时间—空间相关成像技术诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的临床研究
|
摘要
目的评价联合利用时间—空间相关成像技术(STIC)与灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像技术进行胎儿心脏的容积图像采集、正交平面显示及分析应用于正常和先天性心脏病胎儿的可行性和实用性。
探讨联合利用时间—空间相关成像技术(STIC)与灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像、B-flow显像技术进行胎儿心血管的四维重建的实用价值。
评价能否通过互联网传授STIC采集技术及传送STIC容积数据;STIC容积数据的远程分析(TELE-STIC)能否用于证实或排除典型心脏病。
方法分别用灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像技术对138例正常胎儿和52例先天性心脏病胎儿进行STIC采集,再以正交平面显示、分析。
分别用灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像、B-flow显像技术对160例正常胎儿和56例先天性心脏病胎儿进行STIC采集,再以正交平面显示为指导,用表面模式和反转模式对灰阶二维方式采集的容积图像进行四维重建;用表面模式对B-flow技术采集的容积图像进行四维重建;用彩色模式和透明模式对彩色多普勒技术采集的容积图像进行四维重建。
由不同医院的两位超声医师共挑选47例孕妇,该两位医师均缺乏详细胎儿超声心动图检查经验。利用互联网传授STIC采集技术、上传采集到的容积数据,由一名有10年胎儿超声心动图检查经验且熟悉STIC后处理与分析的医师完成离线远程分析。
结果138例正常胎儿与52例先天性心脏病胎儿用两种不同显像技术进行STIC采集,分别成功地采集到231个、98个合格的容积图像,利用正交平面分析所得容积图像,灰阶二维显像技术采集的容积图像对正常及先天性心脏病胎儿心脏各结构或切面显示率分别为91.7%、71.3%,彩色多普勒血流显像技术采集的容积图像对正常及先天性心脏病胎儿心脏各结构或切面显示率分别为95.9%、74.9%。
160例正常胎儿及56例先天性心脏病胎儿用三种不同显像技术采集到的STIC容积图像均成功地进行了四维重建,其中房室瓣、房室间隔的心腔内正面观、心底冠状切面、3-4条肺静脉同时显示等均是二维超声所无法观察到的。
通过互联网的远程医疗在所有病例均是可行的。操作者A、B通过互联网分别传输40个、34个STIC容积图像,其对胎儿心脏各结构或切面的总显示率分别为88.3%、81.8%,其中2例先天性心脏病胎儿经TELE-STIC诊断,并与引产后尸体解剖结果相符,1例疑有先天性心脏病的胎儿经TELE-STIC排除。
结论联合应用灰阶二维、彩色多普勒血流显像技术与STIC进行胎儿心脏的容积图像采集、正交平面显示及分析,可提供某些常规二维超声心动图无法获得的空间结构信息,应用于正常及先天性心脏病胎儿是可行的,且有助于胎儿先天性心脏病的产前诊断。
联合应用不同显像技术与STIC进行胎儿心脏及大血管的四维重建是可行的,可获取二维超声心动图所无法提供的关于胎儿心脏解剖及病理特点的某些信息,可观察到用以评价胎儿心脏解剖的大部分结构及切面。
可通过互联网传授STIC采集技术及传输STIC容积图像。分析容积图像,有助于胎儿先天性心脏病的产前诊断、诊治团队间的交流、孕父母的咨询及专业培训。
Objective
Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is a new four-dimensional (4D) technique allowing the acquisition of a volume of data from the fetal heart that is displayed as a cineloop of a single cardiac cycle. The aim of the study was to examine whether the multiplanar display of STIC volume could produce most of the standard image planes necessary for a comprehensive diagnosis of congenital heart deseases (CHD); to describe a method of 4-dimensional reconstruction of the cardiac septae, valves, chambers and outflow tracts using a combination of STIC, surface mode, inversion mode ,color mode and B-flow imaging; to assess whether STIC acquisition technique can be taught to general obstetricians by e-mail, whether STIC volume datasets can be transmitted over the Internet, and whether STIC volume datasets analyzed offline at a remote setting(TELE-STIC) can be used to confirm or exclude major cardiac defects.
Methods
The acquisition was performed in two steps:first,images were acquired by a single,automatic volume sweep, second, the system analyzed the image data according to their spatial and temporal domain and processed an on line dynamic 4D image sequence that was displayed in a multiplanar reformatted cross-sectional display and/or rendered display.
STIC cardiac images of 138 normal fetuses and 52 CHD fetuses were collected using grey-scale 2-dimensional imaging technique and color Doppler imaging technique, and were displayed and analyzed in multiplanar reformatted cross-sectional display.
STIC cardiac images of 160 normal fetuses and 56 CHD fetuses were obtained using grey-scale 2-dimensional imaging technique、color Doppler imaging technique and B-flow technique, respectively. Under the guidance of cross-sectional display, images collected with grey-scale 2-dimensional imaging technique were reconstructed using surface mode and inversion mode; images collected with B-flow technique were reconstructed using surface mode and images collected with color Doppler imaging technique were reconstructed using color mode and glassy body mode.
47 pregnant women were selected by two general obstetricians (operators A and B). Both obstetricians lacked skill in the performance of fetal cardiac examination. The acquisition skill of STIC was taught by e-mail.The acquired volume datasets were uploaded using an Internet broadband connection. Offline analysis was performed by a single investigator experienced in fetal echocardiography (the administrator C).
Results
STIC volume data sets were achieved using two different imaging modalities in 138 normal and 52 CHD fetuses, with 231 and 98 qualified volume images, respectively. Displaying rate of cardiac structures or views in normal and CHD fetuses using gray-scale 2-dimensional technique were 91.7%, 71.3%, respectively. Using color Doppler imaging technique, displaying rate of cardiac structures or views in normal and CHD fetuses were 95.9%, 74.9%, respectively.
All the volume images of 160 normal and 56 CHD fetuses collected using three different imaging modalities were reconstructed successfully. The atria-ventricular valves, intracardiac demonstration of interventricular or interatrial septae, cardiac coronal view at base level that showed in reconstructed images could not be observed using 2-dimensional technique, otherwise, 3 to 4 pulmonary veins could not be seen simultaneously in 2-dimensional images.
A telemedicine link via the Internet was possible in all cases. Seventy-four volume datasets were sent to the web server. A complete cardiac examination according to set criteria was achieved by the administrator in 88.3% of the cases scanned by one operator and 81.8% by the other operator. Two fetuses had cardiac defects confirmed postnatally, one fetus had extracardiac anomalies and two fetuses had suspected cardiac defects ruled out by TELE - STIC.
Conclusions
Volume imaging collection, cross-sectional display and analysis of fetal heart are feasible using grey-scale 2-dimensional technique and color Doppler imaging technique combination with STIC. This novel method may assist in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease, and can provide more structure information that the 2-dimensioanl imaging can not obtain.
4-dimensional reconstructions of fetal heart using different imaging modalities combination with STIC are feasible. This new method can provide more morphologic information, and make inter-team communication and parents counseling more convenient.
STIC volumes can be obtained by operators inexperienced in fetal echocardiography, transmitted via the Internet, and their analysis enables recognition of most of the structures and views necessary to assess fetal cardiac anatomy. The preliminary use of TELE-STIC allowed us to demonstrate that some intracardiac anomalies can be ruled out and others confirmed.
探讨联合利用时间—空间相关成像技术(STIC)与灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像、B-flow显像技术进行胎儿心血管的四维重建的实用价值。
评价能否通过互联网传授STIC采集技术及传送STIC容积数据;STIC容积数据的远程分析(TELE-STIC)能否用于证实或排除典型心脏病。
方法分别用灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像技术对138例正常胎儿和52例先天性心脏病胎儿进行STIC采集,再以正交平面显示、分析。
分别用灰阶二维显像、彩色多普勒血流显像、B-flow显像技术对160例正常胎儿和56例先天性心脏病胎儿进行STIC采集,再以正交平面显示为指导,用表面模式和反转模式对灰阶二维方式采集的容积图像进行四维重建;用表面模式对B-flow技术采集的容积图像进行四维重建;用彩色模式和透明模式对彩色多普勒技术采集的容积图像进行四维重建。
由不同医院的两位超声医师共挑选47例孕妇,该两位医师均缺乏详细胎儿超声心动图检查经验。利用互联网传授STIC采集技术、上传采集到的容积数据,由一名有10年胎儿超声心动图检查经验且熟悉STIC后处理与分析的医师完成离线远程分析。
结果138例正常胎儿与52例先天性心脏病胎儿用两种不同显像技术进行STIC采集,分别成功地采集到231个、98个合格的容积图像,利用正交平面分析所得容积图像,灰阶二维显像技术采集的容积图像对正常及先天性心脏病胎儿心脏各结构或切面显示率分别为91.7%、71.3%,彩色多普勒血流显像技术采集的容积图像对正常及先天性心脏病胎儿心脏各结构或切面显示率分别为95.9%、74.9%。
160例正常胎儿及56例先天性心脏病胎儿用三种不同显像技术采集到的STIC容积图像均成功地进行了四维重建,其中房室瓣、房室间隔的心腔内正面观、心底冠状切面、3-4条肺静脉同时显示等均是二维超声所无法观察到的。
通过互联网的远程医疗在所有病例均是可行的。操作者A、B通过互联网分别传输40个、34个STIC容积图像,其对胎儿心脏各结构或切面的总显示率分别为88.3%、81.8%,其中2例先天性心脏病胎儿经TELE-STIC诊断,并与引产后尸体解剖结果相符,1例疑有先天性心脏病的胎儿经TELE-STIC排除。
结论联合应用灰阶二维、彩色多普勒血流显像技术与STIC进行胎儿心脏的容积图像采集、正交平面显示及分析,可提供某些常规二维超声心动图无法获得的空间结构信息,应用于正常及先天性心脏病胎儿是可行的,且有助于胎儿先天性心脏病的产前诊断。
联合应用不同显像技术与STIC进行胎儿心脏及大血管的四维重建是可行的,可获取二维超声心动图所无法提供的关于胎儿心脏解剖及病理特点的某些信息,可观察到用以评价胎儿心脏解剖的大部分结构及切面。
可通过互联网传授STIC采集技术及传输STIC容积图像。分析容积图像,有助于胎儿先天性心脏病的产前诊断、诊治团队间的交流、孕父母的咨询及专业培训。
Objective
Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is a new four-dimensional (4D) technique allowing the acquisition of a volume of data from the fetal heart that is displayed as a cineloop of a single cardiac cycle. The aim of the study was to examine whether the multiplanar display of STIC volume could produce most of the standard image planes necessary for a comprehensive diagnosis of congenital heart deseases (CHD); to describe a method of 4-dimensional reconstruction of the cardiac septae, valves, chambers and outflow tracts using a combination of STIC, surface mode, inversion mode ,color mode and B-flow imaging; to assess whether STIC acquisition technique can be taught to general obstetricians by e-mail, whether STIC volume datasets can be transmitted over the Internet, and whether STIC volume datasets analyzed offline at a remote setting(TELE-STIC) can be used to confirm or exclude major cardiac defects.
