桐柏—大别造山带南缘边界断裂中生代变形特征及其对碰撞造山过程的启示
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摘要
桐柏-大别造山带以广泛出露的超高压物质受到全世界地质学家的关注。地质和地球物理资料揭示整个造山带内部表现为被断层(或剪切带)围限的总体北倾的岩片组成的构造堆叠体。造山带碰撞-挤出-隆升过程中不同构造岩片分别沿其顶、底滑面运移,从而形成了一系列相互关联彼此联系的断裂-剪切网络。对这些剪切网络的运动轨迹和演化历史进行系统分析,对解决大别造山带造山过程和探讨造山带动力学具有重要科学意义。大别造山带折返地体北界主要由磨子潭-晓天断裂和浒湾剪切带构成,南缘主要有新城-黄陂断裂和襄樊-广济断裂,东缘被郯城-庐江断裂围限。由于变形分解作用,上述边界断裂承担了造山过程中绝大多数的构造变形和位移量,是造山动力学过程研究的重要窗口。
本论文将研究重点集中在前人研究程度较低,但对造山带构造意义重大的造山带南界断层：襄樊-广济断裂(襄广断裂)和新城-黄陂断裂(新黄断裂)。通过野外露头和室内显微构造分析、运动学和动力学分析、U-Pb锆石和云母40Ar/31Ar年代学分析,并结合地球物理和地球化学资料对上述两条主要边界断层进行了系统研究。最后结合前人资料对造山带主要边界断裂体系进行了系统研究,并在此基础上提出了超高压地体两阶段构造挤出的运动轨迹和构造意义。
襄广断裂地处桐柏-大别造山带与扬子前陆的接合部位,是分隔桐柏-大别造山带和扬子陆块的分界线,与造山带构造变形关系密切。造山带变质片岩沿该断裂向南逆冲在未变质-浅变质的扬子陆块北缘岩系之上。对襄广断裂的解析能帮助我们更好地限制桐柏-大别造山带超高压变质地体的折返过程和造山后期扬子陆块与桐柏-大别造山带相互作用过程。前人对襄广断裂的变形模式解释多数是为了配合造山带整体俯冲-折返模型,缺少对其专门的构造地质学研究。复杂多样的俯冲-折返模式也导致了襄广断裂复杂多样的成因机制。如燕山期扬子-大别陆内俯冲缝合带；勉县-略阳缝合带东延；大别南缘扬子盖层向南的重力滑脱面；超高压岩片底部滑动面等等。襄广断裂的多种成因和变形模式也说明它在大别造山带构造演化中的重要地位。
本次研究沿襄广断裂实施了8条实测横切剖面。以商麻断裂为界,襄广断裂东西两段构造差异明显。断裂东段断层走向NW～NNW,现今控制性地表构造显示自南而北的逆冲,主断面南缘的次级断裂中局部保留了早期自北而南的逆冲构造。而地质与地球物理资料揭示襄广断裂东段实际是一个指向南的大规模的低角度逆冲推覆断层。逆冲过程中襄广断裂相对扬子前陆发生了顺时针的旋转,导致二者早期平行的构造元素推覆后呈大角度相交。
襄广断裂西段地表构造总体表现为自北而南的逆冲滑脱。襄广断裂带附近的扬子北缘古生代地层中发育丰富的不协调滑脱褶皱,指示断层性质应为低角度逆冲推覆。板桥店一带被断层围限在扬子古生代地层之上的变质片岩被确定为来自大别山南缘的飞来峰,据此推测襄广断裂向扬子前陆的逆冲推覆距离在30km以上。襄广断裂西段的深部构造行迹与地表一致,亦为向南西的低角度逆冲推覆,并在约15～20km处与扬子中下地壳滑脱层合并后消失,并未切穿moho面。
新城-黄陂断裂西起南阳盆地东缘的河南新城,东过黄陂至浠水马垄镇,再向东还包括张八岭剪切带,绵延500余公里,走向NW-SE,为一韧性逆冲、韧性走滑、脆性逆冲和脆性正滑多期多次联合作用的复杂断层。断层两侧地质体变质、变形特征差异巨大。其南侧为蓝片岩-绿片岩相中浅变质的随州-应城-张八岭构造带,而其北侧则为深变质的高温-超高压变质带,普遍经历了高角闪岩相、麻粒岩相变质作用,甚至出现混合岩化。以往的研究认为新黄断裂是一条形成于白垩纪的右行剪切带,其与同时代的大别北缘的磨子潭-晓天左行剪切带作为南北边界均形成于白垩纪大别山岩片向南东的构造挤出过程中。
本次研究在新城-黄陂剪切带完成了4条大比例尺实测剖面。剖面显示剪切带内岩石主要由斜长片麻岩、片岩和长英质糜棱岩组成,剪切带北侧发育同构造眼球状花岗岩。两侧岩石显示明显的右行剪切特征,但部分观测点见明显指示左行剪切的S-C组构,呈被断层围限的透镜体状夹持于总体右行的剪切带中或被右行剪切叠加。左行剪切拉伸线理方向指向南西,与剪切带走向近垂直,指示上盘指向南西的逆冲型韧性剪切。而右行剪切指向与剪切带走向一致,均为北西-南东向。可以肯定的是在控制现在格局的右行走滑剪切之前,新黄断裂带曾发生过指向南西的逆冲型韧性剪切运动。对逆冲型剪切糜棱岩进行的39Ar/40Ar测年结果显示其变形时间在231～235Ma,冷却时间在220Ma-193Ma,分别对应超高压岩片变质峰期和折返时间,证实在陆陆俯冲阶段和超高压岩片折返过程中桐柏剪切带已经启动。
本论文以大陆动力学和岩石流变学思想为指导,以大别造山带南缘襄樊广济断裂和新城-黄陂断裂为研究对象,利用野外构造地质学、显微构造学、流变学、构造年代学、变质地质学等学科方法探讨襄樊-广济断裂和新城黄陂断裂的运动轨迹、时空演化、成因机制和动力过程问题,并结合前人研究成果,对大别山主要边界断裂进行系统分析,为大别造山带造山动力学和超高压折返机制提供重要信息和证据。获得了以下几点认识。
