大水矿山地下水致灾机理及防治研究
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摘要
大水矿山由于水文地质条件复杂,涌水量大,一旦发生井下涌水灾害,往往带来惨重的人身伤亡及经济损失。因此,此类矿山为确保安全生产不得不投入高昂的防治水费用,受灾害威胁严重的矿山甚至会被迫停产。随着采矿业的高速发展,大水地下矿山开采数量日益增多,矿山地下水害问题逐渐成为制约矿山开采发展的瓶颈问题。本文以大水矿山地下水害为研究对象,通过现场数据收集和调查,采用现场试验、理论分析及数值计算等方法,深入研究并揭示了大水矿山地下水致灾机理,建立了大水矿山地下水致灾判据,分析了大水矿山地下水致灾灾害分布特征,构建了大水矿山地下水害防治方法体系和大水矿山地下水致灾可能性评价指标体系和模型,取得了一系列有价值的研究成果。
(1)基于系统学理论,针对大水矿山实际开采环境提出了大水矿山排水-地下水开采水环境系统的概念,利用数学方法建立了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统模型及其求解方法。揭示了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统的外部影响因素(涌水、排水)及内部条件变量(渗透系数、地下水水力坡度及含水层厚度、排泄边界,补给边界面积)的结构关系,得出了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统是随机动态变化的结论。
(2)从系统功能失效致灾的角度,提出大水矿山地下水灾害是由于大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统未能将系统水位降至安全水位以下所致,揭示了导致大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾的机理：一是由随机作用引起的系统外部流量超出系统可承受的流量压力,导致系统内部水位升高超出安全水位,从而引发系统灾害,简称因外部压力超过系统承受能力致灾；二是因系统内部地下水系统含水层控水构造失效或者排水系统失效,给系统引入新的流量补给或减少了系统的排泄水量,致使系统水位升至安全水位之上,该情况可称为由系统内部结构失效致灾。在此基础上建立了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾判据。
(3)开展了大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾机理应用研究。将大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾机理及判据应用于实例大水矿山,判别了实例矿山的地下水开采环境系统状态,分析了致灾影响因素对系统状态的影响。实例矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾判别应用表明：所建模型及判据可有效识别系统的灾害状态。实例矿山大水矿山地下水灾害因素分析表明：失效致灾的发生主要受安全水位、随机作用及系统流量差变化共同控制；从影响程度来讲,系统流量差变化对致灾影响最大,其次为安全水位,最后为系统的随机作用。
(4)明确了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾分析的内涵,建立了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾概率计算方法,以及在对应失效概率下大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾灾害空间分布预测方法,结合实例大水矿山进行了预测,其结果与实际的灾害分布相一致,验证了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾灾害空间分布预测方法的有效性。
(5)结合实例矿山开展了大水矿山地下水灾害综合防治方法及其有效性检验研究。建立了大水矿山地下水害综合防治方法体系,提出了地下水害防治方法有效性检验方法,得出大水矿山涌水属于动水补给时,排水系统降水能力有限,采用疏干排水结合阻水帷幕的方式,对大水矿山地下水防治更为可靠等结论。
(6)开展大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾可能性评价指标体系及模型研究。建立了大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾可能性评价指标体系。指标体系共分为三个层次,12个指标,分别为：边界距排水巷道距离、帷幕截流作用、地下水稳定水位、排水设施的最大承受水量、排水设施的使用年限、塌陷、降雨、渗透系数、截流巷截水能力、巷道涌水、排水设施使用状况和巷道尺寸。该指标体系综合概括了组成大水矿山地下水系统的孕灾环境、承灾体和致灾因子。分别采用模糊层次分析法和遗传投影寻踪聚类算法建立了大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾可能性评价模型。实际应用表明,两种模型均能有效实现对大水矿山地下水致灾可能等级的分析评价,遗传投影寻踪聚类模型分类结果离散性强,评价等级清晰,模糊层次分析模型分类结果离散性相对较弱,结果趋于均值化。因此遗传投影寻踪聚类模型在评价中确定等级上具有优势。此外,该法在权值确定上更具客观性,但对样本具有依赖性。
Owing to the fact that the abundant water mines have large water flow and complex hydrogeology condition, the groundwater disaster often cause serious human casualties and economic losses. Therefore, a large amount of expense must be paid to prevent and control these sorts of disaster, some mines even have to be forced to suspend production activities. With the rapid development of the mining industry, the number of excavated underground abundant water mines are gradually increasing, groundwater disaster has gradually become the bottleneck constrains of underground mining development. In this paper, taking groundwater disaster in abundant water mines as the research object, on-site information collection and surveying, field test, system theories and numerical calculations have been done for revealing the mechanism of groundwater disaster, the criterion of drainage-groundwater system failure disaster was founded, then distribution characteristics of groundwater disaster in abundant groundwater mines have been deeply analyzed, the method system of groundwater disaster prevention and evaluation model of disaster failure possibility have been put forward, a series of meaningful research achievements has been obtained consequently.