Methods
The acquisition was performed in two steps:first,images were acquired by a single,automatic volume sweep, second, the system analyzed the image data according to their spatial and temporal domain and processed an on line dynamic 4D image sequence that was displayed in a multiplanar reformatted cross-sectional display and/or rendered display.
STIC cardiac images of 138 normal fetuses and 52 CHD fetuses were collected using grey-scale 2-dimensional imaging technique and color Doppler imaging technique, and were displayed and analyzed in multiplanar reformatted cross-sectional display.
STIC cardiac images of 160 normal fetuses and 56 CHD fetuses were obtained using grey-scale 2-dimensional imaging technique、color Doppler imaging technique and B-flow technique, respectively. Under the guidance of cross-sectional display, images collected with grey-scale 2-dimensional imaging technique were reconstructed using surface mode and inversion mode; images collected with B-flow technique were reconstructed using surface mode and images collected with color Doppler imaging technique were reconstructed using color mode and glassy body mode.
47 pregnant women were selected by two general obstetricians (operators A and B). Both obstetricians lacked skill in the performance of fetal cardiac examination. The acquisition skill of STIC was taught by e-mail.The acquired volume datasets were uploaded using an Internet broadband connection. Offline analysis was performed by a single investigator experienced in fetal echocardiography (the administrator C).
Results
STIC volume data sets were achieved using two different imaging modalities in 138 normal and 52 CHD fetuses, with 231 and 98 qualified volume images, respectively. Displaying rate of cardiac structures or views in normal and CHD fetuses using gray-scale 2-dimensional technique were 91.7%, 71.3%, respectively. Using color Doppler imaging technique, displaying rate of cardiac structures or views in normal and CHD fetuses were 95.9%, 74.9%, respectively.
All the volume images of 160 normal and 56 CHD fetuses collected using three different imaging modalities were reconstructed successfully. The atria-ventricular valves, intracardiac demonstration of interventricular or interatrial septae, cardiac coronal view at base level that showed in reconstructed images could not be observed using 2-dimensional technique, otherwise, 3 to 4 pulmonary veins could not be seen simultaneously in 2-dimensional images.
A telemedicine link via the Internet was possible in all cases. Seventy-four volume datasets were sent to the web server. A complete cardiac examination according to set criteria was achieved by the administrator in 88.3% of the cases scanned by one operator and 81.8% by the other operator. Two fetuses had cardiac defects confirmed postnatally, one fetus had extracardiac anomalies and two fetuses had suspected cardiac defects ruled out by TELE - STIC.
Conclusions
Volume imaging collection, cross-sectional display and analysis of fetal heart are feasible using grey-scale 2-dimensional technique and color Doppler imaging technique combination with STIC. This novel method may assist in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease, and can provide more structure information that the 2-dimensioanl imaging can not obtain.
4-dimensional reconstructions of fetal heart using different imaging modalities combination with STIC are feasible. This new method can provide more morphologic information, and make inter-team communication and parents counseling more convenient.
STIC volumes can be obtained by operators inexperienced in fetal echocardiography, transmitted via the Internet, and their analysis enables recognition of most of the structures and views necessary to assess fetal cardiac anatomy. The preliminary use of TELE-STIC allowed us to demonstrate that some intracardiac anomalies can be ruled out and others confirmed.
引文
1. Hoffman JIE, Christianson R. Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19502 births with long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol, 1978,42: 641-647.
2. Young ID, Clarke M. Lethal malformations and perinatal mortality: a ten year review with comparison of ethnic difference. BMJ, 1987, 295: 89-91.
3. Ferencz C, Neill CA, Baughman JA, et al. Congenital cardiovascular malformations associated with chromosome abnormalities: an epidemiological study.J Pediatr, 1989,114:79-86.
4. Buskens E, Grobbee DE, Frohn-Mulder IM, et al. Efficacy of routine fetal ultrasound screening for congenital heart disease in normal pregnancy. Circulation,1996,94:67-72.
5. Game E, Stoll C, Clementi M and The Euroscan Group. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17: 386-391.
6. Bonnet D, Coltri A, Butera G, et al. Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Circulation, 1999, 99: 916-918.
7. Kumar RK, Newburger JW, Gauvreau K, et al. Comparison of outcome when hypoplastic left heart syndrome and transposition of the great arteries are diagnosed prenatally versus when diagnosis of these two conditions is made only postnatally.Am J Cardiol, 1999, 83: 1649-1653.
8. Mahle WT, Clancy RR, McGaurn SP, et al. Impact of prenatal diagnosis on survival and early neurologic morbidity in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Pediatrics, 2001, 6: 1277-1282.
9. Verheijen PM, Lisowski LA, Stoutenbeek P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease affects preoperative acidosis in the newborn patient. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2001,121: 798-803.
10. Franklin O, Burch M, Manning N, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta improves survival and reduces morbidity. Heart, 2002, 87:67-69.
11. Jaeggi ET, Sholler GF, Jones OD, et al. Comparative analysis of pattern,management and outcome of pre- versus postnatally diagnosed major congenital heart disease: a pppulatianbased study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17: 380-385.
12.Allan L,Benacerraf B,Copel JA,et al.Isolated major congenital heart disease.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2001,17:370-379.
13.Tegnander E,Eik-Nes SH.The examiner's ultrasound experience has a significant impact on the detection rate of congenital heart defects at the second trimester fetal examination[Abstract].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2004,24:217.
14.Tworetzky W,McElhinney DB,Reddy VM,et al.Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Circulation,2001,103:1269-1273.
15.Hafner E,Scholler J,Schuchter K,et al.Detection of fetal congenital heart disease in a low-risk population.Prenat Diagn,1998,18:808-815.
16.Yagel S,Cohen SM,Achiron R.Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views:a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2001,17:167-169.
17.周启昌,谈海英,鲁树坤,等.彩色多普勒超声在胎儿心脏病诊断中的应用.中华妇产科杂志,1996,31:474-476。
18.Sklansky M.Advances in fetal cardiac imaging.Pediatr Cardiol,2004,25:307-321.
19.Allan L.Technique of fetal echocardiography.Pediatr Cardiol,2004,25:223-233.
20.Ranadall P,Brealey S,Hahn S,et al.Accuracy of fetal echocardiography in the routine detection of congenital heart disease among unselected and low risk populations:a systematic review.BJOG,2005,112:24-30.
21.Allan LD.Antenatal diagnosis of heart disease.Heart,2000,83:367-370.
22.Chaoui R.Yhe four-chamber view:four reasons why it seems to fail in screening for cardiac abnormalities and suggestions to improve detection rate.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2003,22:3-10.
23.Tegnander E,Eik-Nes SH,Linker DT.Incorporating the four-chamber view of the fetal heart into the second-trimester routine fetal examination.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,1994,4:24-28.
24.Buskens E,Grobbee DE,Rfohn-Muder IM,et al.Efficiacy of routine fetal ultrasound screening for congenital heart diaease in normal pregnancy.Circulation,1996,94:67-72.
25.Carvalho JS.Fetal heart scanning in the first trinester.Prenat Diagn,2004,24:1060-1067.
26.Tongsong T,Tatiyapornkul T.Cardiothoracic ratio in the first half of pregnancy.J Clin Ultrasound, 2004, 32:186-189.
27.Kelekci S,Yazicioglu HF,Oguz s,et al.Nasal bone measurement during the 1~(st) trimester:is it useful?Gynecol Obstet Invest, 2004, 58: 91-95.
28.Simpson LL.Screening for congenital heart disease.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am,2004,31:51-59.
29. DeVore GR, Falkensammer P, Sklansky MS, et al. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 22: 380-387.
30. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003,189:1792-1802.
31. Vinals F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2003, 22: 388-394.
32. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling KS. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004,23: 535-545.
33. DeVore GR, Polanco B, Sklansky MS, Platt LD. The 'spin' technique: a new method for examination of the fetal outflow tracts using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 24: 72-82.
34. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. Three and four-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic and ductal arches using inversion mode: a new rendering algorithm for visualization of fluid-filled anatomical structures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004,24:696-698.
35. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R, et al. A systematic approach to prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries using 4-dimensional ultrasonography with spatiotemporal image correlation. Jultrasound Med, 2004,23: 1225-1231.
36. Goncalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23:473-481.
37. Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Lee W, et al. A novel method to improve prenatal diagnosis of abnormal systemic venous connections using three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography and‘inversion mode'.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005,25:428-434.
38.Vinals F,Mandujano L,Vargas G,et al.Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation(STIC) telemedicine via an Internet link:a pilot study.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005,25:25-31.
