桂林市岩溶塌陷形成机制与危险性预测
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摘要
桂林是典型的岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害频发城市,岩溶地面塌陷严重制约城市建设发展,威胁人民生命财产安全。通过研究查明了桂林市岩溶地面塌陷产生的地质环境条件,揭示了桂林岩溶发育规律和地面塌陷分布规律,分折研究了地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、岩溶发育程度、地下水、人类工程活动对桂林岩溶塌陷的影响。在地面塌陷模型试验、渗透变型试验、破坏性抽水试验基础上研究了各种致塌作用的力学效应,确立了桂林岩溶地面塌陷的临界条件和抽水致塌的基本摸式。建立了岩溶地面塌陷的基本模型与形成机制。在全面分析岩溶塌陷影响因素基础上,首次建立多目标模糊决策地面塌陷预测模型。创建了各影响因子对评价目标的隶属函数,采用如权平均型模糊算子对桂林市岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害危险性进行了多目标二级模糊综合预测。并提出了“以防为主、防治结合”的防治原则。论文首次对桂林岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害的形成环境、原因、机制、影响因素、发展趋势进行了全面科学的分析评价;其预测方法可靠,考虑因素全面,预测结果符合实际。对有效防治桂林岩溶塌陷地质灾害有十分重要的现实与指导意义。
Guilin is a well-known city is famous for its beautiful scenery and culture, it located in thesubtropical karst area. the geologic setting is opened and fragile, it is influenced by the humanproject activity and natural environment factor , ground subsidence took place frequently, accordingto statistics, all kinds of subsidence took place more than 280, it caused serious economic losses ,aroused great concern from many people in society, seriously restrict the fast development of theurban construction, threaten the security of people's lives and properties, it is the typical frequentcity of the karst subsidence. Studying the ground subsidence in history and rule of distribution ofspace-time; Finding out the essential feature of ground subsidence; Studying geologicalenvironment, forming terms, development rule and influence factor, Analyzing this formingmechanism of ground subsidence, setting up the geological model of karst subsidence andEstablishing estimation and predictable method about ground subsidence, taking a divisionalpredictable estimation and bring forward a effectively method of prevent and cure to karst groundsubsidence of Guilin; offering a prevent and cure countermeasure effectively to prevents and curesthe karst subsidence of Guilin, instructing the task of prevention and control; Ensuring people'ssafety of life and property, all have a very important theory and realistic meaning.
The geological information, engineering of hydrology, environmental geology, groundwaterlong-term observation information, remote sensing is analyzed and including dividing geophysicsto reconnoitre for the information, drilling project , on-the-spot destructiveness draw water test,indoor simulation test, including all kinds of reconnoitre information of geotechnical engineering,this kind of information of urban area of Guilin is collected . at this foundation, we overall analyzedthe meteorological hydrology, topographical ground forming characteristic , stratum lithology,geological structure , groundwater systematic characteristic of Gui Lin, etc. on the basis ofanalyzing a large number of real data, we have also analyzed the relationship of carbonate mineralcomposition in Guilin, chemical compositions and karst development; and analyzed the relationshipof stratum and lithology, carbonate rock group , geological structure and the karst development.The characteristic of corrosion of horizon D and buried depth, vertical and horizontal developmentrule of underground karst and the fill of underground karst were also analyzed. At the last we alsohave a overall statistical analysis to the space-time distributed characteristic of distributed stratumof the karst subsidence and ground form unit of Guilin, etc. The main research include that groundsubsidence was influenced by the ground forms, The Quaternary system soil horizon lithologystructure, The geological structure, The karst development degree of Guilin; Groundwater of Guilinand the Engineering activity of Human especially pumping and draining between groundwater. By