(1) Based on systematic theory, the concept of drainage-groundwater mining system has been put forward according to the actual abundant groundwater mining environment. Model of the drainage-groundwater mining system and its solution method have been built by utilizing mathematical technique. The structural relationship of external factors and internal conditional variables (coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient and aquifer thickness about groundwater, drainage boundary, area of recharge boundary) about the system has been confirmed in the model, which drawn the conclusion that drainage-groundwater system is stochastic and dynamic.
(2) The failure mechanism of drainage-groundwater mining system in abundant water mines was concluded by two points. One is that the external flow caused by random effect exceeded the system allowance pressure. As a result, the water level inside the system exceeded the safety level, so system disaster occurred. The other is that the water controlling structure or drainage system failed within the mining environment system, leading to the new water flow recharge or disrecharge which resulted in water level exceeding the safety water level, and the process can be called the disaster causing by system internal structural failure. The criterion of drainage-groundwater system failure disaster was founded.
(3) The application research about failure mechanism of drainage-groundwater environment in water abundant mines was brought out. The disaster mechanism and failure criterion were applied in a mine instance. The state of the groundwater environment system was discriminated and the effect of disaster influencing factors to system state was analyzed. The practical application of failure criterion of the groundwater environment system showed that the model and criterion built could effectively discriminate the system's disaster state. The analysis of disaster factors showed that disaster occurrence was mainly controlled by safety water level, random effects and flow difference in system. The change of flow difference in system had the greatest impact on system failure, followed by safety water level, and finally by random effects of system.
(4) The connotation of analyzing drainage-groundwater system's failure in abundant water mines was made clear, the calculation method of failure probability of drainage-groundwater system in abundant water mines was founded, while the prediction method of disaster distribution within corresponding failure probability was built, too. The above method was applied into a disaster prediction instance, and prediction result was consistent with the actual disaster distribution, which confirmed the validity of the founded prediction method.
(5) The integrated control method and its effectiveness research were carried out within engineering application. The following conclusion was obtained:when groundwater flow belongs to dynamic water supply, the drainage ability of drainage system was limited. So, drainage system and impervious curtain should be jointly utilized.
(6) The assessment index system and model of failure possibility of the groundwater system in groundwater abundant mines were established. The index system was divided into3levels and12factors. All factors were as follow:the offset distance between boundary and drainage drift, effect of curtain closure, stable level of groundwater, the maximum capability of bearing water in drainage facilities, service life of drainage facilities, collapse, rainfall, permeability coefficient, interception capacity of closure drift, drift gushing, condition of drainage facilities, cross-section of drift. The index system generally summarized the hazard breed environment, hazard bearing body, hazard induced factors. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and projection pursuit clustering evaluation method based on genetic algorithms were respectively used for establishing corresponding failure possibility assessment model. The application results indicated that models both could effectively realize the possibility degree evaluation of the groundwater system failure in groundwater abundant mines, projection pursuit clustering evaluation model based on genetic algorithms has strong discreteness in classification results, while fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model has relatively weak discreteness in classification results. Therefore, projection pursuit clustering evaluation model based on genetic algorithms overwhelmed in determining evaluation degree, besides, the weights of genetic algorithms evaluation method are objective which are rely on the sample sets.