39.Yagel S,Valsky DV,Messing B.Detailed assessment of fetal ventricular septal defect with 4D color Doppler ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation technology.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005,25:97-98.
40.Goncalves LF,Espinoza J,Romero R,et al.Four-dimensional fetal echocardiography with spatiotemporal image correlation(STIC):a systematic study of standard cardiac views assessed by different observers.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2005,17:323-331.
41.Pooh RK,Korai A.B-flow and B-flow spatio-temporal image correlation in visualizing fetal cardiac blood flow.Croat Med J,2005,46:808-811.
42.Devore GR,Color Doppler examination of the outflow tracts of the fetal heart:a technique for identification of cardiovascular malformations.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,1994,4:463-471.
43.Carvalho JS,Mavrides E,Shinebourne EA,et al.Improving the efectiveness of routine prenatal screening for major congenital heart defects.Heart,2002,88:387-391.
44.Copel JA,Pilu G,Green J,et al.Fetal echocardiographic screening for congenital heart disease:the importance of the four-chamber view.Am J Obstet Gynecol,1987,157:648-655.
45.McGahan JP.Sonography of the fetal heart:findings on the four-chamber view.AJR,1991,156:547-553.
46.Yagel S,Arbel R,Anteby EY,et al.Three vessels and trachea view(3VT) in fetal cardiac scanning.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2002,20:340-345.
47.周启昌,王小艳.胎儿畸形产前诊断与干预的伦理学研究.中国医学伦理学,2004.17:55-57。
48.Sharland GK,Allan LD.Screening for congenital heart disease prenatally.Results of a 2 1/2 year study in the south east Thames region.Br J Obstet Gynaecol,1992,99:220-225.
49.Tegnander E,Eik-Nes SH,Linker DT.Incorporating the fourchamber view of the fetal heart into the second-trimester routine fetal examination. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1994,4:24-28.
50. Vergani P, Mariani S, Ghidini A, et al. Screening for congenital heart disease with the four-chamber view of the fetal heart. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992,167:1000-1003.
51.Luck CA. Value of routine ultrasound scanning at 19 weeks: a four year study of 8849 deliveies. BMJ,1992, 304: 1474-1478.
52.Simpson LL.The four-chamber view: expectation and limitation. Contemporary OBGYN, 1998,43:89-112.
53.Tegnander E, Eik-Ness sh, Johansen OJ, et al. Prenatal detection of heart defect at the routine fetal examination at 18 weeks in a non-selected population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1995, 5: 372-380.
54.Yoo SJ, Lee YH, Kim ES, et al. Three-vessel view of the fetal upper mediastinum:an easy means of detecting abnormalities of the ventricular outflow tracts and great arteries during obstetric screening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1997, 9: 173-182.
55. Todros T, Faggiano F, Chiappa E. Accuracy of routine ultrasonography in screening heart diseases prenatally. Prenat Diagn, 1997, 10: 901-906.
56. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, et al. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Prenat Diagn, 1993, 13: 453-461.
57.Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Goncalves LF, et al. A novel algorithm for comprehensive fetal echocardiography using 4-dimensional ultrasonography and tomographic imaging. J Ultrasound Med, 2006,25: 947-956.
1. Mahle WT, Clancy RR, McGaurn SP, et al. Impact of prenatal diagnosis on survival and early neurologic morbidity in neonates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics, 2001,107: 1277-1282.
2. Franklin O, Burch M, Manning N, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta improves survival and reduces morbidity. Heart, 2002, 87: 67-69.
3. Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Reddy VM, et al. Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation, 2001, 103: 1269-1273.
4. Bonnet D, Coltri A, Butera G, et al. Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Circulation, 1999, 99:916-918.
5. Grandjean H, Larroque D, Levi S. The performance of routine ultrasonographic screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1999,181:446-454.
6. Klein SK, Cans C, Robert E, et al. Efficacy of routine fetal ultrasound screening for congenital heart disease in Isere County, France. Prenat Diagn, 1999,19: 318-322.
7. Game E, Stoll C, Clementi M. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001,17: 386-391.
8. Jaeggi ET, Sholler GF, Jones OD, et al. Comparative analysis of pattern,management and outcome of pre- versus postnatally diagnosed major congenital heart disease: a populationbased study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001,17: 380-385.
9. Meyer- Wittkopf M, Cook A, McLennan A, et al. Evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of congenital heart anomalies in fetal cardiac specimens. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1996, 8: 303-308.
10. Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, Sklansky M, et al. Threedimensional echocardiographic evaluation of fetal heart anatomy and function: acquisition, analysis, and display. J Ultrasound Med, 1996, 15: 1-9.
11. Zosmer N, Jurkovic D, Jauniaux E, et al. Selection and identification of standard cardiac views from three-dimensional volume scans of the fetal thorax. J Ultrasound Med, 1996, 15:25-32.
12. Sklansky MS, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Usefulness of gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography to reconstruct and display structures not visualized with two-dimensional imaging. Am J Cardiol, 1997, 80: 665-668.
13. Levental M, Pretorius DH, Sklansky MS, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal fetal heart: comparison with two-dimensional imaging. J Ultrasound Med, 1998, 17: 341-348.
14. Nelson TR. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Prog Biophys Mol Biol1998,69,257-272.
15. Sklansky MS, Nelson T, Strachan M, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: initial feasibility study. J Ultrasound Med, 1999,18: 745-752.
16. Deng J, Ruff CF, Linney AD, et al. Simultaneous use of two ultrasound scanners for motiongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol,2000,26: 1021-1032.
17. Guerra FA, Isla AI, Aguilar RC, et al. Use of free-hand three-dimensional ultrasound software in the study of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000,16:329-334.
18. Scharf A, Geka F, Steinborn A, et al. 3D real-time imaging of the fetal heart. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2000, 15: 267-274.
19. Bega G, Kuhlman K, Lev-Toaff A, et al. Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of the fetal heart. J Ultrasound Med, 2001, 20:307-313.
20. Deng J, Yates R, Birkett AG, et al. Online motion-gated dynamic hreedimensional echocardiography in the fetus-preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27:43-50.
21. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cooper S, Vaughan J, et al. Threedimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001,17:485-492.
22. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, et al. Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 18:325-328.
23. Deng J, Yates R, Sullivan ID, et al. Dynamic three-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound of human fetal intracardiac flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 20:131-136.
24. Deng J, Sullivan ID, Yates R, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography-optimal imaging windows. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2002, 28:1099-1105.
25. Deng J, Richards R. Dynamic three-dimensional gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound of the fetal heart for dynamic diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002,20: 209.
26. Wang PH, Chen GD, Lin LY. Imaging comparison of basic cardiac views between two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses in anterior spine positions. Int J Cardiovasc Imag, 2002, 18: 17-23.
27. DeVore GR, Falkensammer P, Sklansky MS, et al. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 22: 380-387.
28. Gon.calves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003,189:1792-1802.
29. Herberg U, Goldberg H, Breuer J. Dynamic free-hand threedimensional fetal echocardiography gated by cardiotocography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 22:493-502.
30. Jurgens J, Chaoui R. Three-dimensional multiplanar timemotion ultrasound or anatomical M-mode of the fetal heart: a new technique in fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 21: 119-123.
31. Maulik D, Nanda NC, Singh V, et al. Live three-dimensional echocardiography of the human fetus. Echocardiography, 2003,20: 715-721.
32. Sklansky M. New dimensions and directions in fetal cardiology. Curr Opin Pediatr,2003; 15:463-471.
33. Vinals F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 22: 388-394.
34. Bhat AH, Corbett VN, Liu R, et al. Validation of volume and mass assessments for human fetal heart imaging by 4-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation echocardiography: in vitro balloon model experiments. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23:1151-1159.
35. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling KS. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 23: 535-545.
36. DeVore GR, Polanco B, Sklansky MS, et al. The 'spin' technique: a new method for examination of the fetal outflow tracts using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004,24: 72-82.
37. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. Three and four-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic and ductal arches using inversion mode: a new rendering algorithm for visualization of fluid-filled anatomical structures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 24: 696-698.
38. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R, et al. A systematic approach to prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries using 4-dimensional ultrasonography with spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23: 1225-1231.
39. Gon.calves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23: 473-481.
40. Espinoza J, Gon.calves LF, Lee W, et al. A novel method to improve prenatal diagnosis of abnormal systemic venous connections using three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography and 'inversion mode'. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 25:428-434.
41. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. A new approach to fetal echocardiography: digital casts of the fetal cardiac chambers and great vessels for detection of congenital heart disease. J Ultrasound Med, 2005, 24: 415-424.
42. Vinals F, Mandujano L, Vargas G, et al Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) telemedicine via an Internet link: a pilot study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 25: 25-31.
43. Yagel S, Benachi A, Bonnet D, et al. Rendering in fetal cardiac scanning: the intracardiac septa and the coronal atrioventricular valve planes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol .2006; 28: 266-274.
44. Yagel S, Valsky DV, Messing B. Detailed assessment of fetal ventricular septal defect with 4D color Doppler ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation technology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 25: 97-98.
45. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R, et al. Four-dimensional fetal echocardiography with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): a systematic study of standard cardiac views assessed by different observers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2005, 17:323-331.
46. Chaoui R, Kalache KD. Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound of the fetal great vessels. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17: 455-456.
47. Deane C. Extended field-of-view and B-flow ultrasound: fashion or future? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000, 15: 96-97.
48. Pooh RK. New application of B-flow sono-angiography in perinatology.Ultrasound Qbstet Gynecol, 2000,15: 163.
49. Wachsberg RH, B-flow, a non-Doppler technology for flow mapping: early experience in the abdomen.Ultrasound Q,2003,19:114-122.
50.Pooh RK,Korai A.B-flow and B-flow spatio-temporal image correlation in visualizing fetal cardiac blood flow.Croat Med J,2005,46:808-811.
