model of dentition defect, we made 3-D models of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures according to the determined drawing plan and gave name to them in 3D Studio Max. Finally, after changing these 3-D models into *.3DS files, the 3-D model library of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures was set up.
Results: A 3-D model library of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures was set up.
Conclusion: It is a new method to establish a 3-D model library of component parts of Removed Partial Dentures by using 3D Studio Max. The 3-D model library was retained a port for expanding and updating, and after being changed into other files, it could also be used for biomechanical analysis of denture component parts as fundamental figure parameters in prosthodontics.
Part III Establishing a knowledge library of Removed Partial
Denture designing
Materials and methods: After collecting lots of cases of Removed Partial Dentures and experience of experts, we summary some principles. Then, on the basis of these principles, we compiled the corresponding
relations between the diagnosis of dentition defect and denture designing, which would guide selecting component parts of Removed Partial Dentures from the 3-D model li
引文
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