针对松褐天牛防治对川硬皮肿腿蜂学习行为及定向培育研究
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摘要
川硬皮肿腿蜂Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao,是1994年在四川泸县发现的寄生蜂新种,雌蜂是控制双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky),、粗鞘双条杉天牛Semanotus sinoauster Gressitt、杉棕天牛Callidium villosulum Fairmaire、花椒虎天牛Clytus validus Fairmaire等的重要天敌,其搜索、攻击力强,寄主范围广,寄生率高,发育周期短,繁殖力强,是防治天牛及部分钻蛀性害虫的理想天敌。但在松褐天牛的防治过程中,由于其对松褐天牛信息和松褐天牛栖息环境的不适应,以至防治效果不甚理想。
本文针对松褐天牛的防治需要,以用替代寄主黄粉甲蛹繁殖的川硬皮肿腿蜂为对象,对其学习行为和定向培育展开了系统研究,结果如下：
(1)川硬皮肿腿蜂对马尾松挥发物有极显著的趋避性；而对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性不显著,但随其日龄的增长而有所提高；其在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜寻成功率仅为9.17%。
(2)川硬皮肿腿蜂在羽化初期具有较强的学习能力,其中以2日龄时最强。通过羽化初期对马尾松挥发物和松褐天牛信息物的学习经历,其对马尾松的适应性显著提高；对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性也显著提高：在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜寻成功率提高到38.33%。
(3)川硬皮肿腿蜂在羽化初期通过学习经历所获得的记忆仅能维持4d左右,4d后出现显著的下降。
(4)低温保存有利于川硬皮肿腿蜂学习能力的保存,可使学习能力维持10d左右；同时还可以显著延缓其经学习获得技能的衰退,这为将学习行为运用于防治实践,提供了可能性。
(5)用松褐天牛幼虫,采取两种培育方法(即选择性寄生和强迫性寄生),对川硬皮肿腿蜂进行连续3代的定向培育。选择性寄生法培育的各代蜂,在其4日龄和14日龄对马尾松的适应性、对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性以及在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜索能力都有显著的提高,且随培育的深化,逐代增长；强迫性寄生培育的各代蜂,其对马尾松的适应性,对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性仅在4日龄有所提高,且没有随培育的深化,逐代增长；而14日龄蜂对马尾松的适应性,对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性以及在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜索能力均无显著变化。
(6)通过对川硬皮肿腿蜂触角感器的观察,发现有两种触角感器在型状上发生,即板型感器和坛型感器,其表现为板形感器整体膨大,溢出盘状凹巢,并向触角端部方向扩张出一个耳状的附加结构；坛形感器端部微突处变成钝圆形,整个感器由原来的锥状变成不规则的椭圆形,部分坛形向触角端部方向也扩张出一个耳状的附加结构。两种感器的形变现象主要出现在搜索能力较强的川硬皮肿腿蜂触角上,与搜索能力的增强呈正相关。
综上所述,本文针对松褐天牛的防治需要,对人工繁育的川硬皮肿腿蜂学习行为和定向培育的研究,取得如下创新性成果：
首次针对松褐天牛的防治,系统的研究了川硬皮肿腿蜂的学习行为；
首次报道了低温保存对川硬皮肿腿蜂学习能力和学习记忆的影响；
首次发现触角感器的变化与川硬皮肿腿蜂搜索能力的联系。
Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao is a new species of parastitic wasps on longicorns,which was discovered in Lu county of Sichuan Province in 1994.The female Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao is the important natural enemy for the prevention and control of Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky), Semanotus sinoauster Gressitt, Callidium villosulum Fairmaire, Clytus validus Fairmaire.because itshighly search ability and attack ability, widely host range, highly parasitic rate,short life cycle, higher fecundity, was an important natural enemy for controlling some medium-sized longicorns and other borring pests. However, prevention and control of Monochamus alternatus in the process, because of its are not familiar with the information of Monochamus alternatus and not meet on the habitat of Monochamus alternatus, as well as control effect is not good enough.
In this paper, the control of Monochamus alternatus need to Forest Protection, the learning behavior and orientation training were systematically tested with the laboratory population of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao with substitute host tenebrio molitor L. in the provincial Key Laboratory of forest protection of Sichuan Agricultural University.The main results were as follow.
(1) Phobotaxis of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao to Pinus massoniana Lamb was very significant, whereas on the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae was not significant, but with the growth of age increased; their search success rate was only 9.17% to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb.
(2) Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao have strong ability to learn, in the initial stage of eclosion, most of which 2 days of age.Through learning behavior to the Pinus massoniana Lamb smell and the information objects of Monochamus alternatus in the initial stage of eclosion. Its adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb were significantly increased, the phobotaxis to Pinus massoniana Lamb were significantly decreased; On the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae also significantly increase; their search success rate increased to 38.33% to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb.
(3) The learning memory of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao obtained by learning experiences in the initial stage of eclosion,only for 4 days,4 days later, a significant decline,this will brought some difficulties for learn behavior practical work of control Monochamus alternatus.
(4) Cryopreservation help Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao preservation of learning ability, learning ability so strong for 10 days; but also can significantly delay the decline of learning memory, this providing the possibility. for learn behavior practical work of control Monochamus alternatus.
(5) Uses two types of methods, that is, selective parasitism and forced parasitism,use Monochamus alternatus larvae to Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao for 3 generations of cultivation.Use the method of selective parasitism cultivated Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao for 3 generations, in its 4 days and 14 days to the adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb, the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae and the search ability to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb have increase significantly,and with the deepening of cultivation, each generation growth; Use the method of forced parasitism cultivated Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao to the adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb, the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae and the search ability to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb have increase significantly in 4 days old,but not with the deepening of cultivation, each generation growth; in 14 days old to the adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb, the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae and the search ability to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb have no significant change.
(6) The antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sichuanensis use Monochamus alternatus larvae cultivated was scanned through electron microscope, which showed that the ultrastructure of sensilla placoclea and sensilla ampullaceal of some adults were deformed. The performance of the sensilla placoclea is shape the overall enlargement of sensilla, overflow discoid concave nest, the direction to the antenna end of an ear-like expansion of the additional structure; The performance of the sensilla placoclea ampullaceal is altar-shaped micro-sensor end into a blunt circular protrusion Department, the sensilla from the cone an irregular oval shape, some altar-shaped end to the antenna direction of the expansion also added an ear-shaped structure.The deformation of both sensilla phenomenon occurs,on the antennae of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao have strong search capabilities, and with search capabilities, and increasing.
In summary, this paper Studies on the Learning behavior and orientation training of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao for the prevention and control of Monochamus alternatusget the following results of innovation:the first report of the effect of the cryopreservation to learning ability and learning memory; first discovered the links between changes of antennal sensilla of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao and search capabilities.
本文针对松褐天牛的防治需要,以用替代寄主黄粉甲蛹繁殖的川硬皮肿腿蜂为对象,对其学习行为和定向培育展开了系统研究,结果如下：
(1)川硬皮肿腿蜂对马尾松挥发物有极显著的趋避性；而对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性不显著,但随其日龄的增长而有所提高；其在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜寻成功率仅为9.17%。
(2)川硬皮肿腿蜂在羽化初期具有较强的学习能力,其中以2日龄时最强。通过羽化初期对马尾松挥发物和松褐天牛信息物的学习经历,其对马尾松的适应性显著提高；对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性也显著提高：在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜寻成功率提高到38.33%。
(3)川硬皮肿腿蜂在羽化初期通过学习经历所获得的记忆仅能维持4d左右,4d后出现显著的下降。
(4)低温保存有利于川硬皮肿腿蜂学习能力的保存,可使学习能力维持10d左右；同时还可以显著延缓其经学习获得技能的衰退,这为将学习行为运用于防治实践,提供了可能性。
(5)用松褐天牛幼虫,采取两种培育方法(即选择性寄生和强迫性寄生),对川硬皮肿腿蜂进行连续3代的定向培育。选择性寄生法培育的各代蜂,在其4日龄和14日龄对马尾松的适应性、对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性以及在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜索能力都有显著的提高,且随培育的深化,逐代增长；强迫性寄生培育的各代蜂,其对马尾松的适应性,对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性仅在4日龄有所提高,且没有随培育的深化,逐代增长；而14日龄蜂对马尾松的适应性,对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性以及在人工创造的马尾松小环境内对松褐天牛幼虫的搜索能力均无显著变化。
(6)通过对川硬皮肿腿蜂触角感器的观察,发现有两种触角感器在型状上发生,即板型感器和坛型感器,其表现为板形感器整体膨大,溢出盘状凹巢,并向触角端部方向扩张出一个耳状的附加结构；坛形感器端部微突处变成钝圆形,整个感器由原来的锥状变成不规则的椭圆形,部分坛形向触角端部方向也扩张出一个耳状的附加结构。两种感器的形变现象主要出现在搜索能力较强的川硬皮肿腿蜂触角上,与搜索能力的增强呈正相关。
综上所述,本文针对松褐天牛的防治需要,对人工繁育的川硬皮肿腿蜂学习行为和定向培育的研究,取得如下创新性成果：
首次针对松褐天牛的防治,系统的研究了川硬皮肿腿蜂的学习行为；
首次报道了低温保存对川硬皮肿腿蜂学习能力和学习记忆的影响；
首次发现触角感器的变化与川硬皮肿腿蜂搜索能力的联系。
Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao is a new species of parastitic wasps on longicorns,which was discovered in Lu county of Sichuan Province in 1994.The female Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao is the important natural enemy for the prevention and control of Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky), Semanotus sinoauster Gressitt, Callidium villosulum Fairmaire, Clytus validus Fairmaire.because itshighly search ability and attack ability, widely host range, highly parasitic rate,short life cycle, higher fecundity, was an important natural enemy for controlling some medium-sized longicorns and other borring pests. However, prevention and control of Monochamus alternatus in the process, because of its are not familiar with the information of Monochamus alternatus and not meet on the habitat of Monochamus alternatus, as well as control effect is not good enough.
In this paper, the control of Monochamus alternatus need to Forest Protection, the learning behavior and orientation training were systematically tested with the laboratory population of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao with substitute host tenebrio molitor L. in the provincial Key Laboratory of forest protection of Sichuan Agricultural University.The main results were as follow.
(1) Phobotaxis of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao to Pinus massoniana Lamb was very significant, whereas on the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae was not significant, but with the growth of age increased; their search success rate was only 9.17% to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb.
(2) Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao have strong ability to learn, in the initial stage of eclosion, most of which 2 days of age.Through learning behavior to the Pinus massoniana Lamb smell and the information objects of Monochamus alternatus in the initial stage of eclosion. Its adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb were significantly increased, the phobotaxis to Pinus massoniana Lamb were significantly decreased; On the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae also significantly increase; their search success rate increased to 38.33% to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb.
(3) The learning memory of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao obtained by learning experiences in the initial stage of eclosion,only for 4 days,4 days later, a significant decline,this will brought some difficulties for learn behavior practical work of control Monochamus alternatus.
(4) Cryopreservation help Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao preservation of learning ability, learning ability so strong for 10 days; but also can significantly delay the decline of learning memory, this providing the possibility. for learn behavior practical work of control Monochamus alternatus.
(5) Uses two types of methods, that is, selective parasitism and forced parasitism,use Monochamus alternatus larvae to Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao for 3 generations of cultivation.Use the method of selective parasitism cultivated Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao for 3 generations, in its 4 days and 14 days to the adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb, the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae and the search ability to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb have increase significantly,and with the deepening of cultivation, each generation growth; Use the method of forced parasitism cultivated Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao to the adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb, the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae and the search ability to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb have increase significantly in 4 days old,but not with the deepening of cultivation, each generation growth; in 14 days old to the adaptability to Pinus massoniana Lamb, the selectivity of Monochamus alternatus larvae and the search ability to Monochamus alternatus larvae in artificial environment created of Pinus massoniana Lamb have no significant change.
(6) The antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sichuanensis use Monochamus alternatus larvae cultivated was scanned through electron microscope, which showed that the ultrastructure of sensilla placoclea and sensilla ampullaceal of some adults were deformed. The performance of the sensilla placoclea is shape the overall enlargement of sensilla, overflow discoid concave nest, the direction to the antenna end of an ear-like expansion of the additional structure; The performance of the sensilla placoclea ampullaceal is altar-shaped micro-sensor end into a blunt circular protrusion Department, the sensilla from the cone an irregular oval shape, some altar-shaped end to the antenna direction of the expansion also added an ear-shaped structure.The deformation of both sensilla phenomenon occurs,on the antennae of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao have strong search capabilities, and with search capabilities, and increasing.
In summary, this paper Studies on the Learning behavior and orientation training of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao for the prevention and control of Monochamus alternatusget the following results of innovation:the first report of the effect of the cryopreservation to learning ability and learning memory; first discovered the links between changes of antennal sensilla of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao and search capabilities.
引文
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