企业持续性技术创新实现的制度结构作用机理研究
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摘要
在21世纪的竞争格局下,技术创新已经逐渐取代传统的资本、劳动等生产要素,成为推动经济增长的最主要的和最有效的手段和途径,也是企业获取核心竞争力的主要途径。技术创新贵在持续,企业只有持续不断地推出新的技术创新项目才能在激烈的市场竞争中保持竞争优势。持续性技术创新战略是企业实现可持续发展的必由之路。
技术创新也难在持续,只有少数优秀的企业能够突破持续性技术创新瓶颈,在较长时间内持续不断地推出新的创新项目,以获取垄断利润。企业持续性技术创新难以为继的原因是多方面的,惰性、成功的陷阱、官僚主义盛行、企业家精神泯灭等都会导致企业难以实现持续性技术创新。笔者对阻碍企业持续性技术创新的因素进行分析后发现,企业持续性技术创新难以为继的原因更多地与制度要素相关,制度不健全、制度效率低下是企业难以使技术创新得以持续的主要原因。就我国的企业而言,产权制度不明晰、企业家产权激励制度不健全、员工激励制度不完善等制度要素阻碍了持续性技术创新。基于此,探索企业持续性技术创新实现的制度结构作用机理,从而优化制度结构,突破持续性技术创新实现瓶颈,是我国企业面对的紧迫而又现实的问题。
在企业持续性技术创新过程中,制度结构是影响企业持续不断推出创新项目,实现创新经济效益长期高效增长的重要因素。本文把制度结构界定为对企业持续性技术创新的实施和实现产生重要作用的核心制度层、内部制度层以及外部制度环境层相互耦合、相互促进的结构系统,其中核心制度层由产权制度构成,内部制度层由企业家管理制度、企业内部人才资源管理制度、技术创新管理制度以及非正式制度构成,而外部制度环境则包括市场制度、专利制度、政府政策、风险投资制度以及政府促进创新的其他政策等等,本文对各项制度结构要素影响企业持续性技术创新实现的作用机理进行了深入的探讨。此外,本文进一步分析制度结构效率的概念,指出由于存在制度冲突、制度真空以及制度耦合,制度结构具有不同的效率。当存在制度冲突和制度真空时,制度结构效率低下,当制度要素之间相互耦合时,制度结构效率较高。针对制度结构效率难以定量评价的问题,本文从模糊数学的角度构建了制度结构效率评价模型。
基于企业持续创新实现机制,本文构建了企业持续性技术创新实现模型,指出持续性技术创新动力、持续性技术创新能力以及机遇是企业持续性技术创新实现的三个必不可少的要素。运用企业持续性技术创新实现的制度结构作用机理,本文构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新动力模式、能力模式、机遇模式。以这三个模式为基础,本文构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新实现模式,指出高效率的制度结构对于企业持续性技术创新实现起着重大的促进与支撑作用。本文进而运用模糊层次综合评价法以及风险调整贴现系数法构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新动力、能力以及机遇价值评价模型。综合以上三个评价模型,运用主成分投影法构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新实现效能评价模型。
运用所建立的制度结构效率评价模型和基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新动力、能力、机遇以及实现效能评价模型,结合我国企业现状,选取云南白药集团、联想集团以及华为公司作为国有企业、国有民营企业以及民营企业的典型企业,进行企业制度结构效率评价和实现效能评价的案例实证应用研究。首先根据三个企业制度结构状况对其效率进行评价,得出产权制度对制度结构效率影响最大,产权制度明晰的企业,其制度结构效率较高,而产权制度不明晰的企业,其制度结构效率较低的基本结论。结合企业制度结构效率评价结果,对企业持续性技术创新动力、能力、机遇价值以及实现效能进行评价的结果表明,制度结构效率与企业持续性技术创新实现有着重大的相关性,制度结构效率高的企业,其持续性技术创新实现效能就高,反之亦然。根据这一结论,本文为我国不同所有制类型企业持续性技术创新实现构建了不同的路径,指出产权制度改革是国有企业和国有民营企业持续性技术创新实现的主要驱动力,而民营企业要实现持续性技术创新,首先要从建立和完善企业家管理制度尤其是企业家培养、选拔、任用制度入手。基于我国企业持续性技术创新实现的问题和困难,本文提出完善企业内部制度结构、提高技术创新项目实施能力、紧密抓住机遇并增强政府政策支持力是我国企业持续性技术创新实现的建议对策。
Technological innovation has replaced traditional production material of capital and labor during the 21st century, it become the most effective methods that push economic growth and cultivate the core competitive capability. Sustainable technological innovation is very important, only the enterprise that make technological innovation sutain can maintain the competitive advantage, so taking sustainable technological innovation strategy is the best way that enterprise realize sustainable development.
It's also difficulty for the enterprise to make technological innovation sustain, only a few excellent enterprises can solve the bottleneck of sustainable technological innovation and invent the new product continually in a long time. There are many reasons that the enterprise can't make technological innovation sustain, such as lazy, trap of success, bureaucracy, loss of entrepreneurship, and so on. So analyzing the factors that promote sustainable technological innovation can make technological innovation sustain, this has become an urgent issue for the enterprise, especially for our countries'enterprise.
During the process of enterprise's sustainable technological innovation, institutional structure has become an important factor that impact enterprise invents technological innovation continuously and realizes economic growth. The paper defines institutional structure as structural system that comprise of core institution, internal institution and external institution environment. Core institution consist of property right institution, internal institution include entrepreneurship administration institution, HRM institution, technological innovation administration institution and informal institution, and external institutional environment include market, patent, government policy, venture capital institution, and so on. The paper discusses the mechanism that institutional structure factors promote enterprise's sustainable technological innovation. In addition, the paper put forward the concept of institutional structure efficiency from the perspective of institutional conflict, institutional vacuum and institutional linkage, point out that institutional conflict, institutional vacuum is negative correlation with institutional structure efficiency, and institutional linkage is positive correlation with institutional structure efficiency. According to the difficulty of evaluating institutional structure efficiency, the paper put forward the evaluation model from the fuzzy math.
Using the theory that institutional structure promotes enterprise's sustainable technological innovation, the paper put forward the model of enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity and realization, and point out that institutional structure play an important role in the process of realizing enterprise's sustainable technological innovation. In addition, the paper set up the evaluation model of enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity value and realization effectiveness using fuzzy hierarchical evaluation method and risk adjusted coefficient method.
Using the evaluation model of institutional structure efficiency and enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity and realization effectiveness, the paper takes Yunnan Baiyao Groups, Lenovo Groups and Huawei Company as cases, firstly evaluate its institutional structure efficiency, arrive at property right institution is the most important factors that affect institutional structure efficiency. The enterprise that set up the proper property right institution has high institutional structure efficiency, and vice versa. After evaluating enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity value and realization effectiveness of the three enterprises, combined with the result of evaluating institutional structure efficiency, the paper arrive at that institutional structure efficiency is highly correlation with enterprise's sustainable technological innovation realization effectiveness, the enterprise that institutional structure efficiency is high has excellent sustainable technological innovation realization effectiveness, and vice versa. Based on these findings, the paper set up the path that enterprise realizes sustainable technological innovation, and point out that property right institution is the driving power that state-owned enterprise and national-private enterprise realize sustainable technological innovation. As to the private enterprise, it must set up entrepreneurship administration institution firstly to realize sustainable technological innovation. According to the problems and difficulties that our countries'enterprise face, the paper put forward the suggestions as follows:improving enterprise's institutional structure efficiency, leveling enterprise's technological capability, using opportunity, increasing government's supporting, and so on.
技术创新也难在持续,只有少数优秀的企业能够突破持续性技术创新瓶颈,在较长时间内持续不断地推出新的创新项目,以获取垄断利润。企业持续性技术创新难以为继的原因是多方面的,惰性、成功的陷阱、官僚主义盛行、企业家精神泯灭等都会导致企业难以实现持续性技术创新。笔者对阻碍企业持续性技术创新的因素进行分析后发现,企业持续性技术创新难以为继的原因更多地与制度要素相关,制度不健全、制度效率低下是企业难以使技术创新得以持续的主要原因。就我国的企业而言,产权制度不明晰、企业家产权激励制度不健全、员工激励制度不完善等制度要素阻碍了持续性技术创新。基于此,探索企业持续性技术创新实现的制度结构作用机理,从而优化制度结构,突破持续性技术创新实现瓶颈,是我国企业面对的紧迫而又现实的问题。
在企业持续性技术创新过程中,制度结构是影响企业持续不断推出创新项目,实现创新经济效益长期高效增长的重要因素。本文把制度结构界定为对企业持续性技术创新的实施和实现产生重要作用的核心制度层、内部制度层以及外部制度环境层相互耦合、相互促进的结构系统,其中核心制度层由产权制度构成,内部制度层由企业家管理制度、企业内部人才资源管理制度、技术创新管理制度以及非正式制度构成,而外部制度环境则包括市场制度、专利制度、政府政策、风险投资制度以及政府促进创新的其他政策等等,本文对各项制度结构要素影响企业持续性技术创新实现的作用机理进行了深入的探讨。此外,本文进一步分析制度结构效率的概念,指出由于存在制度冲突、制度真空以及制度耦合,制度结构具有不同的效率。当存在制度冲突和制度真空时,制度结构效率低下,当制度要素之间相互耦合时,制度结构效率较高。针对制度结构效率难以定量评价的问题,本文从模糊数学的角度构建了制度结构效率评价模型。
基于企业持续创新实现机制,本文构建了企业持续性技术创新实现模型,指出持续性技术创新动力、持续性技术创新能力以及机遇是企业持续性技术创新实现的三个必不可少的要素。运用企业持续性技术创新实现的制度结构作用机理,本文构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新动力模式、能力模式、机遇模式。以这三个模式为基础,本文构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新实现模式,指出高效率的制度结构对于企业持续性技术创新实现起着重大的促进与支撑作用。本文进而运用模糊层次综合评价法以及风险调整贴现系数法构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新动力、能力以及机遇价值评价模型。综合以上三个评价模型,运用主成分投影法构建了基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新实现效能评价模型。
运用所建立的制度结构效率评价模型和基于制度结构的企业持续性技术创新动力、能力、机遇以及实现效能评价模型,结合我国企业现状,选取云南白药集团、联想集团以及华为公司作为国有企业、国有民营企业以及民营企业的典型企业,进行企业制度结构效率评价和实现效能评价的案例实证应用研究。首先根据三个企业制度结构状况对其效率进行评价,得出产权制度对制度结构效率影响最大,产权制度明晰的企业,其制度结构效率较高,而产权制度不明晰的企业,其制度结构效率较低的基本结论。结合企业制度结构效率评价结果,对企业持续性技术创新动力、能力、机遇价值以及实现效能进行评价的结果表明,制度结构效率与企业持续性技术创新实现有着重大的相关性,制度结构效率高的企业,其持续性技术创新实现效能就高,反之亦然。根据这一结论,本文为我国不同所有制类型企业持续性技术创新实现构建了不同的路径,指出产权制度改革是国有企业和国有民营企业持续性技术创新实现的主要驱动力,而民营企业要实现持续性技术创新,首先要从建立和完善企业家管理制度尤其是企业家培养、选拔、任用制度入手。基于我国企业持续性技术创新实现的问题和困难,本文提出完善企业内部制度结构、提高技术创新项目实施能力、紧密抓住机遇并增强政府政策支持力是我国企业持续性技术创新实现的建议对策。
Technological innovation has replaced traditional production material of capital and labor during the 21st century, it become the most effective methods that push economic growth and cultivate the core competitive capability. Sustainable technological innovation is very important, only the enterprise that make technological innovation sutain can maintain the competitive advantage, so taking sustainable technological innovation strategy is the best way that enterprise realize sustainable development.
It's also difficulty for the enterprise to make technological innovation sustain, only a few excellent enterprises can solve the bottleneck of sustainable technological innovation and invent the new product continually in a long time. There are many reasons that the enterprise can't make technological innovation sustain, such as lazy, trap of success, bureaucracy, loss of entrepreneurship, and so on. So analyzing the factors that promote sustainable technological innovation can make technological innovation sustain, this has become an urgent issue for the enterprise, especially for our countries'enterprise.
During the process of enterprise's sustainable technological innovation, institutional structure has become an important factor that impact enterprise invents technological innovation continuously and realizes economic growth. The paper defines institutional structure as structural system that comprise of core institution, internal institution and external institution environment. Core institution consist of property right institution, internal institution include entrepreneurship administration institution, HRM institution, technological innovation administration institution and informal institution, and external institutional environment include market, patent, government policy, venture capital institution, and so on. The paper discusses the mechanism that institutional structure factors promote enterprise's sustainable technological innovation. In addition, the paper put forward the concept of institutional structure efficiency from the perspective of institutional conflict, institutional vacuum and institutional linkage, point out that institutional conflict, institutional vacuum is negative correlation with institutional structure efficiency, and institutional linkage is positive correlation with institutional structure efficiency. According to the difficulty of evaluating institutional structure efficiency, the paper put forward the evaluation model from the fuzzy math.
Using the theory that institutional structure promotes enterprise's sustainable technological innovation, the paper put forward the model of enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity and realization, and point out that institutional structure play an important role in the process of realizing enterprise's sustainable technological innovation. In addition, the paper set up the evaluation model of enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity value and realization effectiveness using fuzzy hierarchical evaluation method and risk adjusted coefficient method.
Using the evaluation model of institutional structure efficiency and enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity and realization effectiveness, the paper takes Yunnan Baiyao Groups, Lenovo Groups and Huawei Company as cases, firstly evaluate its institutional structure efficiency, arrive at property right institution is the most important factors that affect institutional structure efficiency. The enterprise that set up the proper property right institution has high institutional structure efficiency, and vice versa. After evaluating enterprise's sustainable technological innovation motivation, capability, opportunity value and realization effectiveness of the three enterprises, combined with the result of evaluating institutional structure efficiency, the paper arrive at that institutional structure efficiency is highly correlation with enterprise's sustainable technological innovation realization effectiveness, the enterprise that institutional structure efficiency is high has excellent sustainable technological innovation realization effectiveness, and vice versa. Based on these findings, the paper set up the path that enterprise realizes sustainable technological innovation, and point out that property right institution is the driving power that state-owned enterprise and national-private enterprise realize sustainable technological innovation. As to the private enterprise, it must set up entrepreneurship administration institution firstly to realize sustainable technological innovation. According to the problems and difficulties that our countries'enterprise face, the paper put forward the suggestions as follows:improving enterprise's institutional structure efficiency, leveling enterprise's technological capability, using opportunity, increasing government's supporting, and so on.
引文
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