51.Volpe P,Campobasso G,Stanziano A,et al.Novel application of 4D sonography with B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation(STIC) in the assessment of the anatomy of pulmonary arteries in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2006;28:40-46.
52.周启昌,王小艳.胎儿畸形产前诊断与干预的伦理学研究.中国医学伦理学,2004,17:55-57。
53.Kilner PJ,Ho SY,Anderson RH.Cardiovascular cavities cast in silicone rubber as an adjunct to post-mortem examination of the heart.Int J Cardiol,1989,22:99-107.
54.Cook AC,Fagg NL,Allan LD.Use of casts in the necropsy diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease.Br Heart J,1992,68:481-484.
1.Jaeggi ET,Sholler GF,Jones ODH,Cooper SG.Comparative analysis of pattern,management and outcome of pre-versus postnatally diagnosed major congenital heart disease:a population-based study.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2001;17:380-385.
2.Garne E,Stoll C,Clementi M,and The Euroscan Group.Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by ultrasound:experience from 20 European registries.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2001;17:386-391.
3.St(u|¨)mpflen I,St(u|¨)mpflen A,Wimmer M,Bernaschek G.Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening detection of congenital heart disease.Lancet.1996;348:854-857.
4.Yagel S,Weissman A,Rotstein Z,Manor M,Hegesh J,Anteby E,Lipitz S,Achiron R.Congenital heart defects:natural course and in utero development.Circulation.1997;96:550-555.
5.Chan FY,Soong B,Lessing K,Watson D,Cincotta R,Baker S,Smith M,Green E,Whitehall J.Clinical value of real-time tertiary fetal ultrasound consultation by telemedicine:preliminary results.Telemed J.2000;6:237-242.
6. Fisk NM, Sepulveda W, Drysdale K, Ridley D, Garner P,Bower S, Kyle P, Dhillon H, Carvalho JS, Wootton R. Fetal Telemedicine: six month pilot of real-time ultrasound and video consultation between the Isle ofWight and London. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996; 103: 1092-1095.
7. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, Economides DL.Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 18:325-328.
8. Begg L, Chan FY, Edie G, Hockey R, Wootton R. Minimum acceptable standards for digital compression of a fetal ultrasound video-clip. J Telemed Telecare. 2001; 7 (Suppl 2):88-90.
9. Kratochwil A, Lee A, Schoisswohl A. Networking of threedimensional sonography volume data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 16: 335-340.
10. Vi(?)als F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;22:388-394.
11. DeVore GR, Falkensammer P, Sklansky MS, Platt LD. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 ;22: 380-387.
12. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, Espinoza J, Schoen ML,Falkensammer P, Treadwell M, Romero R. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1792-1802.
13. Goncalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, Lee W, Treadwell M,Chintala K, Brandl H,Chaiworapongsa T. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2004; 23:473-481.
14. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling K. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23: 535-545.
15. Allan L, Benacerraf B, Copel J, Carvalho J, Chaoui R, Eik-Nes S, Tegnander E,Gembruch U,Huhta J, Pilu G, Wladimiroff J, Yagel S. Isolated major congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 17: 370-379.
16. Yagel S, Cohen SM, Achiron R. Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views: a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 17: 367-369.
17. Chaoui R, McEwing R. Three cross-sectional planes for fetal color Doppler echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 21: 81-93.
18. Canade A, Palladino F, Pitzalis G, Campioni P, Marano P.Web-based radiology: a future to be created. Rays. 2003; 28:109-117.
19. Allan LD. Cardiac Anatomy screening: what is the best time for screening in pregnancy? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 15:143-146.
20. Stoll C, Dott B, Alembik Y, De Geeter B. Evaluation and evolution during time of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by routine fetal ultrasonographic examination. Ann Genet. 2002; 45: 21-27.
21. Carvalho JS, Mavrides E, Shinebourne EA, Campbell S, Thilaganathan B.Improving the effectiveness of routine prenatal screening for major congenital heart defects. Heart. 2002; 88: 387-391.
22. Wong SF, Chan FY, Cincotta RB, Lee-Tannock A, Ward C.Factors influencing the prenatal detection of structural congenital heart diseases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 ;21: 19-25.
23. Ott WJ. The accuracy of antenatal fetal echocardiography screening in high and low-risk patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 172: 1741-1749.
1.Copel JA,Pilu G,Green J,et al.Fetal echocardiographic screening for congenital heart disease:the importance of the four-chamber view.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1987;157:648-55.
2.McGahan JP.Sonography of the fetal heart:findings on the four-chamber view.AJR.1991;156:547-553.
3.Bromley B,Estroff JA,Sanders SP,et al.Fetal echocardiography:accuracy and limitation in a population at high and low risk for heart defect.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1992;166:1473-81.
4.Benacerraf BR.Sonographic detection of fetal anomalies of the aortic and pulmonary arteries:value of four-chamber view vs direct images.AJR.1994;163:1483-89.
5.Yagel S,Cohen SM,Achiron R:Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views:a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2001;17:167-69.
6.Stumpflen I,Smmpflen A,Wimmer M,et al.Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic sceening on detection of congenital heart disease.Lancet.1996;28:854-7.
7.Yagel S,Arbel R,Anteby EY,et al.Three vessels and trachea view(3VT) in fetal cardiac scanning.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2002;20:340-345.
8.Lee W.Performance of the basic fetal cardiac ultrasound examination.AIUM Technical Bulletin.J Ultrasound Med.1998;17:601-7.
9.Spencer KT,Bednarz J,Rafter PG,et al.Use of harmonic imaging without echocardiographic contrast to improve two-dimensional image quality.Am J Cardiol.1998,82:794-799.
10.Ward B,Kaker AC,Humphrey VF.Nonlinear propagation applied to the improvement of resolution in diagnostic medical ultrasound.J Acoust Soc Am.1997,101:143-154.
11.Tripodi E,Tripodi A,Sturlese E.Fetal echocardiography:a comparison of different techniques.Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol.2000,27:225-226.
12.赵博文,寿金朵,徐海珊,等.谐波成像在胎儿超声心动图中的应用研究中华超声影像学杂志.2002;11(11):673-675.
13.Gembruch U,Konopfle,Chatterjee,et al.First-trimester diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by transvaginal two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.Obstet Gynecol.1990;75:496-8.
14.黄晶晶,桂永浩,常才等.妊娠早期超声胎儿心脏血流动力学变化与染色体畸形关系的初步研究.中国围产医学杂志.2004;7(6):323-6.
15.Gembruch U,Konopfle G,Bald R,et al.Early diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by transvaginal echocardiography.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1993;3:310-17.
16.Zosmer N,Souter VL,Chan CS,et al.Early diagnosis of major cardiac defects in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency.Br J Obstet Gynecol.1999;106:829-33.
17.Sharland GK,Allan LD.Normal fetal cardiac measurements derived by cross-section echocardiography.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1992;2:175-81.
18.Maeno Y,Rikitake N,Toyoda O,et al.Prenatal diagnosis of sustained bradycardia with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;21:234-8.
19.田志云,James Huhta,主编.胎儿超声心动图手册.第1版.上海:同济大学出版社,1994.52-58.
20.曾伟,吴瑛.超声在胎儿心律失常诊断中的应用.Chin J Ult rasonogr,2005,14(11):863-4.
21.Allan LD,Chita SK,Ghazli WA,et al.Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the normal human fetal heart.Br Heart J,1987,57:528.
22.耿丹明,王鸿.多普勒超声心动图评价正常胎儿“心脏指数”.F J Medical Journal.2004;26(13):31-3.
23.Friedman D,Buyon J,Kim M,et al.Fetal cardiac function assessed by Doppler myocardial performance index(Tei Index).Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;21:33-6.
24.黄晶晶,桂永浩,常才等.Tei指数对妊娠早中期胎儿心室功能的评估.中国超声影像技术.2007;23(11):1690-92.
25.Tsutsumi T,Ishii M,Eto G,et al.Serial evaluation for myocardialperformance in fetuses and neonates using a new Doppler index.Pediatr Int.1999;41:722-727.
26.林英姿。组织多普勒成像技术对水肿胎儿Tei指数的评估.浙江临床医学.2007;9(3):421-422.
27.严英榴,杨秀雄,沈理,等,主编.产前超声诊断学.北京:人民卫生 出版社,2003.3022310.
28.Fouron JC,Fournier A,Proulx F,et al.Management of fetal tachyarrhyt hmia based on superior vena cava/ aorta Doppler flow recordings.Heart.2003,89:216.
29.Paladini D,Palmieri S,Celentano E,et al.Pulmonary venous blood flow in the fuman fetus.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1997;10:27-31.
30.Rasanen J,Huhta JC,Weiner S et al.Fetal branch pulmonary arterial vascular impedance during the second half pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1996;174(5):1441-9.
31.Baschat AA,Muench MV,Gembruch U.Coronary artery blood flow velocities in various fetal conditions.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;21:426-9.
32.Foutunato SJ.The use of power Doppler and color power angiography in fetal imaging.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1996;174:1828-31.
33.Greenbaum RA,Ho SY,Gibson DG,et al.Left ventricular fibre architecture in human.Br Heart J.1981;45(3):248-263.
34.Meluzin J,Spinarova L,Bakala J,et al.Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging of the velocity of tricuspid annular systolic motion-a new,rapid,and non-invasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolicfunction.Eur Heart J.2001;22(4):340-348.
35.陆永萍,邓又斌,刘娅妮.组织多普勒超声对妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心肌功能的研究.中国超声医学杂志.2006;22(2):137-139.
36.陶枫,吴瑛,王慧芳.组织多普勒成像对糖尿病孕妇胎儿左心室舒张功能的研究.中国超声医学杂志.2007;16(2):142-144.
37.Schiller NB,Shah PM,Crawford M,et al.Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography.American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards,Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms.J Am Soc Echocardiogr.1989;2(5):358-67.