(1)基于系统学理论,针对大水矿山实际开采环境提出了大水矿山排水-地下水开采水环境系统的概念,利用数学方法建立了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统模型及其求解方法。揭示了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统的外部影响因素(涌水、排水)及内部条件变量(渗透系数、地下水水力坡度及含水层厚度、排泄边界,补给边界面积)的结构关系,得出了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统是随机动态变化的结论。
(2)从系统功能失效致灾的角度,提出大水矿山地下水灾害是由于大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统未能将系统水位降至安全水位以下所致,揭示了导致大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾的机理：一是由随机作用引起的系统外部流量超出系统可承受的流量压力,导致系统内部水位升高超出安全水位,从而引发系统灾害,简称因外部压力超过系统承受能力致灾；二是因系统内部地下水系统含水层控水构造失效或者排水系统失效,给系统引入新的流量补给或减少了系统的排泄水量,致使系统水位升至安全水位之上,该情况可称为由系统内部结构失效致灾。在此基础上建立了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾判据。
(3)开展了大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾机理应用研究。将大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾机理及判据应用于实例大水矿山,判别了实例矿山的地下水开采环境系统状态,分析了致灾影响因素对系统状态的影响。实例矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾判别应用表明：所建模型及判据可有效识别系统的灾害状态。实例矿山大水矿山地下水灾害因素分析表明：失效致灾的发生主要受安全水位、随机作用及系统流量差变化共同控制；从影响程度来讲,系统流量差变化对致灾影响最大,其次为安全水位,最后为系统的随机作用。
(4)明确了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾分析的内涵,建立了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾概率计算方法,以及在对应失效概率下大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾灾害空间分布预测方法,结合实例大水矿山进行了预测,其结果与实际的灾害分布相一致,验证了大水矿山排水-地下水环境系统失效致灾灾害空间分布预测方法的有效性。
(5)结合实例矿山开展了大水矿山地下水灾害综合防治方法及其有效性检验研究。建立了大水矿山地下水害综合防治方法体系,提出了地下水害防治方法有效性检验方法,得出大水矿山涌水属于动水补给时,排水系统降水能力有限,采用疏干排水结合阻水帷幕的方式,对大水矿山地下水防治更为可靠等结论。
(6)开展大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾可能性评价指标体系及模型研究。建立了大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾可能性评价指标体系。指标体系共分为三个层次,12个指标,分别为：边界距排水巷道距离、帷幕截流作用、地下水稳定水位、排水设施的最大承受水量、排水设施的使用年限、塌陷、降雨、渗透系数、截流巷截水能力、巷道涌水、排水设施使用状况和巷道尺寸。该指标体系综合概括了组成大水矿山地下水系统的孕灾环境、承灾体和致灾因子。分别采用模糊层次分析法和遗传投影寻踪聚类算法建立了大水矿山地下水环境系统失效致灾可能性评价模型。实际应用表明,两种模型均能有效实现对大水矿山地下水致灾可能等级的分析评价,遗传投影寻踪聚类模型分类结果离散性强,评价等级清晰,模糊层次分析模型分类结果离散性相对较弱,结果趋于均值化。因此遗传投影寻踪聚类模型在评价中确定等级上具有优势。此外,该法在权值确定上更具客观性,但对样本具有依赖性。
Owing to the fact that the abundant water mines have large water flow and complex hydrogeology condition, the groundwater disaster often cause serious human casualties and economic losses. Therefore, a large amount of expense must be paid to prevent and control these sorts of disaster, some mines even have to be forced to suspend production activities. With the rapid development of the mining industry, the number of excavated underground abundant water mines are gradually increasing, groundwater disaster has gradually become the bottleneck constrains of underground mining development. In this paper, taking groundwater disaster in abundant water mines as the research object, on-site information collection and surveying, field test, system theories and numerical calculations have been done for revealing the mechanism of groundwater disaster, the criterion of drainage-groundwater system failure disaster was founded, then distribution characteristics of groundwater disaster in abundant groundwater mines have been deeply analyzed, the method system of groundwater disaster prevention and evaluation model of disaster failure possibility have been put forward, a series of meaningful research achievements has been obtained consequently.
