我国麝类动物养殖产业现状及对策研究
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摘要
麝科动物是亚洲东部地区的特产物种,雄麝香腺囊的分泌物—麝香,是名贵的药材和香料。我国是麝科动物的主要分布区,历史上曾拥有麝资源的70%以上。20世纪中叶以来,因麝香需求量的急剧增加,麝香价格的快速上升,驱动了麝类动物的过渡捕杀、盗猎,野生麝资源遭到严重破坏。我国于2003年将麝科所有种纳入国家一类重点保护物种。目前我国野生麝种群数量已十分稀少,已不能支撑产业化开发利用。我国自上世纪50年代开始人工养麝,长期的养殖探索积累了一定的经验,但养殖规模迄今仍未取得突破性的进展。麝养殖业发展关系到我国传统中医药的麝香来源,也是保护和减缓野生麝资源压力的必要途径,亟待开展多层面多途径的研究,分析制约我国麝养殖业的主导因子,并提出有针对性的发展对策。鉴于此,本研究依据麝类动物的生物学特征,采取实地调查、资料查阅、比较分析的方法,分析我国麝养殖业存在的主要问题,并尝试提出可行的解决途径。主要研究结果如下：
1.麝类动物在长期进化过程中形成了鲜明的物种特征,是其适应自然环境,逃避敌害,繁衍后代,成功生存的基础。然而,这些特征,尤其喜独居,机警胆怯,跳跃能力强、应激反应高,成为麝类动物圈养繁育的制约因子。因此,为使我国麝类动物养殖业走上正确、快速、高效的道路,本文从形态学、行为学、生理学、遗传学和营养学角度阐述和分析了麝养殖业须关注的关键问题,认为必须要高度注重麝类动物的固有生物学特性,改善圈养麝类动物的养殖条件,才是改善圈养麝类动物生存状态和提升存活率的根本出路。同时,当前我国麝类养殖业正处于一个快速发展时期,必须重视麝养殖业的两个截然不同的繁育目标,即家畜化的驯养方向和圈养种群的野化放归方向。
2.我国麝类动物养殖业经过多年的探索,已形成了多种类型的麝场圈舍结构,甚至形成具有养殖户各自喜好特点的圈舍饲养方式,其优劣性并无一个科学的衡量标准。圈舍结构是养殖麝的生存空间,是需要首先解决的问题。本研究系统调查了陕西凤县境内31个林麝圈舍养殖方式,选取了通风、隔热/保温、干燥、卫生、抗惊扰、物种特有行为等6个指标用于评价林麝圈舍模式的优劣。经过赋值和比较,得出各种圈舍饲养方式的优劣序列为半散养模式>双小室(水泥/砖地)+中小型运动场(土质)>单小室(土质)+小型运动场(土质)>双小室(砖地或水泥)+中小型运动场地(砖地或水泥)>单小室(砖地或水泥)+中小型运动场地(土质)=单小室(砖地或水泥地)+中小型运动场地(砖或水泥)。
3.经调查17家国家核准的麝养殖场及部分养殖散户,较全面统计了我国人工养麝的基本情况,分析了全国主要麝养殖场的养殖历史、麝养殖业的分布格局、种群数量以及性比和成幼结构、养殖模式和规模。在此基础上,分析了制约我国麝类动物养殖业发展的主导因子,同时还针对养殖麝种源管理薄弱、技术力量缺乏等研讨了促进我国麝养殖业发展的产业理念,认为制定政府主导,企业参与的产业政策；搭建科研单位为主,企业协作的科技平台：构建医药企业投资为主体,散户养殖为辅的产业格局；落实“谁投入,谁拥有,谁受益”的激励机制,吸引社会资金投入,由此形成多方联动的产业发展机制。
4.作为麝类动物资源保护及繁育的对策之一,“封山育麝”是现阶段恢复我国麝资源的一条潜在的途径。本文从狭义和广义上阐述了“封山育麝”的概念,提出了“封山育麝”的科学理念和原则。在此基础上,依据麝类动物的生态生物学特征,阐述了“封山育麝”的区域遴选条件、设施建设的要素、人工补充的措施、天敌防除的途径、活体取香的方案、科学管护的构思以及必要的科技支撑体系。这些理念和构思可为目前正在尝试的“封山育麝”提供有益的参考。
Musk deer is kind of special species in the eastern Asia area, the secretion of the male musk deer-Muskiness, is one of the rare drug ingredients and spice. China is the major distribution area, once we owned more than 70 percent of the whole musk resources. From the middle 20th century, abused killing and hurting caused high price of the musk deer, which were the major reasons for the demanding of musk resources dramatic rise corruption. China placed the musk animals as the Category 1 of State Special Protected Species since 2002. Nowadays, the number of wild musk in China is rare, which cannot support the industrialization development and use. Artificial propagation in our country begins the fifties in last century, long time breeding gathered sort of experiences, however, there is no significant breakthrough about the improvement on the breeding scale. The development of musk breeding related deeply to the Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is also the essential way to protect and release the press of the resources of the wild musk, which need us to explore multi-level and method to solve. We should analysis the factors which constrain the breeding scale in our country, only in that way we can find a countermeasure for dealing with this kind of situation. Hence, our research depended on the musk animals'Biological characteristics, though field survey, breeding, material discovery and comparative analysis method, we study and analysis the major problems exist in the breeding industry in China. We try to propose feasible solution methods and the mainly results follow:
1. During the long-term evolution, Musk Animals developed distinct species characteristics, which are the foundation of them to adaptation to the nature, protection from their enemies, offspring production and survival successfully. However, these characteristics, especially the preference of living alone, extremely observant but timid, the capability of jumping, high ability to the stimulus, which made the restraining factors for breeding the musk. In order to guide the Musk Breeding Industry in China to a bright, fast and highly efficient estate, in this paper we elaborated the concerned crucial problems on the Musk breeding industry based on the morphologic, behavioristics, physiology and genetics. We believe that we should pay highly attention on the inherent biological characteristics of Musk animals and improve the breeding environment, which were the fundamental way to improve the survival condition and livability. On the same time, nowadays in China, musk breeding industry is on the rapid growth stage, we must pay attention to the two distinct goals, which are the domestication and re-introduction.