Analyzing and researching the test about the model of karst ground subsidence, permeate and out ofshape, a critical condition about karst ground subsidence produce. was got Analyzing testing results,summarizing the basic reason and mode about ground subsidence caused by drainning anddumping groundwater. By Analyzing the effects of mechanics of different subside function,forming condition and mechanism of origin cause of formation of subsidence in the karst region ofGuilin. Was provided all kinds of characteristic of predicted methods. According to that wasanalyzed ground subsidence be caused by complicated geological environment and influence factorthat more producing and the characteristic that restrain from each other, by the way of usingsubsidence influence factors and multiple goal second fuzzy decision method geological calamitydangers of Guilin city and countermeasures was put forwarded karst ground subsidence was welladopted. Effective preventions , curing methods. There are some very important reality anddirective significances in effectively preventing and curing the karst subsidence geological calamityof Gui Lin . in this thesis following achievement here. Ⅰ. Basic type and characteristic of the karst subsidence in Gui Lin is found out. Groundsubsidence have the characteristics of obvious space-time. It’s space-time distribution has the groupquality, directional quality and equidistant quality. It closely related to power degree of humanproject activity, the distribution of subsidenced point have the characteristics of weakening fromurban area to periphery, time distribution has the characteristics that seasonality , periodicity andfrequentness of subsidencing in recent years aggravating year by year, it also has the rules ofsuccession , many issue , intermission and such as being suddenly to subsidence in Guilin karst area.Base rock lithology has a obvious control function to subsidence distribution, the limestonesubsidence of D3r firstly developed, secondly is dolostone of C1y. The most of subsidencesdeveloped in the areas of smaller than 5 meters in the thickness of soil layer, which werecharacteristics of more larger of the thickness of soil layer, the more small subsidenced frequency.The most of subsidence happened in the clay of unary and the area of silty clay. Subsidence ismainly distributed in peak forest plain and terrace. The development of subsidencing is seasonal,more than 90% of the man-made subsidence are caused by drawing. Ⅱ. Carried on a systematic research on engineering geology environmental terms ofsubsidence forming in Guilin, the corresponding map was also worked out, the controlled factors ofsubsidence was analyzed in depth, this offered the systematic foundation geological information forurban planning, engineering construction, prevent and cure subsidence for Guilin city. Ⅲ.The relationship between basement rock and ground subsidence was studied, conclusionthat karst development degree in level and vertical is asymmetrical was got. On the flat, the karstdevelopment degree is strengthened gradually from the peak cluster, peak forest plain to theisolated peak plain, from two sides of the east and west to Li river valley, the karst developmentform is from pipeline to netted, underground river system developed; on the vertical, karstdevelopment presented the trend of weaken from shallow to the deep; the faster of Karstdevelopment, be easier to subside, the bigger of subsidence density, the bigger of the scale. Ⅳ. Through analyzing the geological structure of Guilin, it was discovered, that the geologicalstructure development of district has some characteristics of distance nature, zonation and V
unbalanced. Draw a conclusion, that the karst of Guilin mainly took place in the nuclear departmentof fold, incline end, raised end and faulted zone, etc. especially developing mostly in the faultedzone of EW, NE, NW orientaion and the confluent position of every group of fracture. Ⅴ. We have systematically studied the essential feature of the groundwater of Guilin, andmainly researched these factors that influence the ground subsidence, include groundwater variety,fluctuate frequency of groundwater, strong groundwater runoff, groundwater surface and basalsurface distant, etc. It was analyzed that the relationship of groundwater table fluctuating, throughsuffosion, vacuum suck corrode , change rock soil body physics mechanics nature causing karstground subsidence; especially