1.以商麻断裂为界,襄广断裂东西两段构造差异明显。断裂东段断层走向NW-NNW,现今控制性地表构造显示自南而北的逆冲,主断面南缘的次级断裂中局部保留了早期自北而南的逆冲构造。而地质与地球物理资料揭示襄广断裂东段实际是一个指向南的大规模的低角度旋钮式逆冲推覆断层。襄广断裂西段地表构造总体表现为自北而南的逆冲推覆。板桥店一带被断层围限在扬子古生代地层之上的变质片岩被确定为来自大别山南缘的飞来峰,据此推测襄广断裂向扬子前陆的逆冲推覆距离在30km以上。襄广断裂西段的深部构造行迹与地表一致,亦为向南西的低角度逆冲推覆,并在约15～20km处与扬子中下地壳滑脱层合并后消失,并未切穿moho面。
2.襄广断裂经历了五期构造变形：D1期构造变形形成于扬子板块向华北板块陆陆俯冲的峰期阶段(234Ma～231Ma),大别造山带变质片岩逆冲在扬子北缘古生代盖层之上。燕山期(170～160Ma)襄广断裂卷入陆内挤压构造(D2),伴随南北陆块的持续汇聚,襄广断裂变形带向南扩展,早中侏罗世沉积的前陆盆地卷入变形,以发育纵弯褶皱和褶皱相关高角度断层为特征。D3期构造(143～138Ma)仅在断裂东段发育,表现为大别造山带向扬子前陆的顺时针旋钮式逆冲推覆。随后,大约在140～90Ma(D4),来自江南-雪峰陆内造山带(江南隆起)的自南而北的陆内挤压应力场改造了襄广断裂东段的几何形态,将襄广断裂东段总体倾向北东的构造面转换为总体倾向南。而深部(中下地壳)构造形态则变化不大,仍保持自北而南逆冲的构造形态。早白垩世后,襄广断裂进入伸展正滑构造阶段(D5),沿襄广断裂发育了一些小规模的晚白垩世红盆。对襄广断裂张裂石英脉进行的ESR定年显示襄广断裂在新生代张裂作用仍很活跃,因此拉张活动一直持续到新生代。
3.新城-黄陂断裂为一条倾向北东的岩石圈尺度的深大断裂,构造和地貌反映明显,对桐柏-大别造山带构造格局具有重大影响,并至今仍对造山带具有控制意义。主剪切带以指示右行的韧性剪切为主,明显的糜棱岩化大致从南界的脆性断裂向北东延伸1～2km。剪切带内南侧夹有指示逆冲型韧性剪切的糜棱岩、超糜棱岩,指示在右行剪切之前新黄断裂还经历了强烈的逆冲型韧性剪切。
4.新城-黄陂断裂自印支期以来主要经历了四期性质迥异的构造运动。第一期(D1)为指向南西的逆冲型韧性剪切,剪切带变形温度在550～650℃,变形机制以简单剪切为主。同位素测年指示其变形时间为230～235Ma,并在220-195Ma超高压物质退变质过程中以1.5mm/yr速率折返至中地壳尺度。第二期(D2)为指向南东的右行走滑剪切,变形温度在400～500℃,有限应变测量显示剪切带变形以压扭性变形为特征,变形时间为138～144Ma。第三期(D3)和第四期(D4)为新黄断裂后期的脆性变形,形成于白垩纪之后,对新黄断裂的地表出露格架进行了改造。
5.造山带周缘断裂记录了造山带在印支期和燕山期经历了两阶段挤出。超高压地体在235～230Ma沿顶、底拆离面发生向上折返,并在220～195Ma以1.5～1.9mm/yr的速率折返至中地壳,折返动力机制以浮力为主,之后通过构造剥蚀出露地表。燕山期(150～140Ma)超高压地体沿其南、北边界断层发生了向东的侧向构造挤出,受其影响造山带东段发生了向扬子盆地方向的旋钮式挤压。
The Tongbai-Dabie Orogen Belt (DOB) in eastern central China is a600km long, NW-SE trending continental-continental collisional orogen and it was formed by Triassic northward subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sino-Korean craton. The DOB contains one of Earth's three giant UHP terranes (>10,000km2). Geologists have made great efforts on revealing the ultra-high pressure (UHP) exhumation processes. The dynamic mechanism concerning the exact exhumation paths can be mainly divided into four types:buoyancy, disintegration, syn-collisional extrusion and plate detachment. Most of these models are based on petrology, isotope geochemistry and geochronology with only few studies based on structural work. Furthermore, most of the Triassic syn-collisional structures of the DOB have been destroyed by post-collisional extension, igneous intrusion and large-offset strike-slip faulting, which makes it difficult to understand the syn-collisional deformation processes of the DOB.