2. There are many types of breeding houses, and many culturists construct them on which they prefer after the years of exploration about musk deer cultivation in China. And there is no scientific measuring standard of them. The primary question of farming is homes structure, which provides living space. This Research have studied 31 kinds of farming methods in Feng County, and chosen six evaluation indicators of homes structure including ventilation, heat insulation or heat preservation, dry, sanitary condition, resistance to disturbing and species unique behavior. After assignment and comparison, the ranking list from poor to bad is semi-free pattern, double little room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (soil texture), single room (soil texture) and Small playground (soil texture), double little room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (tile or concrete floor), single room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (soil texture). And the pattern of single room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (tile or concrete floor) is the same with the last one.
3. We have investigated 16 musk deer farms that approved by the state and several private investors, and obtained basic information of artificial musk deer cultivation. And we have analyzed the breeding history of main farms, spatial distribution pattern of musk deer cultivation, population quantity, sex ratio, adult and cub's ratio, breeding mode and scale. After that, the main factors of restriction and industry concept of cultivation have been analysed. And the methods of the problem have been raised.
4. Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation' is a potential way to restore a good number of musk deer. The narrow and general concept of'Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation' has been expounded on, and scientific ideas and principles have been put forward. Then according to the ecology and biological characteristics of musk deer, the study state the selecting conditions, facilities construction elements, artificial added measures, the control approach of natural enemies, project of living take musk, scientific management conception and the necessary scientific support system of'Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation'. These concept and idea can offer some beneficial thinking about Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation.
1.麝类动物在长期进化过程中形成了鲜明的物种特征,是其适应自然环境,逃避敌害,繁衍后代,成功生存的基础。然而,这些特征,尤其喜独居,机警胆怯,跳跃能力强、应激反应高,成为麝类动物圈养繁育的制约因子。因此,为使我国麝类动物养殖业走上正确、快速、高效的道路,本文从形态学、行为学、生理学、遗传学和营养学角度阐述和分析了麝养殖业须关注的关键问题,认为必须要高度注重麝类动物的固有生物学特性,改善圈养麝类动物的养殖条件,才是改善圈养麝类动物生存状态和提升存活率的根本出路。同时,当前我国麝类养殖业正处于一个快速发展时期,必须重视麝养殖业的两个截然不同的繁育目标,即家畜化的驯养方向和圈养种群的野化放归方向。
2.我国麝类动物养殖业经过多年的探索,已形成了多种类型的麝场圈舍结构,甚至形成具有养殖户各自喜好特点的圈舍饲养方式,其优劣性并无一个科学的衡量标准。圈舍结构是养殖麝的生存空间,是需要首先解决的问题。本研究系统调查了陕西凤县境内31个林麝圈舍养殖方式,选取了通风、隔热/保温、干燥、卫生、抗惊扰、物种特有行为等6个指标用于评价林麝圈舍模式的优劣。经过赋值和比较,得出各种圈舍饲养方式的优劣序列为半散养模式>双小室(水泥/砖地)+中小型运动场(土质)>单小室(土质)+小型运动场(土质)>双小室(砖地或水泥)+中小型运动场地(砖地或水泥)>单小室(砖地或水泥)+中小型运动场地(土质)=单小室(砖地或水泥地)+中小型运动场地(砖或水泥)。
3.经调查17家国家核准的麝养殖场及部分养殖散户,较全面统计了我国人工养麝的基本情况,分析了全国主要麝养殖场的养殖历史、麝养殖业的分布格局、种群数量以及性比和成幼结构、养殖模式和规模。在此基础上,分析了制约我国麝类动物养殖业发展的主导因子,同时还针对养殖麝种源管理薄弱、技术力量缺乏等研讨了促进我国麝养殖业发展的产业理念,认为制定政府主导,企业参与的产业政策；搭建科研单位为主,企业协作的科技平台：构建医药企业投资为主体,散户养殖为辅的产业格局；落实“谁投入,谁拥有,谁受益”的激励机制,吸引社会资金投入,由此形成多方联动的产业发展机制。
4.作为麝类动物资源保护及繁育的对策之一,“封山育麝”是现阶段恢复我国麝资源的一条潜在的途径。本文从狭义和广义上阐述了“封山育麝”的概念,提出了“封山育麝”的科学理念和原则。在此基础上,依据麝类动物的生态生物学特征,阐述了“封山育麝”的区域遴选条件、设施建设的要素、人工补充的措施、天敌防除的途径、活体取香的方案、科学管护的构思以及必要的科技支撑体系。这些理念和构思可为目前正在尝试的“封山育麝”提供有益的参考。
Musk deer is kind of special species in the eastern Asia area, the secretion of the male musk deer-Muskiness, is one of the rare drug ingredients and spice. China is the major distribution area, once we owned more than 70 percent of the whole musk resources. From the middle 20th century, abused killing and hurting caused high price of the musk deer, which were the major reasons for the demanding of musk resources dramatic rise corruption. China placed the musk animals as the Category 1 of State Special Protected Species since 2002. Nowadays, the number of wild musk in China is rare, which cannot support the industrialization development and use. Artificial propagation in our country begins the fifties in last century, long time breeding gathered sort of experiences, however, there is no significant breakthrough about the improvement on the breeding scale. The development of musk breeding related deeply to the Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is also the essential way to protect and release the press of the resources of the wild musk, which need us to explore multi-level and method to solve. We should analysis the factors which constrain the breeding scale in our country, only in that way we can find a countermeasure for dealing with this kind of situation. Hence, our research depended on the musk animals'Biological characteristics, though field survey, breeding, material discovery and comparative analysis method, we study and analysis the major problems exist in the breeding industry in China. We try to propose feasible solution methods and the mainly results follow:
1. During the long-term evolution, Musk Animals developed distinct species characteristics, which are the foundation of them to adaptation to the nature, protection from their enemies, offspring production and survival successfully. However, these characteristics, especially the preference of living alone, extremely observant but timid, the capability of jumping, high ability to the stimulus, which made the restraining factors for breeding the musk. In order to guide the Musk Breeding Industry in China to a bright, fast and highly efficient estate, in this paper we elaborated the concerned crucial problems on the Musk breeding industry based on the morphologic, behavioristics, physiology and genetics. We believe that we should pay highly attention on the inherent biological characteristics of Musk animals and improve the breeding environment, which were the fundamental way to improve the survival condition and livability. On the same time, nowadays in China, musk breeding industry is on the rapid growth stage, we must pay attention to the two distinct goals, which are the domestication and re-introduction.
2. There are many types of breeding houses, and many culturists construct them on which they prefer after the years of exploration about musk deer cultivation in China. And there is no scientific measuring standard of them. The primary question of farming is homes structure, which provides living space. This Research have studied 31 kinds of farming methods in Feng County, and chosen six evaluation indicators of homes structure including ventilation, heat insulation or heat preservation, dry, sanitary condition, resistance to disturbing and species unique behavior. After assignment and comparison, the ranking list from poor to bad is semi-free pattern, double little room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (soil texture), single room (soil texture) and Small playground (soil texture), double little room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (tile or concrete floor), single room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (soil texture). And the pattern of single room (tile or concrete floor) and small and medium-sized stadium (tile or concrete floor) is the same with the last one.
3. We have investigated 16 musk deer farms that approved by the state and several private investors, and obtained basic information of artificial musk deer cultivation. And we have analyzed the breeding history of main farms, spatial distribution pattern of musk deer cultivation, population quantity, sex ratio, adult and cub's ratio, breeding mode and scale. After that, the main factors of restriction and industry concept of cultivation have been analysed. And the methods of the problem have been raised.
4. Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation' is a potential way to restore a good number of musk deer. The narrow and general concept of'Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation' has been expounded on, and scientific ideas and principles have been put forward. Then according to the ecology and biological characteristics of musk deer, the study state the selecting conditions, facilities construction elements, artificial added measures, the control approach of natural enemies, project of living take musk, scientific management conception and the necessary scientific support system of'Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation'. These concept and idea can offer some beneficial thinking about Enclosure of hillsides to musk deer cultivation.
引文
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