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红枣真空含浸调理技术研究
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摘要
红枣是我国特有的果品,不仅味道甘美、营养丰富,而且能养血安神、补中益气,具有很高的药用价值,是集营养与保健医疗于一体的优质滋补品。但红枣不易保存,加工方法又落后,使红枣的营养成分和风味物质损失严重,而且加工时间长,经济效益也较低。如何改进加工方法,最大限度的提高红枣产品营养成分的保存、减少风味物质的损失、改善感官品质、缩短加工时间,目前成为研究的重点。因此本课题以陕西和宁夏的红枣为原料,分析了不同品种红枣在真空条件下的含浸性能,比较了浓缩式真空含浸、真空含浸和常压含浸的加工时间、VC的保存率、感官品质等;之后研究了浓缩式真空含浸的影响因素,并优化了加工工艺;最后研究了固体枣茶和保健蜜枣的加工工艺及配方,通过配方的最终优化,开发了一种新的固体枣茶和保健蜜枣。试验结果如下:
     1)七种鲜枣浸渍速度的快慢依次为大荔水枣、中宁小枣、灵武长枣、灵武圆枣、黄河滩枣、同心圆枣,泾阳梨枣。以蜜枣为浸渍终产品,浓缩式真空浸渍时间最短,只需要2~3h,且褐变度小,营养物质损失少。
     2)鲜枣经过预处理后,品质会有所改变,熏硫处理后感官品质变化较大,Vc损失也较严重,其次为速冻处理,而鲜枣经过真空低温干燥后的感官品质相对较好,最大限度的保留了Vc的含量和枣果原有的色泽。三种处理方法都使渗糖速率有所提高。
     3)通过对浓缩式真空含浸过程中加工条件各因素的研究,结果表明整枣最优条件为:含浸液和红枣的质量比为8,起始糖液浓度为30%,抽真空10min,真空度为0.09MPa,温度为55℃,真空含浸3h,增重率为175.34%;枣片最优条件为:含浸液和红枣的质量比为6,起始糖液浓度为40%,抽真空10min,真空度为0.09MPa,温度为55℃,真空含浸40min,增重率为164.62%。
     4)固体枣茶含浸液的最佳配方为:蔗糖浓度为40%,山楂浓度为7%,柠檬浓度为4%,CaCl2浓度为4mg/ml。最佳含浸工艺条件为:真空度为0.0907MPa,温度为55.7℃,真空含浸42.6min。
     5)通过对终产品固体枣茶品质分析比较得出,经营养丰富的含浸液含浸后制得的固体枣茶要比直接加工的脆枣片色泽鲜亮,形状平整,口感更酥脆,营养成分高,其中Vc和黄酮含量增加较多,这赋予固体枣茶一定的保健作用,提高了其食用价值。
     6)保健蜜枣含浸液的最佳配方为:蔗糖浓度为30%,山楂浓度为6%,枸杞浓度为2%,蜂蜜浓度为10%。最佳含浸工艺条件为:真空度为0.0904MPa,温度为56.9℃,真空含浸3.17h。
     7)通过对保健蜜枣的品质分析比较得出,含浸液中营养及保健成分的添加,使得加工的蜜枣比普通含浸液制得的蜜枣的色泽鲜亮美观,香味宜人,口味酸甜可口,而且营养及有效成分高,其中Vc和黄酮含量增加较多,也含有一定的枸杞多糖,提高了蜜枣的营养价值和保健作用。
Jujube is one of the characteristics fruit of China, which as a good flavorand rich nutritious, but also has a high medicinal value. It is the high-qualitysupplements in nutritious and health care. However, Jujube is not only easy tosave, the processing methods are backward, nutritional content and flavor ofjujube has suffered from serious loss, long processing time made economicefficiency is also low. How to change the processing methods to improve thepreservation of the nutritional content of jujube products, to reduce the loss offlavor substances to improve the sensory quality, to short the processing time,was the focus of the study. The raw material of this subject is Shaanxi andNingxia jujube, the impregnation performance of the different varieties of jujubein the vacuum conditions, compare the processing time, the Vc retention rate andthe sensory assessment of the concentrated vacuum impregnation, vacuumimpregnation and atmospheric pressure impregnation; study the impact factor ofthe condensed vacuum impregnation, and optimize the process; at last study theprocessing and formulation of solid jujube tea and health candied, tooptimization of the formulation, development of a new solid jujube tea andhealth candied. The results are as follows:
     1)The impregnation speed of seven fresh jujubes results showed that, Waterjujube is the fastest, followed by Zhong Ning small jujube, Ling Wu long jujube,Ling Wu round jujube, the Yellow River Beach jujube, Tong Xin orbicular jujube,Jing Yang jujube is the slowest. As the candied to products, the condensedvacuum impregnation have the shortest processing time, only need2~3h, havelower degree of browning, the least nutrient loss.
     2)The quality of fresh jujube will change after pretreatment, sensory qualitychanges and Vc losing is more serious by smoked sulfur, followed by frozenprocessing, and sensory quality of fresh jujube by the vacuum of low-temperature drying is relatively good, the maximum limits retain the Vccontent and the jujube original color and luster. However, the sugar permeabilityrate increased by the three methods.
     3)Processing conditions in the concentrated vacuum impregnation processfactors, the results showed that the most suitable process conditions of jujubewere determind to be: the mass ratio of the impregnating fluid and jujube is8,concentration of initial sugar is30%, the vacuum time is10min, the vacuum is0.09MPa, the temperature is55℃, the vacuum impregnation time is3h, theweight gain rate is175.34%; the most suitable process conditions of jujubeslices were determind to be: the quality of the impregnating fluid and jujube is6,the concentration of initial sugar is40%, the vacuum time is10min, the vacuumis0.09MPa, the temperature is55℃, the vacuum impregnation time is40min,the weight gain rate is164.62%.
     4)As to the preparation of impregnation fluid, the most suitable formulationof solid jujube tea were determined to be: concentration of initial sugar is40%,concentration of hawthorn is7%, concentration of lemons is4%, concentrationof CaCl2is4mg/ml. The conditions of vacuum impregnation were determind tobe: the vacuum is0.0904MPa, the temperature was55.7℃, the vacuumimpregnation time is42.6minutes.
     5)Analysis the quality of final product solid jujube tea, it has highernutrients than the processing of brittle jujube sclices, which content of Vc andflavonoids increased more.
     6)As to the preparation of impregnation fluid, the orthogonal experimentsruslts showed that the most suitable formulation of solid jujube tea weredetermined to be: concentration of sucrose is30%, concentration of hawthorn is6%, concentration of wolfberry is2%, concentration of honey is10%. Theconditions of vacuum impregnation were determind to be: the vacuum is0.09MPa, the temperature is55℃, the vacuum impregnation time is3h, vacuumlow-temperature drying time is1.5h, the health candied which color is bright,appearance is plump, taste is sweet and sour, fragrance is pleasant.
     7)Base on the quality of health candied, the results showed that addnutrition and functional ingredients in impregnation fluid, the candiedappearance color is more bright and nutrition is more higer than ordinary candied, which content of Vc and flavonoids is increased considerably, also has a certainamount of lycium barbarum polysaccharides, to improve the nutritional valueand health effects of candied.
引文
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