Several seismic profiles across the DOB have revealed its three-dimensional architecture.The DOB is composed of several fault-bounded slices with continuously changing metamorphic and deformation intensities. These tectonically stacked terranes were extruded upward along their boundary detachment faults. It is widely recognized that systematic studies on kinematics and evolution of these boundary faults can provide firsthand information on the exhumation paths of the orogen. Structural geologists did much work on the Huwan fault and the Mozitan-xiaotian fault in the northern margin, the Tanlu fault along the eastern margin of the DOB. However, the southern boundary faults of the DOB are still poorly understood.
The southern DOB includes two major boundary faults, the Xiangfan-Guangji fault (XGF) and the Xincheng-Huangpi fault (XHF). The XGF separates the DOB from the Yangtze craton and it is the lower boundary detachment of the orogen. Various extrusion models of the DOB give birth to various deformation mechanisms of the X-GF, such as a Jurassic continental-continental subduction zone, eastern extension of the Mianlue suture, S-dipping detachment surface of the Dabieshan dome, lower detachment surface of the UHP terrane. Multi-explanations of the XGF prove that the XGF played an important part in this evolution, but is still porrly understood.
The XHF is the other major boundary fault in the southern DOB. It separates the southern DOB greenschist/blueschist unit (BU) from the DOB UHP complex (UC). The UC is characterized by extensively out-cropping coesite-bearing UHP rocks and is intruded by voluminous Cretaceous plutons, while the BU is composed of HP blueschists and greenschists with rare Cretaceous intrusions. This major fault was even considered as the suture zone between the South China Block and the North China Block.
This study presents integrated macro-and micro structural data constraints on the architecture and kinematics of the two boundary faults in the southern DOB.40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb zircon geochronology is used to determine the deformation time of the faults. We then discuss the implications of the two boundary faults combined with other major boundary faults for the exhumation processes of the DOB. We got following major conclusions.
1. Because of differential deformation and later reconstruction, the structural characters of the western part of the XGF are significantly different from the eastern part. The eastern X-GF trends NWN with15°-60°dip angles to the WSW. The fault is represented by incohesive fault breccia and fault gouge showing brittle deformation characters. Drag folds, fault rock fabrics and slickenlines show reverse fault characters, while the deep pattern of the X-GF represents as a low angle S-Directed thrust. The western part of the X-GF is composed of several NW-SE trending, NE dipping reverse faults. The general attitude of the fault belt is25-60°∠15°～65°. Several Fault-bounded Proterozoic albite-quartz-sericite schist klippes that belong to the DOB were found upon the Paleozoic unmetamorphosed rocks in the Banqiaodian area about30km south from the X-GF. These klippes reveal that the X-GF must have reached a further southern position (at least30km) than present and then it was eroded. The Dengxian-Nanzhang seismic reflection profile across the X-GF reveals that the X-GF is a listric continental crustal subduction fault along which the Yangtze craton subducted beneath the DOB. The dip angle of X-GF becomes gentler with depth and then it is combined to a subhorizontal detachment along the bottom of the upper crust at a depth of about20km.
2. Five distinct episodes of deformation (designated as D1-D5), distinguished on the basis of cross-cutting relationships and deformation overprints, have been recognized in the X-GF. The Dl of the X-GF was characterized by the formation of greenschist facies mylonitic gneisses and it was the main deformation episode. The greenschist/blueschist facies rocks of DOB thrusted onto the Yangtze craton along the X-GF during this stage, the deformation developed in the temperature range from350℃to450℃during234-231Ma and it was a little earlier than the "main" UHP metamorphic event. The succedent D2deformation was characterized by brittle phase NE-dipping reverse faults, conjugated kink zones and buckle folds and it showed NE45°-trending coaxial compression during200-190Ma. The D3deformation is characterized by shallow brittle thrusting and tectonic rotation during-150-140Ma. the western and the eastern parts of the X-GF experienced different kinematic processes during this stage. The D3deformation was subsequently overprinted by a strong N-directed compression (D4deformation) during the Jiangnan intraplate orogeny. Field outcrops reveal that the former N-dipping faults and fold axial planes were reversed to be S-dipping (Fig.6, f). However, the middle-lower crust present early N-dipping reflectors. The stress field from the Jiangnan orogen reached to Wuhan to the north and the western part of the X-GF was scarcely influenced. The D5deformation of X-GF is characterized by local thrusts in a dominantly extensional stage. The Upper Cretaceous red beds locally overlapped on Paleozoic strata. This small thrust of the XGF indicates that the XGF was still active in the late Cretaceous.
3. The Xincheng-Huangpi fault (XHF) is a1-2km wide, NW-trending belt extending for more than500km and is characterized by widely exposed mylonites and ultramylonites. The southern contact of the XHF is cut by later brittle normal faults parallel to the mylonite foliation. Along the ductile XHF a1to2km wide belt of protomylonites, mylonites and locally ultramylonites are exposed. To the north, the XHF gradually transitions into the granulite facies DOB UHP complex.
4. The Xincheng-Huangpi fault (XHF) experienced two episodes of shearing during Mesozoic. It exhumed to middle crustal levels during234-195Ma with exhumation rates of ca.1.5mm/yr. It was contemporary with the Huwan shear zone along the northern boundary of the DC. Coeval thrust-slip and normal sense shear zones along the southern and northern margins of the Tongbai-Dabie UHP complex would have caused southward vertical extrusion of the UHP slab. The UHP metamorphosed rocks then exhumed to the surface by erosion. The later NW-trending dextral strike-slip shearing occurred during145-140Ma.
5. The UHP terrane of Tongbai-Dabie orogen experienced two stage extrusion during Mesozoic. The UHP terrane extruded upperward around234Ma and exhumed to middle crustal levels during220-195Ma with an average exhumation rates of ca.1.5mm/yr. The UHP rocks then exhumed to the surface by erosion. Later NW-SE trending dextral strike-slip shearing of the XHF occurred between145-140Ma and was generally contemporaraneous with sinistral-oblique slip of the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault along the northern margin of the UC. Coeval dextral and sinistral-oblique shearing along the southern and northern margins of the UC would have caused southeastern lateral extrusion. This lateral extrusion has no relationship with the UHP exhumation.
本论文将研究重点集中在前人研究程度较低,但对造山带构造意义重大的造山带南界断层：襄樊-广济断裂(襄广断裂)和新城-黄陂断裂(新黄断裂)。通过野外露头和室内显微构造分析、运动学和动力学分析、U-Pb锆石和云母40Ar/31Ar年代学分析,并结合地球物理和地球化学资料对上述两条主要边界断层进行了系统研究。最后结合前人资料对造山带主要边界断裂体系进行了系统研究,并在此基础上提出了超高压地体两阶段构造挤出的运动轨迹和构造意义。
襄广断裂地处桐柏-大别造山带与扬子前陆的接合部位,是分隔桐柏-大别造山带和扬子陆块的分界线,与造山带构造变形关系密切。造山带变质片岩沿该断裂向南逆冲在未变质-浅变质的扬子陆块北缘岩系之上。对襄广断裂的解析能帮助我们更好地限制桐柏-大别造山带超高压变质地体的折返过程和造山后期扬子陆块与桐柏-大别造山带相互作用过程。前人对襄广断裂的变形模式解释多数是为了配合造山带整体俯冲-折返模型,缺少对其专门的构造地质学研究。复杂多样的俯冲-折返模式也导致了襄广断裂复杂多样的成因机制。如燕山期扬子-大别陆内俯冲缝合带；勉县-略阳缝合带东延；大别南缘扬子盖层向南的重力滑脱面；超高压岩片底部滑动面等等。襄广断裂的多种成因和变形模式也说明它在大别造山带构造演化中的重要地位。
本次研究沿襄广断裂实施了8条实测横切剖面。以商麻断裂为界,襄广断裂东西两段构造差异明显。断裂东段断层走向NW～NNW,现今控制性地表构造显示自南而北的逆冲,主断面南缘的次级断裂中局部保留了早期自北而南的逆冲构造。而地质与地球物理资料揭示襄广断裂东段实际是一个指向南的大规模的低角度逆冲推覆断层。逆冲过程中襄广断裂相对扬子前陆发生了顺时针的旋转,导致二者早期平行的构造元素推覆后呈大角度相交。
襄广断裂西段地表构造总体表现为自北而南的逆冲滑脱。襄广断裂带附近的扬子北缘古生代地层中发育丰富的不协调滑脱褶皱,指示断层性质应为低角度逆冲推覆。板桥店一带被断层围限在扬子古生代地层之上的变质片岩被确定为来自大别山南缘的飞来峰,据此推测襄广断裂向扬子前陆的逆冲推覆距离在30km以上。襄广断裂西段的深部构造行迹与地表一致,亦为向南西的低角度逆冲推覆,并在约15～20km处与扬子中下地壳滑脱层合并后消失,并未切穿moho面。
新城-黄陂断裂西起南阳盆地东缘的河南新城,东过黄陂至浠水马垄镇,再向东还包括张八岭剪切带,绵延500余公里,走向NW-SE,为一韧性逆冲、韧性走滑、脆性逆冲和脆性正滑多期多次联合作用的复杂断层。断层两侧地质体变质、变形特征差异巨大。其南侧为蓝片岩-绿片岩相中浅变质的随州-应城-张八岭构造带,而其北侧则为深变质的高温-超高压变质带,普遍经历了高角闪岩相、麻粒岩相变质作用,甚至出现混合岩化。以往的研究认为新黄断裂是一条形成于白垩纪的右行剪切带,其与同时代的大别北缘的磨子潭-晓天左行剪切带作为南北边界均形成于白垩纪大别山岩片向南东的构造挤出过程中。
本次研究在新城-黄陂剪切带完成了4条大比例尺实测剖面。剖面显示剪切带内岩石主要由斜长片麻岩、片岩和长英质糜棱岩组成,剪切带北侧发育同构造眼球状花岗岩。两侧岩石显示明显的右行剪切特征,但部分观测点见明显指示左行剪切的S-C组构,呈被断层围限的透镜体状夹持于总体右行的剪切带中或被右行剪切叠加。左行剪切拉伸线理方向指向南西,与剪切带走向近垂直,指示上盘指向南西的逆冲型韧性剪切。而右行剪切指向与剪切带走向一致,均为北西-南东向。可以肯定的是在控制现在格局的右行走滑剪切之前,新黄断裂带曾发生过指向南西的逆冲型韧性剪切运动。对逆冲型剪切糜棱岩进行的39Ar/40Ar测年结果显示其变形时间在231～235Ma,冷却时间在220Ma-193Ma,分别对应超高压岩片变质峰期和折返时间,证实在陆陆俯冲阶段和超高压岩片折返过程中桐柏剪切带已经启动。
本论文以大陆动力学和岩石流变学思想为指导,以大别造山带南缘襄樊广济断裂和新城-黄陂断裂为研究对象,利用野外构造地质学、显微构造学、流变学、构造年代学、变质地质学等学科方法探讨襄樊-广济断裂和新城黄陂断裂的运动轨迹、时空演化、成因机制和动力过程问题,并结合前人研究成果,对大别山主要边界断裂进行系统分析,为大别造山带造山动力学和超高压折返机制提供重要信息和证据。获得了以下几点认识。
1.以商麻断裂为界,襄广断裂东西两段构造差异明显。断裂东段断层走向NW-NNW,现今控制性地表构造显示自南而北的逆冲,主断面南缘的次级断裂中局部保留了早期自北而南的逆冲构造。而地质与地球物理资料揭示襄广断裂东段实际是一个指向南的大规模的低角度旋钮式逆冲推覆断层。襄广断裂西段地表构造总体表现为自北而南的逆冲推覆。板桥店一带被断层围限在扬子古生代地层之上的变质片岩被确定为来自大别山南缘的飞来峰,据此推测襄广断裂向扬子前陆的逆冲推覆距离在30km以上。襄广断裂西段的深部构造行迹与地表一致,亦为向南西的低角度逆冲推覆,并在约15～20km处与扬子中下地壳滑脱层合并后消失,并未切穿moho面。
2.襄广断裂经历了五期构造变形：D1期构造变形形成于扬子板块向华北板块陆陆俯冲的峰期阶段(234Ma～231Ma),大别造山带变质片岩逆冲在扬子北缘古生代盖层之上。燕山期(170～160Ma)襄广断裂卷入陆内挤压构造(D2),伴随南北陆块的持续汇聚,襄广断裂变形带向南扩展,早中侏罗世沉积的前陆盆地卷入变形,以发育纵弯褶皱和褶皱相关高角度断层为特征。D3期构造(143～138Ma)仅在断裂东段发育,表现为大别造山带向扬子前陆的顺时针旋钮式逆冲推覆。随后,大约在140～90Ma(D4),来自江南-雪峰陆内造山带(江南隆起)的自南而北的陆内挤压应力场改造了襄广断裂东段的几何形态,将襄广断裂东段总体倾向北东的构造面转换为总体倾向南。而深部(中下地壳)构造形态则变化不大,仍保持自北而南逆冲的构造形态。早白垩世后,襄广断裂进入伸展正滑构造阶段(D5),沿襄广断裂发育了一些小规模的晚白垩世红盆。对襄广断裂张裂石英脉进行的ESR定年显示襄广断裂在新生代张裂作用仍很活跃,因此拉张活动一直持续到新生代。
3.新城-黄陂断裂为一条倾向北东的岩石圈尺度的深大断裂,构造和地貌反映明显,对桐柏-大别造山带构造格局具有重大影响,并至今仍对造山带具有控制意义。主剪切带以指示右行的韧性剪切为主,明显的糜棱岩化大致从南界的脆性断裂向北东延伸1～2km。剪切带内南侧夹有指示逆冲型韧性剪切的糜棱岩、超糜棱岩,指示在右行剪切之前新黄断裂还经历了强烈的逆冲型韧性剪切。
4.新城-黄陂断裂自印支期以来主要经历了四期性质迥异的构造运动。第一期(D1)为指向南西的逆冲型韧性剪切,剪切带变形温度在550～650℃,变形机制以简单剪切为主。同位素测年指示其变形时间为230～235Ma,并在220-195Ma超高压物质退变质过程中以1.5mm/yr速率折返至中地壳尺度。第二期(D2)为指向南东的右行走滑剪切,变形温度在400～500℃,有限应变测量显示剪切带变形以压扭性变形为特征,变形时间为138～144Ma。第三期(D3)和第四期(D4)为新黄断裂后期的脆性变形,形成于白垩纪之后,对新黄断裂的地表出露格架进行了改造。
5.造山带周缘断裂记录了造山带在印支期和燕山期经历了两阶段挤出。超高压地体在235～230Ma沿顶、底拆离面发生向上折返,并在220～195Ma以1.5～1.9mm/yr的速率折返至中地壳,折返动力机制以浮力为主,之后通过构造剥蚀出露地表。燕山期(150～140Ma)超高压地体沿其南、北边界断层发生了向东的侧向构造挤出,受其影响造山带东段发生了向扬子盆地方向的旋钮式挤压。
The Tongbai-Dabie Orogen Belt (DOB) in eastern central China is a600km long, NW-SE trending continental-continental collisional orogen and it was formed by Triassic northward subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sino-Korean craton. The DOB contains one of Earth's three giant UHP terranes (>10,000km2). Geologists have made great efforts on revealing the ultra-high pressure (UHP) exhumation processes. The dynamic mechanism concerning the exact exhumation paths can be mainly divided into four types:buoyancy, disintegration, syn-collisional extrusion and plate detachment. Most of these models are based on petrology, isotope geochemistry and geochronology with only few studies based on structural work. Furthermore, most of the Triassic syn-collisional structures of the DOB have been destroyed by post-collisional extension, igneous intrusion and large-offset strike-slip faulting, which makes it difficult to understand the syn-collisional deformation processes of the DOB.
Several seismic profiles across the DOB have revealed its three-dimensional architecture.The DOB is composed of several fault-bounded slices with continuously changing metamorphic and deformation intensities. These tectonically stacked terranes were extruded upward along their boundary detachment faults. It is widely recognized that systematic studies on kinematics and evolution of these boundary faults can provide firsthand information on the exhumation paths of the orogen. Structural geologists did much work on the Huwan fault and the Mozitan-xiaotian fault in the northern margin, the Tanlu fault along the eastern margin of the DOB. However, the southern boundary faults of the DOB are still poorly understood.
The southern DOB includes two major boundary faults, the Xiangfan-Guangji fault (XGF) and the Xincheng-Huangpi fault (XHF). The XGF separates the DOB from the Yangtze craton and it is the lower boundary detachment of the orogen. Various extrusion models of the DOB give birth to various deformation mechanisms of the X-GF, such as a Jurassic continental-continental subduction zone, eastern extension of the Mianlue suture, S-dipping detachment surface of the Dabieshan dome, lower detachment surface of the UHP terrane. Multi-explanations of the XGF prove that the XGF played an important part in this evolution, but is still porrly understood.
The XHF is the other major boundary fault in the southern DOB. It separates the southern DOB greenschist/blueschist unit (BU) from the DOB UHP complex (UC). The UC is characterized by extensively out-cropping coesite-bearing UHP rocks and is intruded by voluminous Cretaceous plutons, while the BU is composed of HP blueschists and greenschists with rare Cretaceous intrusions. This major fault was even considered as the suture zone between the South China Block and the North China Block.
This study presents integrated macro-and micro structural data constraints on the architecture and kinematics of the two boundary faults in the southern DOB.40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb zircon geochronology is used to determine the deformation time of the faults. We then discuss the implications of the two boundary faults combined with other major boundary faults for the exhumation processes of the DOB. We got following major conclusions.
1. Because of differential deformation and later reconstruction, the structural characters of the western part of the XGF are significantly different from the eastern part. The eastern X-GF trends NWN with15°-60°dip angles to the WSW. The fault is represented by incohesive fault breccia and fault gouge showing brittle deformation characters. Drag folds, fault rock fabrics and slickenlines show reverse fault characters, while the deep pattern of the X-GF represents as a low angle S-Directed thrust. The western part of the X-GF is composed of several NW-SE trending, NE dipping reverse faults. The general attitude of the fault belt is25-60°∠15°～65°. Several Fault-bounded Proterozoic albite-quartz-sericite schist klippes that belong to the DOB were found upon the Paleozoic unmetamorphosed rocks in the Banqiaodian area about30km south from the X-GF. These klippes reveal that the X-GF must have reached a further southern position (at least30km) than present and then it was eroded. The Dengxian-Nanzhang seismic reflection profile across the X-GF reveals that the X-GF is a listric continental crustal subduction fault along which the Yangtze craton subducted beneath the DOB. The dip angle of X-GF becomes gentler with depth and then it is combined to a subhorizontal detachment along the bottom of the upper crust at a depth of about20km.
2. Five distinct episodes of deformation (designated as D1-D5), distinguished on the basis of cross-cutting relationships and deformation overprints, have been recognized in the X-GF. The Dl of the X-GF was characterized by the formation of greenschist facies mylonitic gneisses and it was the main deformation episode. The greenschist/blueschist facies rocks of DOB thrusted onto the Yangtze craton along the X-GF during this stage, the deformation developed in the temperature range from350℃to450℃during234-231Ma and it was a little earlier than the "main" UHP metamorphic event. The succedent D2deformation was characterized by brittle phase NE-dipping reverse faults, conjugated kink zones and buckle folds and it showed NE45°-trending coaxial compression during200-190Ma. The D3deformation is characterized by shallow brittle thrusting and tectonic rotation during-150-140Ma. the western and the eastern parts of the X-GF experienced different kinematic processes during this stage. The D3deformation was subsequently overprinted by a strong N-directed compression (D4deformation) during the Jiangnan intraplate orogeny. Field outcrops reveal that the former N-dipping faults and fold axial planes were reversed to be S-dipping (Fig.6, f). However, the middle-lower crust present early N-dipping reflectors. The stress field from the Jiangnan orogen reached to Wuhan to the north and the western part of the X-GF was scarcely influenced. The D5deformation of X-GF is characterized by local thrusts in a dominantly extensional stage. The Upper Cretaceous red beds locally overlapped on Paleozoic strata. This small thrust of the XGF indicates that the XGF was still active in the late Cretaceous.
3. The Xincheng-Huangpi fault (XHF) is a1-2km wide, NW-trending belt extending for more than500km and is characterized by widely exposed mylonites and ultramylonites. The southern contact of the XHF is cut by later brittle normal faults parallel to the mylonite foliation. Along the ductile XHF a1to2km wide belt of protomylonites, mylonites and locally ultramylonites are exposed. To the north, the XHF gradually transitions into the granulite facies DOB UHP complex.
4. The Xincheng-Huangpi fault (XHF) experienced two episodes of shearing during Mesozoic. It exhumed to middle crustal levels during234-195Ma with exhumation rates of ca.1.5mm/yr. It was contemporary with the Huwan shear zone along the northern boundary of the DC. Coeval thrust-slip and normal sense shear zones along the southern and northern margins of the Tongbai-Dabie UHP complex would have caused southward vertical extrusion of the UHP slab. The UHP metamorphosed rocks then exhumed to the surface by erosion. The later NW-trending dextral strike-slip shearing occurred during145-140Ma.
5. The UHP terrane of Tongbai-Dabie orogen experienced two stage extrusion during Mesozoic. The UHP terrane extruded upperward around234Ma and exhumed to middle crustal levels during220-195Ma with an average exhumation rates of ca.1.5mm/yr. The UHP rocks then exhumed to the surface by erosion. Later NW-SE trending dextral strike-slip shearing of the XHF occurred between145-140Ma and was generally contemporaraneous with sinistral-oblique slip of the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault along the northern margin of the UC. Coeval dextral and sinistral-oblique shearing along the southern and northern margins of the UC would have caused southeastern lateral extrusion. This lateral extrusion has no relationship with the UHP exhumation.
引文
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