38.Thomas H,Marwick,MD,et al.Measurement of Strain and Strain Rate by Echocardiography Ready for Prime Time? Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2006;47(7):1313-1327.
39.Cannesson M,Tanabe M,et al.Velocity vector imaging to quantify ventricular dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.Am J Cardiol.2006;98(7):949-953.
40.Buckberg GD.The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping. Ⅱ. Interface between unfolded myocardial band and evolution of primitive heart. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 13: 320-32.
41. Antonio FC, Mladen JK, Francisco TG. The helical ventricular myocardial band of Torrent-Guasp: potential implications in congenital heart defects. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2006; S61-S68.
42. Pierre-Simon Jouk, Ayman Mourad , et al. Analysis of the fiber architecture of the heart by quantitative polarized light microscopy.Accuracy, limitations and contribution to the study of the fiber architecture of the ventricles during fetal and neonatal life. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2007; 31: 915-921.
43. Deng J, Rodeck CH. New fetal cardiac imaging techniques. Prenat Diagn. 2004;24:1092-1103.
44. Deng J, Gardener JE, Rodeck CH, et al. Fetal echocardiography in three and four dimensions. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1996, 22: 979-986.
45. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cook A, McLennan A, et al. Evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of congenital heart anomalies in fetal cardiac specimens. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1996, 8: 303-308.
46. Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, Sklansky M, et al. Threedimensional echocardiographic evaluation of fetal heart anatomy and function: acquisition, analysis, and display. J Ultrasound Med, 1996, 15: 1-9.
47. Zosmer N, Jurkovic D, Jauniaux E, et al. Selection and identification of standard cardiac views from three-dimensional volume scans of the fetal thorax. J Ultrasound Med, 1996,15:25-32.
48. Sklansky MS, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Usefulness of gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography to reconstruct and display structures not visualized with two-dimensional imaging. Am J Cardiol, 1997, 80: 665-668.
49. Levental M, Pretorius DH, Sklansky MS, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal fetal heart: comparison with two-dimensional imaging. J Ultrasound Med, 1998, 17: 341-348.
50. Nelson TR. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1998,69,257-272.
51. Sklansky MS, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: gated versus nongated techniques. J Ultrasound Med, 1998, 17:451-457.
52. Sklansky MS, Nelson T, Strachan M, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: initial feasibility study. J Ultrasound Med, 1999,18: 745-752.
53. Deng J, Ruff CF, Linney AD, et al. Simultaneous use of two ultrasound scanners for motiongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol,2000,26:1021-1032.
54. Guerra FA, Isla Al, Aguilar RC, et al. Use of free-hand three-dimensional ultrasound software in the study of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000,16: 329-334.
55. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Rappe N, Sierra F, et al. Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography for obtaining the four and five-chamber view: comparison with cross-sectional (2-D) fetal sonographic screening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000,15: 397-402.
56. Scharf A, Geka F, Steinborn A, et al. 3D real-time imaging of the fetal heart. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2000, 15: 267-274.
57. Bega G, Kuhlman K, Lev-Toaff A, et al. Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of the fetal heart. J Ultrasound Med, 2001,20:307-313.
58. Deng J, Birkett AG, Kalache KD, et al. Conversion of umbilical arterial Doppler waveforms to cardiac cycle triggering signals: a preparatory study for online motion-gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001,27: 51-59.
59. Deng J, Yates R, Birkett AG, et al. Online motion-gated dynamic threedimensional echocardiography in the fetus-preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27: 43-50.
60. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cooper S, Vaughan J, et al. Threedimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17:485-492.
61. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cole A, Cooper SG, et al. Three-dimensional quantitative echocardiographic assessment of ventricular volume in healthy human fetuses and in fetuses with congenital heart disease. J Ultrasound Med, 2001, 20: 317-327.
62. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, et al. Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 18: 325-328.
63. Deng J, Yates R, Sullivan ID, et al. Dynamic three-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound of human fetal intracardiac flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 20:131-136.
64. Deng J, Sullivan ID, Yates R, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography-optimal imaging windows. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2002, 28:1099-1105.
65. Deng J, Richards R. Dynamic three-dimensional gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound of the fetal heart for dynamic diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002,20: 209.
66. Wang PH, Chen GD, Lin LY. Imaging comparison of basic cardiac views between two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses in anterior spine positions.Int J Cardiovasc Imag, 2002, 18: 17-23.
67. DeVore GR, Polanco B , Sklansky MS , et al. The'spin' technique: a new method for examination of t he fetal outflow t ract s using three-dimensional ultrasound . Ult rasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 24 (1): 72-82.
68. Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Goncalves LF, et al. A novel algorithm for comprehensive fetal echocardiography using 4-dimensional ultrasonography and tomographic imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2006; 25: 947-956.
69. Yagel S, Benachi A, Bonnet D, et al. Rendering in fetal cardiac scanning: the intracardiac septa and the coronal atrioventricular valve planes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol .2006; 28: 266-274.
70. Goncalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2004; 23: 473-481.
71. Chaoui R, Kalache KD, Hartung J. Application of three dimensional power Doppler ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol .2001; 17:22-29.
72. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling KS. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 23: 535-545.
73. Sciaky-Tamir Y, Cohen SM, Hochner-Celnikier D, et al. Three-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of fetal vascular anomalies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194: 274-281.
74. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. Three and four-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic and ductal arches using inversion mode: a new rendering algorithm for visualization of fluid-filled anatomical structures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 24: 696-698.
75. Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Lee W, et al. A novel method to improve prenatal diagnosis of abnormal systemic venous connections using three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography and 'inversion mode'. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 25:428-434.
76. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. A new approach to fetal echocardiography: digital casts of the fetal cardiac chambers and great vessels for detection of congenital heart disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2005; 24: 415-424.
77. Volpe P, Campobasso G, Stanziano A, et al. Novel application of 4D sonography with B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the assessment of the anatomy of pulmonary arteries in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 28: 40-46.
78. Vinals F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;22:388-394.
79. Vinals F, Mandujano L, Vargas G, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) telemedicine via an Internet link: a pilot study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 25: 25-31.
80. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T,et al. Fourdimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1792-1802.
81. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Espinoza J, et al. Examination of the fetal heart by four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound with spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC).Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 27: 336-348.
82. Goncalves L F , Espinoza J , Romero R, et al. Four-dimensional ultasonography of the fetal heart using a novel tomographic ultrasound imaging display. J Perinat Med.2006,34(1):39-55.
83. Pooh RK, Korai A. B-flow and B-flow spatio-temporal image correlation in visualizing fetal cardiac blood flow. Croat Med J .2005 ,46 (5) :808-811.
84.Espinoza J,Goncalves L F,Lee W,et al.The use of the minimum projection mode in 4-dimensional examination of the fetal heart with spatio-temporal image correlation.J Ult rasound Med.2004,23(10):1337-1348.
85.Sklansky MS,DeVore GR,Wong PC,et al.Real-time 3-dimensional fetal echocardiography wit h an instantaneous volume rendered display:early description and pictorial essay.J Ultrasound Med.2004,23(2):283-289.
86.赵博文,潘美,杨倩,等.中国超声医学杂志.2006;22(7):543-545.
2. Young ID, Clarke M. Lethal malformations and perinatal mortality: a ten year review with comparison of ethnic difference. BMJ, 1987, 295: 89-91.
3. Ferencz C, Neill CA, Baughman JA, et al. Congenital cardiovascular malformations associated with chromosome abnormalities: an epidemiological study.J Pediatr, 1989,114:79-86.
4. Buskens E, Grobbee DE, Frohn-Mulder IM, et al. Efficacy of routine fetal ultrasound screening for congenital heart disease in normal pregnancy. Circulation,1996,94:67-72.
5. Game E, Stoll C, Clementi M and The Euroscan Group. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17: 386-391.
6. Bonnet D, Coltri A, Butera G, et al. Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Circulation, 1999, 99: 916-918.
7. Kumar RK, Newburger JW, Gauvreau K, et al. Comparison of outcome when hypoplastic left heart syndrome and transposition of the great arteries are diagnosed prenatally versus when diagnosis of these two conditions is made only postnatally.Am J Cardiol, 1999, 83: 1649-1653.
8. Mahle WT, Clancy RR, McGaurn SP, et al. Impact of prenatal diagnosis on survival and early neurologic morbidity in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Pediatrics, 2001, 6: 1277-1282.
9. Verheijen PM, Lisowski LA, Stoutenbeek P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease affects preoperative acidosis in the newborn patient. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2001,121: 798-803.
10. Franklin O, Burch M, Manning N, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta improves survival and reduces morbidity. Heart, 2002, 87:67-69.
11. Jaeggi ET, Sholler GF, Jones OD, et al. Comparative analysis of pattern,management and outcome of pre- versus postnatally diagnosed major congenital heart disease: a pppulatianbased study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17: 380-385.
12.Allan L,Benacerraf B,Copel JA,et al.Isolated major congenital heart disease.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2001,17:370-379.
13.Tegnander E,Eik-Nes SH.The examiner's ultrasound experience has a significant impact on the detection rate of congenital heart defects at the second trimester fetal examination[Abstract].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2004,24:217.
14.Tworetzky W,McElhinney DB,Reddy VM,et al.Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Circulation,2001,103:1269-1273.
15.Hafner E,Scholler J,Schuchter K,et al.Detection of fetal congenital heart disease in a low-risk population.Prenat Diagn,1998,18:808-815.
16.Yagel S,Cohen SM,Achiron R.Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views:a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2001,17:167-169.
17.周启昌,谈海英,鲁树坤,等.彩色多普勒超声在胎儿心脏病诊断中的应用.中华妇产科杂志,1996,31:474-476。
18.Sklansky M.Advances in fetal cardiac imaging.Pediatr Cardiol,2004,25:307-321.
19.Allan L.Technique of fetal echocardiography.Pediatr Cardiol,2004,25:223-233.
