三峡库区紫色砂岩区柑橘地优先路径分布及其对溶质运移影响
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摘要
本文以重庆市江津区柑橘地为研究对象,进行了室外土壤优先路径染色试验,土壤特性及根系因子调查,土样采集；室内水分穿透曲线试验、原状土柱及重塑土柱的溶质穿透曲线等试验,结合以毛细管理论为基础的泊肃叶方程和稳态水流方程(土壤水分穿透曲线理论)、对流弥散理论以及两区、两流区模型对试验结果进行分析,结果显示：
(1)染色区较非染色区有更大的稳定出流速率,大孔隙使染色区的水分渗透速率较非染色区提高了1.48倍以上,随着土层深度增加,其提高程度有增大的趋势。虽然染色区较非染色区更利于水分或溶液传导,但相比非染色区,染色区水分渗透曲线的波动更大。柑橘地大孔隙孔径范围在0.3～1.7mm之间,0.3～0.7mm孔径数量虽然为104数量级,但对染色溶液优先迁移的作用较弱；实际影响染色溶液迁移的为半径大于0.7mm的土壤大孔隙；20年林龄柑橘地10～20cm土层有效大孔隙数量高于10年林龄柑橘地。半径大于1.0mm的大孔隙在水分输入初期起到迅速排导水分的作用。柑橘地土壤大孔隙率在1.5～19.5%之间,与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率71.9%的变异；半径大于0.7mm的大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率90.9%的变异。
(2)柑橘地土壤中的优先路径改变了水分和溶质入渗过程,使得优先流染色面积较均匀下渗的基质流染色面积小,样地20-30cm土层水平剖面染色面积和垂直剖面染色面积都在7%以下。在土壤质地差异较小的两个样地内,优先路径与除饱和导水率以外的其他土壤特性关系不大,与饱和导水率之间有显著相关关系(P＜0.05)。1-3mm径级范围内的根系长度与优先路径之间存在极显著相关关系(P＜0.01),直径大于3mm和小于1mm的根系长度均与优先路径的关系不显著。随着林龄的增加,深根性柑橘树的根系会向垂直和水平方向延伸生长,水平范围广泛分布的根系(径级1-3mm)导致优先路径在水平方向上延伸范围加大,1-3mm径级范围内根系长度是影响优先路径分布的主要因素。
(3)柑橘地原状土柱土壤穿透曲线表现出了上升阶段的拐点现象,是优先流与基质流共同作用的结果。原状土柱土体穿透曲线下降初期较陡并表现出了较长的拖尾特征,重塑土柱下降趋势相对稳定。存在优先路径的土体出流速率稳定性较差,变异系数较大,其平均出流速率是重塑土柱出流速率的3.5倍。优先流作用使溶质相对浓度到达峰值的时间缩短了37.7%,此时造成的溶质运移量却是平衡基质流所造成的溶质运移量的2.5倍,因此优先流能够导致土壤溶质的快速大量迁移。
Soil macropore characteristics under different citrus land in Jiangjin city of Chongqing was analyzed using brilliant blue dye method, water breakthrough curve and Poiseulle equation. The characteristic of preferential flow and preferential transport was analyzed with undisturbed and packed soil columns applied breakthrough curve (BTC). Brilliant blue dye method, water breakthrough curve, Poiseulle equation and fractal theory were applied to analyse the soil macropore quantitative characteristic and soil macropore flow hydraulic properties under different citrus land in Jiangjin city, Chongqing. The main results in this research were as follows:
(1) The steady effluent rate of the dye-stained area was more than1.48times higher than the dye-unstained area and the ratio become higher with soil depth. Water breakthrough curves in the dye-stained area had a bigger fluctuation than that in the dye-unstained area. The radii of soil macropores were from0.3mm to1.7mm. Radii (0.3-0.7mm) had little effect on preferential flow despite the104magnitude. The macropores with radii larger than0.7mm was the main factor affecting the preferential flow. At the10-20cm soil layer, the number of soil macropores under20-year-old citrus land was larger than that under10-year-old citrus land. The macropores with radii larger than1.0mm was the main preferential flow path in the initial stage of water input. The macroporosity was positively (P<0.01) related to the steady effluent rate in the range from1.5%to19.5%which contributed71.9%to the variance of steady effluent rate. The macropores with radii larger than0.7mm was positively (P <0.01) related to the steady effluent rate which contributed90.9%to the variance of steady effluent rate.
(2) Distribution of preferential flow path under different citrus land in Jiangjin city of Chongqing was analyzed. The relationship of the preferential flow paths to the properties of the soil, root length per soil volume was analyzed. The distribution of preferential flow path was analyzed using brilliant blue dye method and image analysis. The correlation of the preferential flow paths to the properties of the soil, root length per soil volume was analyzed with SPSS. The results showed that the percentage of both horizontal dye-stained area and vertical dye-stained area under different citrus land were below7%because of the infiltration of water and solute changed by preferential flow path. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was the only parameter of soil properties significantly (at the0.05level) related to horizontal dye-stained soil under different citrus land with similar soil texture. Preferential flow path is the important channel of water and solute despite the little dye coverage. The preferential flow path was significantly (at the0.01level) related to the root length per soil volume with root diameter in the range from1mm to3mm. The root in20-year-old citrus land was deeper and lager than the root in10-year-old citrus land. The preferential flow path was enlarged by the widely distributed roots in horizontal. The root length per soil volume with diameter in the range from1mm to3mm was the main affecting factor of preferential flow path under citrus land in Jiangjin city, Chongqing. The root length per soil volume with diameters both greater than3mm and less than1mm had no relationship with preferential flow path.
(3) The effect of preferential flow and matrix flow was responsible for the turning point in the rising phase of BTC in undisturbed soil column. In the decreasing phase, compared with packed soil column with a relatively steady effluent rate, undisturbed soil column has a long trailing. Preferential flow was the contribution to the less stable of soil effluent rate and coefficient of variation. The average effluent rate of undisturbed soil column is3.5times higher than the average effluent rate of packed soil column. Preferential flow shortened the breakthrough time of37.7%while transported2.5times solute higher than matrix flow when the solute relative concentration reaching the peak. Preferential flow can lead a fast mass of soil solute migration.
(1)染色区较非染色区有更大的稳定出流速率,大孔隙使染色区的水分渗透速率较非染色区提高了1.48倍以上,随着土层深度增加,其提高程度有增大的趋势。虽然染色区较非染色区更利于水分或溶液传导,但相比非染色区,染色区水分渗透曲线的波动更大。柑橘地大孔隙孔径范围在0.3～1.7mm之间,0.3～0.7mm孔径数量虽然为104数量级,但对染色溶液优先迁移的作用较弱；实际影响染色溶液迁移的为半径大于0.7mm的土壤大孔隙；20年林龄柑橘地10～20cm土层有效大孔隙数量高于10年林龄柑橘地。半径大于1.0mm的大孔隙在水分输入初期起到迅速排导水分的作用。柑橘地土壤大孔隙率在1.5～19.5%之间,与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率71.9%的变异；半径大于0.7mm的大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率90.9%的变异。
(2)柑橘地土壤中的优先路径改变了水分和溶质入渗过程,使得优先流染色面积较均匀下渗的基质流染色面积小,样地20-30cm土层水平剖面染色面积和垂直剖面染色面积都在7%以下。在土壤质地差异较小的两个样地内,优先路径与除饱和导水率以外的其他土壤特性关系不大,与饱和导水率之间有显著相关关系(P＜0.05)。1-3mm径级范围内的根系长度与优先路径之间存在极显著相关关系(P＜0.01),直径大于3mm和小于1mm的根系长度均与优先路径的关系不显著。随着林龄的增加,深根性柑橘树的根系会向垂直和水平方向延伸生长,水平范围广泛分布的根系(径级1-3mm)导致优先路径在水平方向上延伸范围加大,1-3mm径级范围内根系长度是影响优先路径分布的主要因素。
(3)柑橘地原状土柱土壤穿透曲线表现出了上升阶段的拐点现象,是优先流与基质流共同作用的结果。原状土柱土体穿透曲线下降初期较陡并表现出了较长的拖尾特征,重塑土柱下降趋势相对稳定。存在优先路径的土体出流速率稳定性较差,变异系数较大,其平均出流速率是重塑土柱出流速率的3.5倍。优先流作用使溶质相对浓度到达峰值的时间缩短了37.7%,此时造成的溶质运移量却是平衡基质流所造成的溶质运移量的2.5倍,因此优先流能够导致土壤溶质的快速大量迁移。
Soil macropore characteristics under different citrus land in Jiangjin city of Chongqing was analyzed using brilliant blue dye method, water breakthrough curve and Poiseulle equation. The characteristic of preferential flow and preferential transport was analyzed with undisturbed and packed soil columns applied breakthrough curve (BTC). Brilliant blue dye method, water breakthrough curve, Poiseulle equation and fractal theory were applied to analyse the soil macropore quantitative characteristic and soil macropore flow hydraulic properties under different citrus land in Jiangjin city, Chongqing. The main results in this research were as follows:
(1) The steady effluent rate of the dye-stained area was more than1.48times higher than the dye-unstained area and the ratio become higher with soil depth. Water breakthrough curves in the dye-stained area had a bigger fluctuation than that in the dye-unstained area. The radii of soil macropores were from0.3mm to1.7mm. Radii (0.3-0.7mm) had little effect on preferential flow despite the104magnitude. The macropores with radii larger than0.7mm was the main factor affecting the preferential flow. At the10-20cm soil layer, the number of soil macropores under20-year-old citrus land was larger than that under10-year-old citrus land. The macropores with radii larger than1.0mm was the main preferential flow path in the initial stage of water input. The macroporosity was positively (P<0.01) related to the steady effluent rate in the range from1.5%to19.5%which contributed71.9%to the variance of steady effluent rate. The macropores with radii larger than0.7mm was positively (P <0.01) related to the steady effluent rate which contributed90.9%to the variance of steady effluent rate.
(2) Distribution of preferential flow path under different citrus land in Jiangjin city of Chongqing was analyzed. The relationship of the preferential flow paths to the properties of the soil, root length per soil volume was analyzed. The distribution of preferential flow path was analyzed using brilliant blue dye method and image analysis. The correlation of the preferential flow paths to the properties of the soil, root length per soil volume was analyzed with SPSS. The results showed that the percentage of both horizontal dye-stained area and vertical dye-stained area under different citrus land were below7%because of the infiltration of water and solute changed by preferential flow path. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was the only parameter of soil properties significantly (at the0.05level) related to horizontal dye-stained soil under different citrus land with similar soil texture. Preferential flow path is the important channel of water and solute despite the little dye coverage. The preferential flow path was significantly (at the0.01level) related to the root length per soil volume with root diameter in the range from1mm to3mm. The root in20-year-old citrus land was deeper and lager than the root in10-year-old citrus land. The preferential flow path was enlarged by the widely distributed roots in horizontal. The root length per soil volume with diameter in the range from1mm to3mm was the main affecting factor of preferential flow path under citrus land in Jiangjin city, Chongqing. The root length per soil volume with diameters both greater than3mm and less than1mm had no relationship with preferential flow path.
(3) The effect of preferential flow and matrix flow was responsible for the turning point in the rising phase of BTC in undisturbed soil column. In the decreasing phase, compared with packed soil column with a relatively steady effluent rate, undisturbed soil column has a long trailing. Preferential flow was the contribution to the less stable of soil effluent rate and coefficient of variation. The average effluent rate of undisturbed soil column is3.5times higher than the average effluent rate of packed soil column. Preferential flow shortened the breakthrough time of37.7%while transported2.5times solute higher than matrix flow when the solute relative concentration reaching the peak. Preferential flow can lead a fast mass of soil solute migration.
引文
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