杀虫剂对小麦产量和品质的影响及其机理
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摘要
本研究于2005~2009年在扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室试验场实施,在评价生物源杀虫剂阿维菌素和常用化学杀虫剂吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果对小麦蚜虫防效和小麦安全生产技术的基础上,重点研究了杀虫剂对小麦产量和品质的影响及其生理特性,提出了完善杀虫剂使用、进一步建立小麦优质高效安全生产技术体系的理论和技术依据。主要研究结果如下:
(1)小麦抽穗至灌浆期蚜虫防治技术
为了系统研究小麦大田麦蚜防治技术,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,调查了小麦抽穗至灌浆期麦蚜与天敌的数量动态,研究了阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱和乐果四种杀虫剂对麦蚜的防治效果和对天敌的影响以及麦蚜的防治适期。结果表明,天敌量随麦蚜密度的波动而波动,两者关系达极显著水平;所选4种杀虫剂对麦蚜的防治效果均较好,但生物源农药阿维菌素和选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉对天敌的杀伤率较低;在抽穗开花期至花后7天,即麦蚜发生初盛期进行一次性施药防治,可获得较好的防治效果;麦田治蚜对灰飞虱有一定兼治作用,但效果不理想。
(2)杀虫剂对小麦产量的影响
采用人工控制蚜虫和人工接种蚜虫的方法研究阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂的推荐、3倍、6倍剂量对弱筋小麦扬麦13产量的影响,研究杀虫剂自身对小麦产量的影响效应和施用杀虫剂减轻虫害对产量的影响效应之间的关系。结果表明:在无虫处理中,喷施杀虫剂使扬麦13籽粒产量、每穗粒数、千粒重、强势粒粒重、弱势粒粒重较对照有下降趋势,施药表现出一定负效应,尤其在过量(6倍推荐剂量)施药情况下,影响达显著或极显著水平;在有虫处理中,蚜虫危害发生时,喷施杀虫剂能减轻蚜虫的危害,使扬麦13的产量极显著提高;4种供试杀虫剂中,阿维菌素和毒死蜱较吡虫啉和乐果对扬麦13的负效应小,增产作用大;杀虫剂使用减轻害虫损害的正效应均明显大于其负效应,在推荐施用剂量下,后者可忽略不计,但在超剂量用药时负效应则显著加大,应得到重视。
(3)杀虫剂对小麦品质的影响
采用人工控制蚜虫和人工接种蚜虫的方法研究阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂的推荐、3倍、6倍剂量对弱筋小麦扬麦13品质的影响,研究杀虫剂自身对小麦品质的影响效应和施用杀虫剂减轻虫害对品质的影响效应之间的关系。结果表明:在无虫处理中,杀虫剂处理对弱筋小麦扬麦13蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量的影响不显著,杀虫剂处理使总淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量有下降的趋势,杀虫剂自身对小麦品质影响较小。在有虫处理中,蚜虫危害发生时合理喷施杀虫剂,弱筋小麦扬麦13蛋白质含量极显著下降,总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量极显著提高,部分处理的直链淀粉含量显著提高,杀虫剂使用减轻蚜虫危害对小麦品质影响的正效应明显,4种供试杀虫剂对小麦品质作用差异不显著。
以扬麦13为材料,研究大田生产有虫害条件下吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果三种杀虫剂在不同时期喷施对小麦籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,喷施杀虫剂后,显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量,显著提高淀粉含量,RVA粘度特性大多数参数值上升,出粉率和弱化度显著提高,形成时间、稳定时间、评价值降低,而对拉伸仪参数无显著影响。在抽穗开花期至花后7天喷施,蛋白质含量较低,淀粉含量较高,粉质参数中形成时间、稳定时间较低,弱化度较高,更有利于弱筋小麦品质的提高。
(4)杀虫剂对小麦光合特性的影响