20.Ranadall P,Brealey S,Hahn S,et al.Accuracy of fetal echocardiography in the routine detection of congenital heart disease among unselected and low risk populations:a systematic review.BJOG,2005,112:24-30.
21.Allan LD.Antenatal diagnosis of heart disease.Heart,2000,83:367-370.
22.Chaoui R.Yhe four-chamber view:four reasons why it seems to fail in screening for cardiac abnormalities and suggestions to improve detection rate.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2003,22:3-10.
23.Tegnander E,Eik-Nes SH,Linker DT.Incorporating the four-chamber view of the fetal heart into the second-trimester routine fetal examination.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,1994,4:24-28.
24.Buskens E,Grobbee DE,Rfohn-Muder IM,et al.Efficiacy of routine fetal ultrasound screening for congenital heart diaease in normal pregnancy.Circulation,1996,94:67-72.
25.Carvalho JS.Fetal heart scanning in the first trinester.Prenat Diagn,2004,24:1060-1067.
26.Tongsong T,Tatiyapornkul T.Cardiothoracic ratio in the first half of pregnancy.J Clin Ultrasound, 2004, 32:186-189.
27.Kelekci S,Yazicioglu HF,Oguz s,et al.Nasal bone measurement during the 1~(st) trimester:is it useful?Gynecol Obstet Invest, 2004, 58: 91-95.
28.Simpson LL.Screening for congenital heart disease.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am,2004,31:51-59.
29. DeVore GR, Falkensammer P, Sklansky MS, et al. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 22: 380-387.
30. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003,189:1792-1802.
31. Vinals F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2003, 22: 388-394.
32. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling KS. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004,23: 535-545.
33. DeVore GR, Polanco B, Sklansky MS, Platt LD. The 'spin' technique: a new method for examination of the fetal outflow tracts using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 24: 72-82.
34. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. Three and four-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic and ductal arches using inversion mode: a new rendering algorithm for visualization of fluid-filled anatomical structures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004,24:696-698.
35. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R, et al. A systematic approach to prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries using 4-dimensional ultrasonography with spatiotemporal image correlation. Jultrasound Med, 2004,23: 1225-1231.
36. Goncalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23:473-481.
37. Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Lee W, et al. A novel method to improve prenatal diagnosis of abnormal systemic venous connections using three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography and‘inversion mode'.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005,25:428-434.
38.Vinals F,Mandujano L,Vargas G,et al.Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation(STIC) telemedicine via an Internet link:a pilot study.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005,25:25-31.
39.Yagel S,Valsky DV,Messing B.Detailed assessment of fetal ventricular septal defect with 4D color Doppler ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation technology.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005,25:97-98.
40.Goncalves LF,Espinoza J,Romero R,et al.Four-dimensional fetal echocardiography with spatiotemporal image correlation(STIC):a systematic study of standard cardiac views assessed by different observers.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2005,17:323-331.
41.Pooh RK,Korai A.B-flow and B-flow spatio-temporal image correlation in visualizing fetal cardiac blood flow.Croat Med J,2005,46:808-811.
42.Devore GR,Color Doppler examination of the outflow tracts of the fetal heart:a technique for identification of cardiovascular malformations.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,1994,4:463-471.
43.Carvalho JS,Mavrides E,Shinebourne EA,et al.Improving the efectiveness of routine prenatal screening for major congenital heart defects.Heart,2002,88:387-391.
44.Copel JA,Pilu G,Green J,et al.Fetal echocardiographic screening for congenital heart disease:the importance of the four-chamber view.Am J Obstet Gynecol,1987,157:648-655.
45.McGahan JP.Sonography of the fetal heart:findings on the four-chamber view.AJR,1991,156:547-553.
46.Yagel S,Arbel R,Anteby EY,et al.Three vessels and trachea view(3VT) in fetal cardiac scanning.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2002,20:340-345.
47.周启昌,王小艳.胎儿畸形产前诊断与干预的伦理学研究.中国医学伦理学,2004.17:55-57。
48.Sharland GK,Allan LD.Screening for congenital heart disease prenatally.Results of a 2 1/2 year study in the south east Thames region.Br J Obstet Gynaecol,1992,99:220-225.
49.Tegnander E,Eik-Nes SH,Linker DT.Incorporating the fourchamber view of the fetal heart into the second-trimester routine fetal examination. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1994,4:24-28.
50. Vergani P, Mariani S, Ghidini A, et al. Screening for congenital heart disease with the four-chamber view of the fetal heart. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992,167:1000-1003.
51.Luck CA. Value of routine ultrasound scanning at 19 weeks: a four year study of 8849 deliveies. BMJ,1992, 304: 1474-1478.
52.Simpson LL.The four-chamber view: expectation and limitation. Contemporary OBGYN, 1998,43:89-112.
53.Tegnander E, Eik-Ness sh, Johansen OJ, et al. Prenatal detection of heart defect at the routine fetal examination at 18 weeks in a non-selected population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1995, 5: 372-380.
54.Yoo SJ, Lee YH, Kim ES, et al. Three-vessel view of the fetal upper mediastinum:an easy means of detecting abnormalities of the ventricular outflow tracts and great arteries during obstetric screening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1997, 9: 173-182.
55. Todros T, Faggiano F, Chiappa E. Accuracy of routine ultrasonography in screening heart diseases prenatally. Prenat Diagn, 1997, 10: 901-906.
56. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, et al. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Prenat Diagn, 1993, 13: 453-461.
57.Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Goncalves LF, et al. A novel algorithm for comprehensive fetal echocardiography using 4-dimensional ultrasonography and tomographic imaging. J Ultrasound Med, 2006,25: 947-956.
1. Mahle WT, Clancy RR, McGaurn SP, et al. Impact of prenatal diagnosis on survival and early neurologic morbidity in neonates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics, 2001,107: 1277-1282.
2. Franklin O, Burch M, Manning N, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta improves survival and reduces morbidity. Heart, 2002, 87: 67-69.
3. Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Reddy VM, et al. Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation, 2001, 103: 1269-1273.
4. Bonnet D, Coltri A, Butera G, et al. Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Circulation, 1999, 99:916-918.
5. Grandjean H, Larroque D, Levi S. The performance of routine ultrasonographic screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1999,181:446-454.
6. Klein SK, Cans C, Robert E, et al. Efficacy of routine fetal ultrasound screening for congenital heart disease in Isere County, France. Prenat Diagn, 1999,19: 318-322.
7. Game E, Stoll C, Clementi M. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001,17: 386-391.
8. Jaeggi ET, Sholler GF, Jones OD, et al. Comparative analysis of pattern,management and outcome of pre- versus postnatally diagnosed major congenital heart disease: a populationbased study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001,17: 380-385.
9. Meyer- Wittkopf M, Cook A, McLennan A, et al. Evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of congenital heart anomalies in fetal cardiac specimens. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1996, 8: 303-308.
10. Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, Sklansky M, et al. Threedimensional echocardiographic evaluation of fetal heart anatomy and function: acquisition, analysis, and display. J Ultrasound Med, 1996, 15: 1-9.
11. Zosmer N, Jurkovic D, Jauniaux E, et al. Selection and identification of standard cardiac views from three-dimensional volume scans of the fetal thorax. J Ultrasound Med, 1996, 15:25-32.
12. Sklansky MS, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Usefulness of gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography to reconstruct and display structures not visualized with two-dimensional imaging. Am J Cardiol, 1997, 80: 665-668.
13. Levental M, Pretorius DH, Sklansky MS, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal fetal heart: comparison with two-dimensional imaging. J Ultrasound Med, 1998, 17: 341-348.
14. Nelson TR. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Prog Biophys Mol Biol1998,69,257-272.
15. Sklansky MS, Nelson T, Strachan M, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: initial feasibility study. J Ultrasound Med, 1999,18: 745-752.
16. Deng J, Ruff CF, Linney AD, et al. Simultaneous use of two ultrasound scanners for motiongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol,2000,26: 1021-1032.
17. Guerra FA, Isla AI, Aguilar RC, et al. Use of free-hand three-dimensional ultrasound software in the study of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000,16:329-334.
18. Scharf A, Geka F, Steinborn A, et al. 3D real-time imaging of the fetal heart. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2000, 15: 267-274.
19. Bega G, Kuhlman K, Lev-Toaff A, et al. Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of the fetal heart. J Ultrasound Med, 2001, 20:307-313.
20. Deng J, Yates R, Birkett AG, et al. Online motion-gated dynamic hreedimensional echocardiography in the fetus-preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27:43-50.
21. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cooper S, Vaughan J, et al. Threedimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001,17:485-492.
22. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, et al. Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 18:325-328.
23. Deng J, Yates R, Sullivan ID, et al. Dynamic three-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound of human fetal intracardiac flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 20:131-136.
24. Deng J, Sullivan ID, Yates R, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography-optimal imaging windows. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2002, 28:1099-1105.
25. Deng J, Richards R. Dynamic three-dimensional gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound of the fetal heart for dynamic diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002,20: 209.
26. Wang PH, Chen GD, Lin LY. Imaging comparison of basic cardiac views between two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses in anterior spine positions. Int J Cardiovasc Imag, 2002, 18: 17-23.
27. DeVore GR, Falkensammer P, Sklansky MS, et al. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 22: 380-387.
28. Gon.calves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003,189:1792-1802.
29. Herberg U, Goldberg H, Breuer J. Dynamic free-hand threedimensional fetal echocardiography gated by cardiotocography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 22:493-502.
30. Jurgens J, Chaoui R. Three-dimensional multiplanar timemotion ultrasound or anatomical M-mode of the fetal heart: a new technique in fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 21: 119-123.
31. Maulik D, Nanda NC, Singh V, et al. Live three-dimensional echocardiography of the human fetus. Echocardiography, 2003,20: 715-721.