the relationship of pumping and draining groundwater changing it’sdynamic characteristic due to soil hole development to bring out karst ground subsidence. It drawthe conclusion that the subsidence of 80% more than take place in the strong groundwater runoffshed in Guilin. This offered a scientific basis for predicting and preventing ground subsidence, aswell as correctly dealing with and utilize the groundwater resources. Ⅵ. By researching the model test about karst ground subsidence, the data about permeate andout of shape test, then the critical condition of karst ground subsidence was produced subsidedcritical pressure of binary and binary above structure soil layer district is 20KPa, Subsided criticalpressure of unitary soil layer district is 40KPa. It offers a scientific quantitive basis for probing intokarst subside mechanism, it was controlled factor, and the subsidence of predicting and preventingand cure. Analyze the production of destructive dumping test, summarized that draining offgroundwater cased the basic reasons and models of ground subsidence. It was also explored that theinfluencing coverage and degree that due to artificial function to subsidence. We considered thatkarst subsidence was due to geological environment naturally mainly, artificial function exerts ainfluence to subsidence often through changing natural environmental factors, it only play abringing out and promoting function. Ⅶ. Forming environment and developing rule that karst subsidence of Guilin wassystematically researched. Inner links and rules between many kinds of environmental conditionsand karst subsidence was revealed, the karst subsidence was mainly controlled by the geologicalstructure, karst, soil layer nature and groundwater, especially was controlled by constructionobviously. it is Consider that producing karst subsidence is a result of a comprehensive function ofmany kinds of factors work together. The primary conditions about producing karst subsidence ofGuilin, Cap rock of a certain thickness, external effort, especially activity of groundwater. Karstcave interspace is the passway for groundwater moving rock, soil of material, it is also foundationof producing karst subsidence. The touching off factors about producing subsidence is variouskinds of efforts of nature and human project (groundwater activity, earthquake force , top loadstrength , vibration strength ,etc.). The most active and important dynamical factor in the formingprocess is the change of Water table level, range of changing, frequency and water dynamicalcharacteristic. Karst cave interplace, which was formed from the groundwater long term corrosionfunction to the soluble rock offered the essential condition. The karst mainly distributed along thelocation of the strong development of karst, The karst develop mainly along horizon of carbonaterock more pure, rupture broken cingulum, fold axis department and the tangent cingulum of soluble
Guilin is a well-known city is famous for its beautiful scenery and culture, it located in thesubtropical karst area. the geologic setting is opened and fragile, it is influenced by the humanproject activity and natural environment factor , ground subsidence took place frequently, accordingto statistics, all kinds of subsidence took place more than 280, it caused serious economic losses ,aroused great concern from many people in society, seriously restrict the fast development of theurban construction, threaten the security of people's lives and properties, it is the typical frequentcity of the karst subsidence. Studying the ground subsidence in history and rule of distribution ofspace-time; Finding out the essential feature of ground subsidence; Studying geologicalenvironment, forming terms, development rule and influence factor, Analyzing this formingmechanism of ground subsidence, setting up the geological model of karst subsidence andEstablishing estimation and predictable method about ground subsidence, taking a divisionalpredictable estimation and bring forward a effectively method of prevent and cure to karst groundsubsidence of Guilin; offering a prevent and cure countermeasure effectively to prevents and curesthe karst subsidence of Guilin, instructing the task of prevention and control; Ensuring people'ssafety of life and property, all have a very important theory and realistic meaning.
The geological information, engineering of hydrology, environmental geology, groundwaterlong-term observation information, remote sensing is analyzed and including dividing geophysicsto reconnoitre for the information, drilling project , on-the-spot destructiveness draw water test,indoor simulation test, including all kinds of reconnoitre information of geotechnical engineering,this kind of information of urban area of Guilin is collected . at this foundation, we overall analyzedthe meteorological hydrology, topographical ground forming characteristic , stratum lithology,geological structure , groundwater systematic characteristic of Gui Lin, etc. on the basis ofanalyzing a large number of real data, we have also analyzed the relationship of carbonate mineralcomposition in Guilin, chemical compositions and karst development; and analyzed the relationshipof stratum and lithology, carbonate rock group , geological structure and the karst development.The characteristic of corrosion of horizon D and buried depth, vertical and horizontal developmentrule of underground karst and the fill of underground karst were also analyzed. At the last we alsohave a overall statistical analysis to the space-time distributed characteristic of distributed stratumof the karst subsidence and ground form unit of Guilin, etc. The main research include that groundsubsidence was influenced by the ground forms, The Quaternary system soil horizon lithologystructure, The geological structure, The karst development degree of Guilin; Groundwater of Guilinand the Engineering activity of Human especially pumping and draining between groundwater. By
Analyzing and researching the test about the model of karst ground subsidence, permeate and out ofshape, a critical condition about karst ground subsidence produce. was got Analyzing testing results,summarizing the basic reason and mode about ground subsidence caused by drainning anddumping groundwater. By Analyzing the effects of mechanics of different subside function,forming condition and mechanism of origin cause of formation of subsidence in the karst region ofGuilin. Was provided all kinds of characteristic of predicted methods. According to that wasanalyzed ground subsidence be caused by complicated geological environment and influence factorthat more producing and the characteristic that restrain from each other, by the way of usingsubsidence influence factors and multiple goal second fuzzy decision method geological calamitydangers of Guilin city and countermeasures was put forwarded karst ground subsidence was welladopted. Effective preventions , curing methods. There are some very important reality anddirective significances in effectively preventing and curing the karst subsidence geological calamityof Gui Lin . in this thesis following achievement here. Ⅰ. Basic type and characteristic of the karst subsidence in Gui Lin is found out. Groundsubsidence have the characteristics of obvious space-time. It’s space-time distribution has the groupquality, directional quality and equidistant quality. It closely related to power degree of humanproject activity, the distribution of subsidenced point have the characteristics of weakening fromurban area to periphery, time distribution has the characteristics that seasonality , periodicity andfrequentness of subsidencing in recent years aggravating year by year, it also has the rules ofsuccession , many issue , intermission and such as being suddenly to subsidence in Guilin karst area.Base rock lithology has a obvious control function to subsidence distribution, the limestonesubsidence of D3r firstly developed, secondly is dolostone of C1y. The most of subsidencesdeveloped in the areas of smaller than 5 meters in the thickness of soil layer, which werecharacteristics of more larger of the thickness of soil layer, the more small subsidenced frequency.The most of subsidence happened in the clay of unary and the area of silty clay. Subsidence ismainly distributed in peak forest plain and terrace. The development of subsidencing is seasonal,more than 90% of the man-made subsidence are caused by drawing. Ⅱ. Carried on a systematic research on engineering geology environmental terms ofsubsidence forming in Guilin, the corresponding map was also worked out, the controlled factors ofsubsidence was analyzed in depth, this offered the systematic foundation geological information forurban planning, engineering construction, prevent and cure subsidence for Guilin city. Ⅲ.The relationship between basement rock and ground subsidence was studied, conclusionthat karst development degree in level and vertical is asymmetrical was got. On the flat, the karstdevelopment degree is strengthened gradually from the peak cluster, peak forest plain to theisolated peak plain, from two sides of the east and west to Li river valley, the karst developmentform is from pipeline to netted, underground river system developed; on the vertical, karstdevelopment presented the trend of weaken from shallow to the deep; the faster of Karstdevelopment, be easier to subside, the bigger of subsidence density, the bigger of the scale. Ⅳ. Through analyzing the geological structure of Guilin, it was discovered, that the geologicalstructure development of district has some characteristics of distance nature, zonation and V
unbalanced. Draw a conclusion, that the karst of Guilin mainly took place in the nuclear departmentof fold, incline end, raised end and faulted zone, etc. especially developing mostly in the faultedzone of EW, NE, NW orientaion and the confluent position of every group of fracture. Ⅴ. We have systematically studied the essential feature of the groundwater of Guilin, andmainly researched these factors that influence the ground subsidence, include groundwater variety,fluctuate frequency of groundwater, strong groundwater runoff, groundwater surface and basalsurface distant, etc. It was analyzed that the relationship of groundwater table fluctuating, throughsuffosion, vacuum suck corrode , change rock soil body physics mechanics nature causing karstground subsidence; especially the relationship of pumping and draining groundwater changing it’sdynamic characteristic due to soil hole development to bring out karst ground subsidence. It drawthe conclusion that the subsidence of 80% more than take place in the strong groundwater runoffshed in Guilin. This offered a scientific basis for predicting and preventing ground subsidence, aswell as correctly dealing with and utilize the groundwater resources. Ⅵ. By researching the model test about karst ground subsidence, the data about permeate andout of shape test, then the critical condition of karst ground subsidence was produced subsidedcritical pressure of binary and binary above structure soil layer district is 20KPa, Subsided criticalpressure of unitary soil layer district is 40KPa. It offers a scientific quantitive basis for probing intokarst subside mechanism, it was controlled factor, and the subsidence of predicting and preventingand cure. Analyze the production of destructive dumping test, summarized that draining offgroundwater cased the basic reasons and models of ground subsidence. It was also explored that theinfluencing coverage and degree that due to artificial function to subsidence. We considered thatkarst subsidence was due to geological environment naturally mainly, artificial function exerts ainfluence to subsidence often through changing natural environmental factors, it only play abringing out and promoting function. Ⅶ. Forming environment and developing rule that karst subsidence of Guilin wassystematically researched. Inner links and rules between many kinds of environmental conditionsand karst subsidence was revealed, the karst subsidence was mainly controlled by the geologicalstructure, karst, soil layer nature and groundwater, especially was controlled by constructionobviously. it is Consider that producing karst subsidence is a result of a comprehensive function ofmany kinds of factors work together. The primary conditions about producing karst subsidence ofGuilin, Cap rock of a certain thickness, external effort, especially activity of groundwater. Karstcave interspace is the passway for groundwater moving rock, soil of material, it is also foundationof producing karst subsidence. The touching off factors about producing subsidence is variouskinds of efforts of nature and human project (groundwater activity, earthquake force , top loadstrength , vibration strength ,etc.). The most active and important dynamical factor in the formingprocess is the change of Water table level, range of changing, frequency and water dynamicalcharacteristic. Karst cave interplace, which was formed from the groundwater long term corrosionfunction to the soluble rock offered the essential condition. The karst mainly distributed along thelocation of the strong development of karst, The karst develop mainly along horizon of carbonaterock more pure, rupture broken cingulum, fold axis department and the tangent cingulum of soluble
引文
1 陈国亮. 岩溶与塌陷. 中国铁道出版社. 1994
2 袁道先,蔡桂鸿. 岩溶环境学. 重庆出版社. 1998,序1
3 刘凯栋. 贵州省岩溶塌陷类型及形成分布规律探讨. 贵州地质,1990,7(3)
4 铁道部第二勘察设计院. 岩溶工程地质. 铁道出版社,1984
5 袁道先. 中国岩溶学. 地质出版社,1993
6 王平. 自然灾害综合区域研究的现状与展望. 自然灾害学报,1999,(1),21~28
7 郭强. 遵义金塘谷地岩溶塌陷形成机理初步探讨. 贵州地质,1989,19(2)
8 田级生. 柳江水源地岩溶塌陷的调查. 工程勘察,1989,(4),44~46
9 邓学成. 岩溶区抽水引起地表塌陷问题的分析. 江西水利科技,1996,22(4),248~253
10 王学聚. 山东省地面塌陷地质灾害的综合研究. 华北地震科学,1997,15(4),26~30
11 马金荣,韩宝平. 徐州市塌陷区岩土体特性与塌陷机理. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(2),51~56
12 Ruth,BE,伍镇基. 落水洞塌陷形态的预测. 水文地质工程地质译丛,1991,(6),12~14
13 王建秀,何静. 阻水盖层分布区岩溶塌陷的物质基础及成因研究. 水文地质工程地质,2000,(4),25~29
14 刘嘉平,丁善鸿. 三种岩溶塌陷的产生条件. 中国岩溶,1994,13(3),300-305
15 郭殿权,刘道喜. 武昌陆家街地面塌陷成因机理分析. 工程勘察,1990,(6),11~13
16 雷国良,周济柞. 贵州水城工业区覆盖型岩溶塌陷研究. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4),87~91
17 朱寿增,周建红. 桂林市西城区岩溶塌陷形成条件及主要影响因素. 桂林工学院学报,2000,20(2) 100~105
18 王建秀,何静等. 岩溶塌陷演化过程中的水~土~岩相互作用分析. 西南交通大学学报,2001,36(3), 314~317
19 代群力. 论岩溶地面塌陷的形成机制与防治. 中国煤田地质,1994,6(2),59~63
20 缪钟灵. 桂林附近塌落地震分布、形成及特征. 水文地质工程地质,1998,25(4)38~41
21 冯佐海,韦继武. 桂林市柘木岩溶塌陷成因及其分布的基本特征. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9 (3),85~89
22 康彦仁. 中国南方岩溶塌陷的研究. 广西科学技术出版社,1990
23 雷明堂. 近20 年来中国岩溶塌陷研究回顾. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997 年增刊
24 雷明堂. 岩溶塌陷研究现状、发展趋势及其支撑技术方法. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(3)
25 陈文俊. 桂林岩溶地质概况. 第二届岩溶学术会议论文集. 1982,33~38
26 广西地矿局. 1/5 万桂林幅区域地质调查报告,1990
27 广西地矿局. 桂林市地质系列图集,1988
28 广西地矿局. 1/5～1/10 万桂林市区域环水文地质工程地质勘查报告,1992
29 广西地矿局. 1/5 万桂林市区域环境水文地质调查报告,1991
30 广西地质环境监测总站. 桂林市地下水动态监测报告,1991～1995
31 广西地质环境监测总站. 桂林市区域环境水文地质调查报告. 1990
32 地矿部岩溶地质研究所. 桂林环境工程地质. 重庆出版社,1988
33 邹成杰. 水利水电岩溶工程地质. 水利电力出版社. 1994,7~44
2 袁道先,蔡桂鸿. 岩溶环境学. 重庆出版社. 1998,序1
3 刘凯栋. 贵州省岩溶塌陷类型及形成分布规律探讨. 贵州地质,1990,7(3)
4 铁道部第二勘察设计院. 岩溶工程地质. 铁道出版社,1984
5 袁道先. 中国岩溶学. 地质出版社,1993
6 王平. 自然灾害综合区域研究的现状与展望. 自然灾害学报,1999,(1),21~28
7 郭强. 遵义金塘谷地岩溶塌陷形成机理初步探讨. 贵州地质,1989,19(2)
8 田级生. 柳江水源地岩溶塌陷的调查. 工程勘察,1989,(4),44~46
9 邓学成. 岩溶区抽水引起地表塌陷问题的分析. 江西水利科技,1996,22(4),248~253
10 王学聚. 山东省地面塌陷地质灾害的综合研究. 华北地震科学,1997,15(4),26~30
11 马金荣,韩宝平. 徐州市塌陷区岩土体特性与塌陷机理. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(2),51~56
12 Ruth,BE,伍镇基. 落水洞塌陷形态的预测. 水文地质工程地质译丛,1991,(6),12~14
13 王建秀,何静. 阻水盖层分布区岩溶塌陷的物质基础及成因研究. 水文地质工程地质,2000,(4),25~29
14 刘嘉平,丁善鸿. 三种岩溶塌陷的产生条件. 中国岩溶,1994,13(3),300-305
15 郭殿权,刘道喜. 武昌陆家街地面塌陷成因机理分析. 工程勘察,1990,(6),11~13
16 雷国良,周济柞. 贵州水城工业区覆盖型岩溶塌陷研究. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4),87~91
17 朱寿增,周建红. 桂林市西城区岩溶塌陷形成条件及主要影响因素. 桂林工学院学报,2000,20(2) 100~105
18 王建秀,何静等. 岩溶塌陷演化过程中的水~土~岩相互作用分析. 西南交通大学学报,2001,36(3), 314~317
19 代群力. 论岩溶地面塌陷的形成机制与防治. 中国煤田地质,1994,6(2),59~63
20 缪钟灵. 桂林附近塌落地震分布、形成及特征. 水文地质工程地质,1998,25(4)38~41
21 冯佐海,韦继武. 桂林市柘木岩溶塌陷成因及其分布的基本特征. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9 (3),85~89
22 康彦仁. 中国南方岩溶塌陷的研究. 广西科学技术出版社,1990
23 雷明堂. 近20 年来中国岩溶塌陷研究回顾. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997 年增刊
24 雷明堂. 岩溶塌陷研究现状、发展趋势及其支撑技术方法. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(3)
25 陈文俊. 桂林岩溶地质概况. 第二届岩溶学术会议论文集. 1982,33~38
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