以弱筋小麦扬麦13和强筋小麦烟农19两个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,在无虫条件下开花末期分别喷施1倍(常规剂量)、3倍、6倍剂量的阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂,研究杀虫剂对小麦剑叶光合和生理特性的影响。结果表明:⑴杀虫剂处理会改变小麦剑叶的SPAD值、光合速率及叶绿素荧光特性相关参数值,且剂量越高影响越明显;不同类型杀虫剂对小麦光合及荧光特性的影响程度不一样,影响较大的杀虫剂是吡虫啉和乐果,毒死蜱和阿维菌素的影响较小;不同小麦品种对杀虫剂的耐受性不同,弱筋小麦扬麦13比强筋小麦烟农19的耐受性强。杀虫剂处理主要是通过降低叶片光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)和光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP),引起功能叶光合速率下降,最终导致小麦产量降低。⑵施用杀虫剂,小麦剑叶SOD酶活性改变,POD和CAT酶活性呈下降趋势,MDA含量呈上升趋势,其中CAT酶活性和MDA含量的变化幅度较大,对杀虫剂胁迫比较敏感,6倍剂量的毒死蜱、吡虫啉和乐果处理中,SOD酶活性则呈下降趋势,SOD酶对杀虫剂胁迫程度更为敏感。4种供试杀虫剂中,吡虫啉和乐果对小麦的抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响最大,其后依次为毒死蜱和阿维菌素,而影响时间最长的杀虫剂是阿维菌素和吡虫啉,其次为毒死蜱和乐果。相对于强筋小麦烟农19,弱筋小麦扬麦13对杀虫剂的胁迫具有更强的耐受性。
(5)杀虫剂在小麦生产中残留量的安全性评价
以弱筋小麦扬麦13和强筋小麦烟农19两个冬小麦品种为材料,在开花末期分别喷施1倍(常规剂量)、3倍、6倍剂量的阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂,在小麦成熟期测定植株各部位器官和土壤中的农药残留,评价杀虫剂对小麦安全性的影响。结果表明,成熟期阿维菌素在小麦植株各部位器官的残留均未检出,吡虫啉在小麦麸皮、颖壳以及秸秆中有少量残留检出,推荐剂量的毒死蜱和乐果在小麦麸皮和颖壳中有少量残留检出,超剂量的毒死蜱和乐果处理在小麦植株各部位器官和土壤中均有残留检出(面粉除外),其中6倍剂量的乐果残留超标。毒死蜱和乐果的残留量在麸皮和颖壳中的分配比例较大,在土壤中也有一定的残留量。杀虫剂在小麦植株各部位器官和土壤中的残留量表现出明显的剂量效应,同剂量下,弱筋小麦扬麦13植株各部位器官和土壤中的杀虫剂残留量小于强筋小麦烟农19的残留量。建议在无公害专用小麦生产上杀虫剂以阿维菌素和吡虫啉为主推品种,慎用毒死蜱,不使用乐果。
Pesticide residue was one of the most important factors affecting wheat hygienic and nutritional quality. Wheat plant was enriched in nutriment during flowering and grain-filling period, which might result in high incidence of diseases and pests. So fungicides and insecticides were frequently applied to control diseases and pests on wheat plants. These pesticides would inevitably affect grain yield and quality in wheat, and deposit in wheat grains, plants and field soil, causing potential or realistic harm to grain hygienic quality and field environment. So it was necessary to investigate the effects of pesticide application on grain yield and quality, and physiological mechanism in wheat so as to provide a solid base for constructing a safe wheat producing system.
The experiments on avermectins, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate against wheat pests were conducted on the Experimental Farm of Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Yangzhou University from 2005 to 2009 to investigate the grain yield and quality in wheat, and physiological mechanism. The main results were as follows.
1. Controlling techniques of wheat aphids from heading to grain filling stage
The efficacy of avermectins, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate against wheat aphids and the effects on natural enemy on weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13 plants were investigated from heading to grain-filling. The timing of pesticide application was also under investigation. The population of natural enemy fluctuated along with that of wheat aphids. All the four pesticides provided excellent efficacy over wheat aphids on weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13 plants. Compared with chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, avermectins and imidacloprid had lower killing rates against natural enemy. It was appropriate to spray pesticide only once when wheat aphids initially prevailed, corresponding to wheat growing period from heading to the 7th day after anthesis (7 DAA). These pesticides didn’t produce good controlling effects on small brown planthoppers although they had good efficacy over wheat aphids.
2.Effect of the pesticides on wheat grain yield
In order to investigate the poisonous and positive effects of pesticides on weak-gluten wheat and the relationship between these two effects, the yield of the Yangmai 13 were analyzed after spraying four pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with different times (one, three and six) of recommended dosage of each pesticide under the condition of artificial dislodgement and inoculation of pests. Results indicated as follows. (1) Under the condition of artificial dislodgement, spraying pesticides resulted in the downtrend of grain yield, grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, 100-superior grain weight and 100-inferior grain weight, and the declined effects were significant at the 0.05 or 0.01 probability level when 6 times of recommended dosage was applied. However, in the treatments of inoculating pests, the yield of Yangmai 13 increased significantly after spraying pesticides. (2) Of the four pesticides, avermectin and chlorpyrifos had lower poisonous effect on Yangmai 13 and produced more efficient effects on increasing grain yield than imidacloprid and dimethoate. (3) Totally, spraying pesticides had much more positive effect on increasing grain yield than poisonous effect. Under the condition of recommended dosage, the poisonous effects were so tiny that they could be neglected. The poisonous effects increased significantly when using excess pesticide, which should be paid much more attention.
3. Effect of pesticides on wheat grain quality
In order to investigate the poison and positive effects of pesticides on weak-gluten wheat and the relationship between these two effects, the grain of the Yangmai 13 were analyzed after spraying four pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with different times (one, three and six) of recommended dosage of each pesticide under the condition of artificial dislodgement and inoculation of pests. Under the condition of artificial dislodgement, spraying pesticides didn’t produce significant effects on protein content and amylase content of wheat, but resulted in downtrend of starch content and amylopectin content. However, in the treatments of inoculating pests, the protein content in the grain of Yangmai 13 decreased significantly at the 0.01 level of probability, the content of total starch and amylopectin increased significantly at the 0.01 level of probability. The content of amylase also increased significantly in some treatments of inoculating pests. Spraying pesticides significantly decreased the incidence of wheat aphids and increased grain quality. No significant effects were found among the four pesticides.
Imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were used to explore the suitable timing of pesticides in producing system of weak-gluten wheat for good-quality, high-efficiency and edible-safety. The protein content was declined and the starch content was improved. The RVA parameters were improved, and flour percentage and degree of softening were improved highly. Development time, stability time and valorimeter value were declined. But extensograph parameters were no observably changed. Furthermore, spraying pesticides at the stage from heading to the 7th day after anthesis was much more advantage of the forming of grain quality of Yangmai13: The protein content was lower, and the starch content was higher. The development time and stability time were shorter, and degree of softening was higher.
4 Effect of spraying pesticides on photosynthetic parameters of flag leaves in wheat
The effects of spraying pesticides on photosynthetic parameters of flag leaves in winter wheat were investigated. Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, a weak-gluten wheat cultivar, Yangmai13, and a strong-gluten wheat cultivar, Yannong19, were respectively sprayed with four widely-used pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with 1, 3 and 6 times of recommended dosage of each pesticide at the end of anthesis stage in no-pest treatments. The chlorophyll content (SPAD readings), net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence related parameters of flag leaves were measured after spraying pesticides, and were found change significantly with increase of the pesticide concentration. Imidacloprid and dimethoate produced more significant effects on these measured traits than the other two pesticides, avermectin and chlorpyrifos. The weak-gluten Yangmai13 was found more tolerant to pesticides than the strong-gluten Yannong19. Under spraying pesticides conditions, the low Pn of flag leaves is related to decreasedφPSⅡand qP, and the declined grain yield. After spraying pesticide, the activity of SOD changed, the content of MDA were increased, while the activity of POD and CAT presented declining trend. The varying range of the activity of CAT and the content of MDA were relatively large, suggesting their sensitivity to pesticide. The activity of SOD declined in the treatments of spraying six times of dosage of chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, implying its sensitivity to the concentration of pesticide. Imidacloprid and dimethoate produced the greatest impact on the activity of the wheat antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, followed by chlorpyrifos and avermectin, while the avermectin and imidacloprid had longer duration than the other two pesticides. Compared with the high-gluten wheat cultivar Yannong19, the weak-gluten wheat cultivar Yangmai13 was more adaptable to the pesticides.
5. The safety evaluation of pesticide residue in wheat
Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, a weak-gluten cultivar Yangmai13 and a strong-gluten cultivar Yannong19, were respectively sprayed with four widely-used pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with 1, 3 and 6 times of recommended dosage of each pesticide at the end of anthesis stage. The residue of pesticides remained in different parts of wheat plants at maturing stage and in soil were measured to evaluate the effects of these pesticides on the safety of wheat producing system. Residue was not detected in the tested parts of wheat plant when spraying different dosage of avermectin, while tiny residue was found in bran and glumes when spraying imidacloprid with different dosage, and spraying chlorpyrifos and dimethoate with recommended dosage. The remains of pesticides in soil and all tested parts of wheat plants (except flour) were detected when excess dosage of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were applied, and these remains exceeded the level of national standard when 6 times of recommended dosage of dimethoate was applied. Chlorpyrifos and dimethoate remained mainly in bran and glumes, and a little in soil. There existed dosage effects of pesticide remained in soil and different part of wheat. Under the same dosage, the remains of pesticide were detected more in the soil and different parts of Yannong19 than those in Yangmai13. It is recommended that avermectin and imidacloprid should be used in wheat producing system for pollution-free and special-purpose, the application of chlorpyrifos should be prudent, and the application of dimethoate should be avoided.
(1)小麦抽穗至灌浆期蚜虫防治技术
为了系统研究小麦大田麦蚜防治技术,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,调查了小麦抽穗至灌浆期麦蚜与天敌的数量动态,研究了阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱和乐果四种杀虫剂对麦蚜的防治效果和对天敌的影响以及麦蚜的防治适期。结果表明,天敌量随麦蚜密度的波动而波动,两者关系达极显著水平;所选4种杀虫剂对麦蚜的防治效果均较好,但生物源农药阿维菌素和选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉对天敌的杀伤率较低;在抽穗开花期至花后7天,即麦蚜发生初盛期进行一次性施药防治,可获得较好的防治效果;麦田治蚜对灰飞虱有一定兼治作用,但效果不理想。
(2)杀虫剂对小麦产量的影响
采用人工控制蚜虫和人工接种蚜虫的方法研究阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂的推荐、3倍、6倍剂量对弱筋小麦扬麦13产量的影响,研究杀虫剂自身对小麦产量的影响效应和施用杀虫剂减轻虫害对产量的影响效应之间的关系。结果表明:在无虫处理中,喷施杀虫剂使扬麦13籽粒产量、每穗粒数、千粒重、强势粒粒重、弱势粒粒重较对照有下降趋势,施药表现出一定负效应,尤其在过量(6倍推荐剂量)施药情况下,影响达显著或极显著水平;在有虫处理中,蚜虫危害发生时,喷施杀虫剂能减轻蚜虫的危害,使扬麦13的产量极显著提高;4种供试杀虫剂中,阿维菌素和毒死蜱较吡虫啉和乐果对扬麦13的负效应小,增产作用大;杀虫剂使用减轻害虫损害的正效应均明显大于其负效应,在推荐施用剂量下,后者可忽略不计,但在超剂量用药时负效应则显著加大,应得到重视。
(3)杀虫剂对小麦品质的影响
采用人工控制蚜虫和人工接种蚜虫的方法研究阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂的推荐、3倍、6倍剂量对弱筋小麦扬麦13品质的影响,研究杀虫剂自身对小麦品质的影响效应和施用杀虫剂减轻虫害对品质的影响效应之间的关系。结果表明:在无虫处理中,杀虫剂处理对弱筋小麦扬麦13蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量的影响不显著,杀虫剂处理使总淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量有下降的趋势,杀虫剂自身对小麦品质影响较小。在有虫处理中,蚜虫危害发生时合理喷施杀虫剂,弱筋小麦扬麦13蛋白质含量极显著下降,总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量极显著提高,部分处理的直链淀粉含量显著提高,杀虫剂使用减轻蚜虫危害对小麦品质影响的正效应明显,4种供试杀虫剂对小麦品质作用差异不显著。
以扬麦13为材料,研究大田生产有虫害条件下吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果三种杀虫剂在不同时期喷施对小麦籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,喷施杀虫剂后,显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量,显著提高淀粉含量,RVA粘度特性大多数参数值上升,出粉率和弱化度显著提高,形成时间、稳定时间、评价值降低,而对拉伸仪参数无显著影响。在抽穗开花期至花后7天喷施,蛋白质含量较低,淀粉含量较高,粉质参数中形成时间、稳定时间较低,弱化度较高,更有利于弱筋小麦品质的提高。
(4)杀虫剂对小麦光合特性的影响
以弱筋小麦扬麦13和强筋小麦烟农19两个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,在无虫条件下开花末期分别喷施1倍(常规剂量)、3倍、6倍剂量的阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂,研究杀虫剂对小麦剑叶光合和生理特性的影响。结果表明:⑴杀虫剂处理会改变小麦剑叶的SPAD值、光合速率及叶绿素荧光特性相关参数值,且剂量越高影响越明显;不同类型杀虫剂对小麦光合及荧光特性的影响程度不一样,影响较大的杀虫剂是吡虫啉和乐果,毒死蜱和阿维菌素的影响较小;不同小麦品种对杀虫剂的耐受性不同,弱筋小麦扬麦13比强筋小麦烟农19的耐受性强。杀虫剂处理主要是通过降低叶片光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)和光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP),引起功能叶光合速率下降,最终导致小麦产量降低。⑵施用杀虫剂,小麦剑叶SOD酶活性改变,POD和CAT酶活性呈下降趋势,MDA含量呈上升趋势,其中CAT酶活性和MDA含量的变化幅度较大,对杀虫剂胁迫比较敏感,6倍剂量的毒死蜱、吡虫啉和乐果处理中,SOD酶活性则呈下降趋势,SOD酶对杀虫剂胁迫程度更为敏感。4种供试杀虫剂中,吡虫啉和乐果对小麦的抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响最大,其后依次为毒死蜱和阿维菌素,而影响时间最长的杀虫剂是阿维菌素和吡虫啉,其次为毒死蜱和乐果。相对于强筋小麦烟农19,弱筋小麦扬麦13对杀虫剂的胁迫具有更强的耐受性。
(5)杀虫剂在小麦生产中残留量的安全性评价
以弱筋小麦扬麦13和强筋小麦烟农19两个冬小麦品种为材料,在开花末期分别喷施1倍(常规剂量)、3倍、6倍剂量的阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、乐果4种杀虫剂,在小麦成熟期测定植株各部位器官和土壤中的农药残留,评价杀虫剂对小麦安全性的影响。结果表明,成熟期阿维菌素在小麦植株各部位器官的残留均未检出,吡虫啉在小麦麸皮、颖壳以及秸秆中有少量残留检出,推荐剂量的毒死蜱和乐果在小麦麸皮和颖壳中有少量残留检出,超剂量的毒死蜱和乐果处理在小麦植株各部位器官和土壤中均有残留检出(面粉除外),其中6倍剂量的乐果残留超标。毒死蜱和乐果的残留量在麸皮和颖壳中的分配比例较大,在土壤中也有一定的残留量。杀虫剂在小麦植株各部位器官和土壤中的残留量表现出明显的剂量效应,同剂量下,弱筋小麦扬麦13植株各部位器官和土壤中的杀虫剂残留量小于强筋小麦烟农19的残留量。建议在无公害专用小麦生产上杀虫剂以阿维菌素和吡虫啉为主推品种,慎用毒死蜱,不使用乐果。
Pesticide residue was one of the most important factors affecting wheat hygienic and nutritional quality. Wheat plant was enriched in nutriment during flowering and grain-filling period, which might result in high incidence of diseases and pests. So fungicides and insecticides were frequently applied to control diseases and pests on wheat plants. These pesticides would inevitably affect grain yield and quality in wheat, and deposit in wheat grains, plants and field soil, causing potential or realistic harm to grain hygienic quality and field environment. So it was necessary to investigate the effects of pesticide application on grain yield and quality, and physiological mechanism in wheat so as to provide a solid base for constructing a safe wheat producing system.
The experiments on avermectins, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate against wheat pests were conducted on the Experimental Farm of Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Yangzhou University from 2005 to 2009 to investigate the grain yield and quality in wheat, and physiological mechanism. The main results were as follows.
1. Controlling techniques of wheat aphids from heading to grain filling stage
The efficacy of avermectins, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate against wheat aphids and the effects on natural enemy on weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13 plants were investigated from heading to grain-filling. The timing of pesticide application was also under investigation. The population of natural enemy fluctuated along with that of wheat aphids. All the four pesticides provided excellent efficacy over wheat aphids on weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13 plants. Compared with chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, avermectins and imidacloprid had lower killing rates against natural enemy. It was appropriate to spray pesticide only once when wheat aphids initially prevailed, corresponding to wheat growing period from heading to the 7th day after anthesis (7 DAA). These pesticides didn’t produce good controlling effects on small brown planthoppers although they had good efficacy over wheat aphids.
2.Effect of the pesticides on wheat grain yield
In order to investigate the poisonous and positive effects of pesticides on weak-gluten wheat and the relationship between these two effects, the yield of the Yangmai 13 were analyzed after spraying four pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with different times (one, three and six) of recommended dosage of each pesticide under the condition of artificial dislodgement and inoculation of pests. Results indicated as follows. (1) Under the condition of artificial dislodgement, spraying pesticides resulted in the downtrend of grain yield, grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, 100-superior grain weight and 100-inferior grain weight, and the declined effects were significant at the 0.05 or 0.01 probability level when 6 times of recommended dosage was applied. However, in the treatments of inoculating pests, the yield of Yangmai 13 increased significantly after spraying pesticides. (2) Of the four pesticides, avermectin and chlorpyrifos had lower poisonous effect on Yangmai 13 and produced more efficient effects on increasing grain yield than imidacloprid and dimethoate. (3) Totally, spraying pesticides had much more positive effect on increasing grain yield than poisonous effect. Under the condition of recommended dosage, the poisonous effects were so tiny that they could be neglected. The poisonous effects increased significantly when using excess pesticide, which should be paid much more attention.
3. Effect of pesticides on wheat grain quality
In order to investigate the poison and positive effects of pesticides on weak-gluten wheat and the relationship between these two effects, the grain of the Yangmai 13 were analyzed after spraying four pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with different times (one, three and six) of recommended dosage of each pesticide under the condition of artificial dislodgement and inoculation of pests. Under the condition of artificial dislodgement, spraying pesticides didn’t produce significant effects on protein content and amylase content of wheat, but resulted in downtrend of starch content and amylopectin content. However, in the treatments of inoculating pests, the protein content in the grain of Yangmai 13 decreased significantly at the 0.01 level of probability, the content of total starch and amylopectin increased significantly at the 0.01 level of probability. The content of amylase also increased significantly in some treatments of inoculating pests. Spraying pesticides significantly decreased the incidence of wheat aphids and increased grain quality. No significant effects were found among the four pesticides.
Imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were used to explore the suitable timing of pesticides in producing system of weak-gluten wheat for good-quality, high-efficiency and edible-safety. The protein content was declined and the starch content was improved. The RVA parameters were improved, and flour percentage and degree of softening were improved highly. Development time, stability time and valorimeter value were declined. But extensograph parameters were no observably changed. Furthermore, spraying pesticides at the stage from heading to the 7th day after anthesis was much more advantage of the forming of grain quality of Yangmai13: The protein content was lower, and the starch content was higher. The development time and stability time were shorter, and degree of softening was higher.
4 Effect of spraying pesticides on photosynthetic parameters of flag leaves in wheat
The effects of spraying pesticides on photosynthetic parameters of flag leaves in winter wheat were investigated. Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, a weak-gluten wheat cultivar, Yangmai13, and a strong-gluten wheat cultivar, Yannong19, were respectively sprayed with four widely-used pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with 1, 3 and 6 times of recommended dosage of each pesticide at the end of anthesis stage in no-pest treatments. The chlorophyll content (SPAD readings), net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence related parameters of flag leaves were measured after spraying pesticides, and were found change significantly with increase of the pesticide concentration. Imidacloprid and dimethoate produced more significant effects on these measured traits than the other two pesticides, avermectin and chlorpyrifos. The weak-gluten Yangmai13 was found more tolerant to pesticides than the strong-gluten Yannong19. Under spraying pesticides conditions, the low Pn of flag leaves is related to decreasedφPSⅡand qP, and the declined grain yield. After spraying pesticide, the activity of SOD changed, the content of MDA were increased, while the activity of POD and CAT presented declining trend. The varying range of the activity of CAT and the content of MDA were relatively large, suggesting their sensitivity to pesticide. The activity of SOD declined in the treatments of spraying six times of dosage of chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, implying its sensitivity to the concentration of pesticide. Imidacloprid and dimethoate produced the greatest impact on the activity of the wheat antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, followed by chlorpyrifos and avermectin, while the avermectin and imidacloprid had longer duration than the other two pesticides. Compared with the high-gluten wheat cultivar Yannong19, the weak-gluten wheat cultivar Yangmai13 was more adaptable to the pesticides.
5. The safety evaluation of pesticide residue in wheat
Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, a weak-gluten cultivar Yangmai13 and a strong-gluten cultivar Yannong19, were respectively sprayed with four widely-used pesticides, avermectin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, with 1, 3 and 6 times of recommended dosage of each pesticide at the end of anthesis stage. The residue of pesticides remained in different parts of wheat plants at maturing stage and in soil were measured to evaluate the effects of these pesticides on the safety of wheat producing system. Residue was not detected in the tested parts of wheat plant when spraying different dosage of avermectin, while tiny residue was found in bran and glumes when spraying imidacloprid with different dosage, and spraying chlorpyrifos and dimethoate with recommended dosage. The remains of pesticides in soil and all tested parts of wheat plants (except flour) were detected when excess dosage of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were applied, and these remains exceeded the level of national standard when 6 times of recommended dosage of dimethoate was applied. Chlorpyrifos and dimethoate remained mainly in bran and glumes, and a little in soil. There existed dosage effects of pesticide remained in soil and different part of wheat. Under the same dosage, the remains of pesticide were detected more in the soil and different parts of Yannong19 than those in Yangmai13. It is recommended that avermectin and imidacloprid should be used in wheat producing system for pollution-free and special-purpose, the application of chlorpyrifos should be prudent, and the application of dimethoate should be avoided.
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