32. Sklansky M. New dimensions and directions in fetal cardiology. Curr Opin Pediatr,2003; 15:463-471.
33. Vinals F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 22: 388-394.
34. Bhat AH, Corbett VN, Liu R, et al. Validation of volume and mass assessments for human fetal heart imaging by 4-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation echocardiography: in vitro balloon model experiments. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23:1151-1159.
35. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling KS. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 23: 535-545.
36. DeVore GR, Polanco B, Sklansky MS, et al. The 'spin' technique: a new method for examination of the fetal outflow tracts using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004,24: 72-82.
37. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. Three and four-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic and ductal arches using inversion mode: a new rendering algorithm for visualization of fluid-filled anatomical structures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 24: 696-698.
38. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R, et al. A systematic approach to prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries using 4-dimensional ultrasonography with spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23: 1225-1231.
39. Gon.calves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med, 2004, 23: 473-481.
40. Espinoza J, Gon.calves LF, Lee W, et al. A novel method to improve prenatal diagnosis of abnormal systemic venous connections using three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography and 'inversion mode'. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 25:428-434.
41. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. A new approach to fetal echocardiography: digital casts of the fetal cardiac chambers and great vessels for detection of congenital heart disease. J Ultrasound Med, 2005, 24: 415-424.
42. Vinals F, Mandujano L, Vargas G, et al Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) telemedicine via an Internet link: a pilot study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 25: 25-31.
43. Yagel S, Benachi A, Bonnet D, et al. Rendering in fetal cardiac scanning: the intracardiac septa and the coronal atrioventricular valve planes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol .2006; 28: 266-274.
44. Yagel S, Valsky DV, Messing B. Detailed assessment of fetal ventricular septal defect with 4D color Doppler ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation technology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 25: 97-98.
45. Gon.calves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R, et al. Four-dimensional fetal echocardiography with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): a systematic study of standard cardiac views assessed by different observers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2005, 17:323-331.
46. Chaoui R, Kalache KD. Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound of the fetal great vessels. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17: 455-456.
47. Deane C. Extended field-of-view and B-flow ultrasound: fashion or future? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000, 15: 96-97.
48. Pooh RK. New application of B-flow sono-angiography in perinatology.Ultrasound Qbstet Gynecol, 2000,15: 163.
49. Wachsberg RH, B-flow, a non-Doppler technology for flow mapping: early experience in the abdomen.Ultrasound Q,2003,19:114-122.
50.Pooh RK,Korai A.B-flow and B-flow spatio-temporal image correlation in visualizing fetal cardiac blood flow.Croat Med J,2005,46:808-811.
51.Volpe P,Campobasso G,Stanziano A,et al.Novel application of 4D sonography with B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation(STIC) in the assessment of the anatomy of pulmonary arteries in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2006;28:40-46.
52.周启昌,王小艳.胎儿畸形产前诊断与干预的伦理学研究.中国医学伦理学,2004,17:55-57。
53.Kilner PJ,Ho SY,Anderson RH.Cardiovascular cavities cast in silicone rubber as an adjunct to post-mortem examination of the heart.Int J Cardiol,1989,22:99-107.
54.Cook AC,Fagg NL,Allan LD.Use of casts in the necropsy diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease.Br Heart J,1992,68:481-484.
1.Jaeggi ET,Sholler GF,Jones ODH,Cooper SG.Comparative analysis of pattern,management and outcome of pre-versus postnatally diagnosed major congenital heart disease:a population-based study.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2001;17:380-385.
2.Garne E,Stoll C,Clementi M,and The Euroscan Group.Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by ultrasound:experience from 20 European registries.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2001;17:386-391.
3.St(u|¨)mpflen I,St(u|¨)mpflen A,Wimmer M,Bernaschek G.Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening detection of congenital heart disease.Lancet.1996;348:854-857.
4.Yagel S,Weissman A,Rotstein Z,Manor M,Hegesh J,Anteby E,Lipitz S,Achiron R.Congenital heart defects:natural course and in utero development.Circulation.1997;96:550-555.
5.Chan FY,Soong B,Lessing K,Watson D,Cincotta R,Baker S,Smith M,Green E,Whitehall J.Clinical value of real-time tertiary fetal ultrasound consultation by telemedicine:preliminary results.Telemed J.2000;6:237-242.
6. Fisk NM, Sepulveda W, Drysdale K, Ridley D, Garner P,Bower S, Kyle P, Dhillon H, Carvalho JS, Wootton R. Fetal Telemedicine: six month pilot of real-time ultrasound and video consultation between the Isle ofWight and London. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996; 103: 1092-1095.
7. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, Economides DL.Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 18:325-328.
8. Begg L, Chan FY, Edie G, Hockey R, Wootton R. Minimum acceptable standards for digital compression of a fetal ultrasound video-clip. J Telemed Telecare. 2001; 7 (Suppl 2):88-90.
9. Kratochwil A, Lee A, Schoisswohl A. Networking of threedimensional sonography volume data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 16: 335-340.
10. Vi(?)als F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;22:388-394.
11. DeVore GR, Falkensammer P, Sklansky MS, Platt LD. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 ;22: 380-387.
12. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, Espinoza J, Schoen ML,Falkensammer P, Treadwell M, Romero R. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1792-1802.
13. Goncalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, Lee W, Treadwell M,Chintala K, Brandl H,Chaiworapongsa T. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2004; 23:473-481.
14. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling K. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23: 535-545.
15. Allan L, Benacerraf B, Copel J, Carvalho J, Chaoui R, Eik-Nes S, Tegnander E,Gembruch U,Huhta J, Pilu G, Wladimiroff J, Yagel S. Isolated major congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 17: 370-379.
16. Yagel S, Cohen SM, Achiron R. Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views: a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 17: 367-369.
17. Chaoui R, McEwing R. Three cross-sectional planes for fetal color Doppler echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 21: 81-93.
18. Canade A, Palladino F, Pitzalis G, Campioni P, Marano P.Web-based radiology: a future to be created. Rays. 2003; 28:109-117.
19. Allan LD. Cardiac Anatomy screening: what is the best time for screening in pregnancy? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 15:143-146.
20. Stoll C, Dott B, Alembik Y, De Geeter B. Evaluation and evolution during time of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by routine fetal ultrasonographic examination. Ann Genet. 2002; 45: 21-27.
21. Carvalho JS, Mavrides E, Shinebourne EA, Campbell S, Thilaganathan B.Improving the effectiveness of routine prenatal screening for major congenital heart defects. Heart. 2002; 88: 387-391.
22. Wong SF, Chan FY, Cincotta RB, Lee-Tannock A, Ward C.Factors influencing the prenatal detection of structural congenital heart diseases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 ;21: 19-25.
23. Ott WJ. The accuracy of antenatal fetal echocardiography screening in high and low-risk patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 172: 1741-1749.
1.Copel JA,Pilu G,Green J,et al.Fetal echocardiographic screening for congenital heart disease:the importance of the four-chamber view.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1987;157:648-55.
2.McGahan JP.Sonography of the fetal heart:findings on the four-chamber view.AJR.1991;156:547-553.
3.Bromley B,Estroff JA,Sanders SP,et al.Fetal echocardiography:accuracy and limitation in a population at high and low risk for heart defect.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1992;166:1473-81.
4.Benacerraf BR.Sonographic detection of fetal anomalies of the aortic and pulmonary arteries:value of four-chamber view vs direct images.AJR.1994;163:1483-89.
5.Yagel S,Cohen SM,Achiron R:Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views:a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2001;17:167-69.
6.Stumpflen I,Smmpflen A,Wimmer M,et al.Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic sceening on detection of congenital heart disease.Lancet.1996;28:854-7.
7.Yagel S,Arbel R,Anteby EY,et al.Three vessels and trachea view(3VT) in fetal cardiac scanning.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2002;20:340-345.
8.Lee W.Performance of the basic fetal cardiac ultrasound examination.AIUM Technical Bulletin.J Ultrasound Med.1998;17:601-7.
9.Spencer KT,Bednarz J,Rafter PG,et al.Use of harmonic imaging without echocardiographic contrast to improve two-dimensional image quality.Am J Cardiol.1998,82:794-799.
10.Ward B,Kaker AC,Humphrey VF.Nonlinear propagation applied to the improvement of resolution in diagnostic medical ultrasound.J Acoust Soc Am.1997,101:143-154.
11.Tripodi E,Tripodi A,Sturlese E.Fetal echocardiography:a comparison of different techniques.Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol.2000,27:225-226.
12.赵博文,寿金朵,徐海珊,等.谐波成像在胎儿超声心动图中的应用研究中华超声影像学杂志.2002;11(11):673-675.
13.Gembruch U,Konopfle,Chatterjee,et al.First-trimester diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by transvaginal two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.Obstet Gynecol.1990;75:496-8.
14.黄晶晶,桂永浩,常才等.妊娠早期超声胎儿心脏血流动力学变化与染色体畸形关系的初步研究.中国围产医学杂志.2004;7(6):323-6.
15.Gembruch U,Konopfle G,Bald R,et al.Early diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by transvaginal echocardiography.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1993;3:310-17.
16.Zosmer N,Souter VL,Chan CS,et al.Early diagnosis of major cardiac defects in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency.Br J Obstet Gynecol.1999;106:829-33.
17.Sharland GK,Allan LD.Normal fetal cardiac measurements derived by cross-section echocardiography.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1992;2:175-81.
18.Maeno Y,Rikitake N,Toyoda O,et al.Prenatal diagnosis of sustained bradycardia with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;21:234-8.
19.田志云,James Huhta,主编.胎儿超声心动图手册.第1版.上海:同济大学出版社,1994.52-58.
20.曾伟,吴瑛.超声在胎儿心律失常诊断中的应用.Chin J Ult rasonogr,2005,14(11):863-4.