(1) Based on systematic theory, the concept of drainage-groundwater mining system has been put forward according to the actual abundant groundwater mining environment. Model of the drainage-groundwater mining system and its solution method have been built by utilizing mathematical technique. The structural relationship of external factors and internal conditional variables (coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient and aquifer thickness about groundwater, drainage boundary, area of recharge boundary) about the system has been confirmed in the model, which drawn the conclusion that drainage-groundwater system is stochastic and dynamic.
(2) The failure mechanism of drainage-groundwater mining system in abundant water mines was concluded by two points. One is that the external flow caused by random effect exceeded the system allowance pressure. As a result, the water level inside the system exceeded the safety level, so system disaster occurred. The other is that the water controlling structure or drainage system failed within the mining environment system, leading to the new water flow recharge or disrecharge which resulted in water level exceeding the safety water level, and the process can be called the disaster causing by system internal structural failure. The criterion of drainage-groundwater system failure disaster was founded.
(3) The application research about failure mechanism of drainage-groundwater environment in water abundant mines was brought out. The disaster mechanism and failure criterion were applied in a mine instance. The state of the groundwater environment system was discriminated and the effect of disaster influencing factors to system state was analyzed. The practical application of failure criterion of the groundwater environment system showed that the model and criterion built could effectively discriminate the system's disaster state. The analysis of disaster factors showed that disaster occurrence was mainly controlled by safety water level, random effects and flow difference in system. The change of flow difference in system had the greatest impact on system failure, followed by safety water level, and finally by random effects of system.
(4) The connotation of analyzing drainage-groundwater system's failure in abundant water mines was made clear, the calculation method of failure probability of drainage-groundwater system in abundant water mines was founded, while the prediction method of disaster distribution within corresponding failure probability was built, too. The above method was applied into a disaster prediction instance, and prediction result was consistent with the actual disaster distribution, which confirmed the validity of the founded prediction method.
(5) The integrated control method and its effectiveness research were carried out within engineering application. The following conclusion was obtained:when groundwater flow belongs to dynamic water supply, the drainage ability of drainage system was limited. So, drainage system and impervious curtain should be jointly utilized.
(6) The assessment index system and model of failure possibility of the groundwater system in groundwater abundant mines were established. The index system was divided into3levels and12factors. All factors were as follow:the offset distance between boundary and drainage drift, effect of curtain closure, stable level of groundwater, the maximum capability of bearing water in drainage facilities, service life of drainage facilities, collapse, rainfall, permeability coefficient, interception capacity of closure drift, drift gushing, condition of drainage facilities, cross-section of drift. The index system generally summarized the hazard breed environment, hazard bearing body, hazard induced factors. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and projection pursuit clustering evaluation method based on genetic algorithms were respectively used for establishing corresponding failure possibility assessment model. The application results indicated that models both could effectively realize the possibility degree evaluation of the groundwater system failure in groundwater abundant mines, projection pursuit clustering evaluation model based on genetic algorithms has strong discreteness in classification results, while fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model has relatively weak discreteness in classification results. Therefore, projection pursuit clustering evaluation model based on genetic algorithms overwhelmed in determining evaluation degree, besides, the weights of genetic algorithms evaluation method are objective which are rely on the sample sets.
引文
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