21.Allan LD,Chita SK,Ghazli WA,et al.Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the normal human fetal heart.Br Heart J,1987,57:528.
22.耿丹明,王鸿.多普勒超声心动图评价正常胎儿“心脏指数”.F J Medical Journal.2004;26(13):31-3.
23.Friedman D,Buyon J,Kim M,et al.Fetal cardiac function assessed by Doppler myocardial performance index(Tei Index).Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;21:33-6.
24.黄晶晶,桂永浩,常才等.Tei指数对妊娠早中期胎儿心室功能的评估.中国超声影像技术.2007;23(11):1690-92.
25.Tsutsumi T,Ishii M,Eto G,et al.Serial evaluation for myocardialperformance in fetuses and neonates using a new Doppler index.Pediatr Int.1999;41:722-727.
26.林英姿。组织多普勒成像技术对水肿胎儿Tei指数的评估.浙江临床医学.2007;9(3):421-422.
27.严英榴,杨秀雄,沈理,等,主编.产前超声诊断学.北京:人民卫生 出版社,2003.3022310.
28.Fouron JC,Fournier A,Proulx F,et al.Management of fetal tachyarrhyt hmia based on superior vena cava/ aorta Doppler flow recordings.Heart.2003,89:216.
29.Paladini D,Palmieri S,Celentano E,et al.Pulmonary venous blood flow in the fuman fetus.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1997;10:27-31.
30.Rasanen J,Huhta JC,Weiner S et al.Fetal branch pulmonary arterial vascular impedance during the second half pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1996;174(5):1441-9.
31.Baschat AA,Muench MV,Gembruch U.Coronary artery blood flow velocities in various fetal conditions.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;21:426-9.
32.Foutunato SJ.The use of power Doppler and color power angiography in fetal imaging.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1996;174:1828-31.
33.Greenbaum RA,Ho SY,Gibson DG,et al.Left ventricular fibre architecture in human.Br Heart J.1981;45(3):248-263.
34.Meluzin J,Spinarova L,Bakala J,et al.Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging of the velocity of tricuspid annular systolic motion-a new,rapid,and non-invasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolicfunction.Eur Heart J.2001;22(4):340-348.
35.陆永萍,邓又斌,刘娅妮.组织多普勒超声对妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心肌功能的研究.中国超声医学杂志.2006;22(2):137-139.
36.陶枫,吴瑛,王慧芳.组织多普勒成像对糖尿病孕妇胎儿左心室舒张功能的研究.中国超声医学杂志.2007;16(2):142-144.
37.Schiller NB,Shah PM,Crawford M,et al.Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography.American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards,Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms.J Am Soc Echocardiogr.1989;2(5):358-67.
38.Thomas H,Marwick,MD,et al.Measurement of Strain and Strain Rate by Echocardiography Ready for Prime Time? Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2006;47(7):1313-1327.
39.Cannesson M,Tanabe M,et al.Velocity vector imaging to quantify ventricular dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.Am J Cardiol.2006;98(7):949-953.
40.Buckberg GD.The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping. Ⅱ. Interface between unfolded myocardial band and evolution of primitive heart. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 13: 320-32.
41. Antonio FC, Mladen JK, Francisco TG. The helical ventricular myocardial band of Torrent-Guasp: potential implications in congenital heart defects. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2006; S61-S68.
42. Pierre-Simon Jouk, Ayman Mourad , et al. Analysis of the fiber architecture of the heart by quantitative polarized light microscopy.Accuracy, limitations and contribution to the study of the fiber architecture of the ventricles during fetal and neonatal life. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2007; 31: 915-921.
43. Deng J, Rodeck CH. New fetal cardiac imaging techniques. Prenat Diagn. 2004;24:1092-1103.
44. Deng J, Gardener JE, Rodeck CH, et al. Fetal echocardiography in three and four dimensions. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1996, 22: 979-986.
45. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cook A, McLennan A, et al. Evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of congenital heart anomalies in fetal cardiac specimens. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1996, 8: 303-308.
46. Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, Sklansky M, et al. Threedimensional echocardiographic evaluation of fetal heart anatomy and function: acquisition, analysis, and display. J Ultrasound Med, 1996, 15: 1-9.
47. Zosmer N, Jurkovic D, Jauniaux E, et al. Selection and identification of standard cardiac views from three-dimensional volume scans of the fetal thorax. J Ultrasound Med, 1996,15:25-32.
48. Sklansky MS, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Usefulness of gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography to reconstruct and display structures not visualized with two-dimensional imaging. Am J Cardiol, 1997, 80: 665-668.
49. Levental M, Pretorius DH, Sklansky MS, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal fetal heart: comparison with two-dimensional imaging. J Ultrasound Med, 1998, 17: 341-348.
50. Nelson TR. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1998,69,257-272.
51. Sklansky MS, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: gated versus nongated techniques. J Ultrasound Med, 1998, 17:451-457.
52. Sklansky MS, Nelson T, Strachan M, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: initial feasibility study. J Ultrasound Med, 1999,18: 745-752.
53. Deng J, Ruff CF, Linney AD, et al. Simultaneous use of two ultrasound scanners for motiongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol,2000,26:1021-1032.
54. Guerra FA, Isla Al, Aguilar RC, et al. Use of free-hand three-dimensional ultrasound software in the study of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000,16: 329-334.
55. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Rappe N, Sierra F, et al. Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography for obtaining the four and five-chamber view: comparison with cross-sectional (2-D) fetal sonographic screening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000,15: 397-402.
56. Scharf A, Geka F, Steinborn A, et al. 3D real-time imaging of the fetal heart. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2000, 15: 267-274.
57. Bega G, Kuhlman K, Lev-Toaff A, et al. Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of the fetal heart. J Ultrasound Med, 2001,20:307-313.
58. Deng J, Birkett AG, Kalache KD, et al. Conversion of umbilical arterial Doppler waveforms to cardiac cycle triggering signals: a preparatory study for online motion-gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001,27: 51-59.
59. Deng J, Yates R, Birkett AG, et al. Online motion-gated dynamic threedimensional echocardiography in the fetus-preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27: 43-50.
60. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cooper S, Vaughan J, et al. Threedimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 17:485-492.
61. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cole A, Cooper SG, et al. Three-dimensional quantitative echocardiographic assessment of ventricular volume in healthy human fetuses and in fetuses with congenital heart disease. J Ultrasound Med, 2001, 20: 317-327.
62. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, et al. Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001, 18: 325-328.
63. Deng J, Yates R, Sullivan ID, et al. Dynamic three-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound of human fetal intracardiac flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 20:131-136.
64. Deng J, Sullivan ID, Yates R, et al. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography-optimal imaging windows. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2002, 28:1099-1105.
65. Deng J, Richards R. Dynamic three-dimensional gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound of the fetal heart for dynamic diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002,20: 209.
66. Wang PH, Chen GD, Lin LY. Imaging comparison of basic cardiac views between two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses in anterior spine positions.Int J Cardiovasc Imag, 2002, 18: 17-23.
67. DeVore GR, Polanco B , Sklansky MS , et al. The'spin' technique: a new method for examination of t he fetal outflow t ract s using three-dimensional ultrasound . Ult rasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 24 (1): 72-82.
68. Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Goncalves LF, et al. A novel algorithm for comprehensive fetal echocardiography using 4-dimensional ultrasonography and tomographic imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2006; 25: 947-956.
69. Yagel S, Benachi A, Bonnet D, et al. Rendering in fetal cardiac scanning: the intracardiac septa and the coronal atrioventricular valve planes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol .2006; 28: 266-274.
70. Goncalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2004; 23: 473-481.
71. Chaoui R, Kalache KD, Hartung J. Application of three dimensional power Doppler ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol .2001; 17:22-29.
72. Chaoui R, Hoffmann J, Heling KS. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 23: 535-545.
73. Sciaky-Tamir Y, Cohen SM, Hochner-Celnikier D, et al. Three-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of fetal vascular anomalies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194: 274-281.
74. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. Three and four-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic and ductal arches using inversion mode: a new rendering algorithm for visualization of fluid-filled anatomical structures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 24: 696-698.
75. Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Lee W, et al. A novel method to improve prenatal diagnosis of abnormal systemic venous connections using three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography and 'inversion mode'. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 25:428-434.
76. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, et al. A new approach to fetal echocardiography: digital casts of the fetal cardiac chambers and great vessels for detection of congenital heart disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2005; 24: 415-424.
77. Volpe P, Campobasso G, Stanziano A, et al. Novel application of 4D sonography with B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the assessment of the anatomy of pulmonary arteries in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 28: 40-46.
78. Vinals F, Poblete P, Giuliano A. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2003;22:388-394.
79. Vinals F, Mandujano L, Vargas G, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using four-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) telemedicine via an Internet link: a pilot study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 25: 25-31.
80. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T,et al. Fourdimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1792-1802.
81. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Espinoza J, et al. Examination of the fetal heart by four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound with spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC).Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 27: 336-348.
82. Goncalves L F , Espinoza J , Romero R, et al. Four-dimensional ultasonography of the fetal heart using a novel tomographic ultrasound imaging display. J Perinat Med.2006,34(1):39-55.
83. Pooh RK, Korai A. B-flow and B-flow spatio-temporal image correlation in visualizing fetal cardiac blood flow. Croat Med J .2005 ,46 (5) :808-811.
84.Espinoza J,Goncalves L F,Lee W,et al.The use of the minimum projection mode in 4-dimensional examination of the fetal heart with spatio-temporal image correlation.J Ult rasound Med.2004,23(10):1337-1348.
85.Sklansky MS,DeVore GR,Wong PC,et al.Real-time 3-dimensional fetal echocardiography wit h an instantaneous volume rendered display:early description and pictorial essay.J Ultrasound Med.2004,23(2):283-289.
86.赵博文,潘美,杨倩,等.中国超声医学杂志.2006;22(7):543-545.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |