技术进步、制度演化与企业多重边界
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摘要
企业边界的变化反映了经济组织体系的演进过程。新经济条件下新型经济组织形式的广泛出现使企业边界的演化出现了新特点,“企业”与“市场”的边界划分显出了局限,主流企业边界分析范式面临着挑战。近年来企业边界的研究向多种理论的综合趋势发展。本文通过对企业边界的交易费用理论和企业能力理论两大研究范式的比较发现,将两大范式综合在一起,可以把对企业边界的短期、静态分析推进到长期、动态分析,并将企业边界与产业组织的动态演化联系起来。二元范式的综合可以很好地解释交易费用、企业能力、企业边界与产业边界之间的共同演化关系,并从产业层面揭示出企业边界的动态演进机制。
企业的多重性质决定了企业多重边界的存在,从企业多重边界的演化可以全面透视企业的性质。除了主流企业理论所关注的“规模边界”,企业还有“组织边界”、“法律边界”、“能力边界”和“知识边界”,多重边界间彼此约束,相互影响。企业多重边界的分析框架,可以较好地解释新型经济组织形式的特征和出现的原因。虚拟企业、战略联盟、跨边界合作研发等新型经济组织形式验证了企业多重边界的存在。从企业多重边界的视角看,企业的成长并不只有内部积累和并购两种方式。新型经济组织形式能够实现企业多重边界的协同演化,因而有助于企业在日益多变的环境下建立竞争优势,实现新型的成长。
传统企业边界理论分析由于缺乏对企业边界历史演化过程的分析,不能很好地揭示企业边界演化的动因。本文以技术进步和制度演化为两大线索对企业边界的历史演化过程进行了综合分析。企业边界的演化是技术进步和制度演化共同作用的结果。技术进步对企业规模边界决策影响的理论模型分析,解释了近年来企业规模边界由一体化转向外包的发展趋势。实证数据分析说明,企业的规模边界反过来会影响企业技术创新活动的投入和绩效。正是新经济时代信息网络技术的迅速发展为当前企业多重边界的分离和协同演化创造了条件。
经济组织是技术影响竞争力的中间媒介,实现多重边界协同演化的新型经济组织是更加有效率经济组织。中国企业必须尽快向新型经济组织升级,才能更好地适应技术进步的要求,提升其在全球产业链分工网络中的地位。政府的作用是制定相应的产业政策和技术政策推动企业向新型经济组织升级。
The changes of firm boundaries reflects the evolution of economic organization system. Firm boundaries show some new features as many new forms of economic organization emerging in the New Economy. The boundary between "firm" and "market" shows some limitations. The mainstream analysis pattern of firm boundaries faces some new challenges. Recently, many kinds of research theories on firm boundaries turns to be synthesized, and can provide good explanations for some new economic phenomenon. The new combination of the two primary firm boundary frameworks based on the TCE theory and Competence-based theory shows the co-evolution relationships between transaction costs and competence, firm boundary and industry boundary.
Firm's multiple natures determines the multiple boundaries of the firm, and from the evolution of firm's multiple boundaries, we can understand firm's natures well enough. Except "scale-boundary" in mainstream firm theory, firms also have "organization-boundary", "law-boundary", "capability-boundary" and "knowledge-boundary", which restrict and affect each other. Multiple boundaries analysis framework proposed in this paper can explain the characteristics and emerging of new economic organization forms, such as virtual enterprise and strategic alliance etc. The multiple boundaries of the firm become separated. New economic organizations can expand its capability-boundary and knowledge-boundary while its organization-boundary and law-boundary are unchanged or even shrinking.
From the history of the firm's development, we can find that the multiple boundaries of the firm evolved with technological progress and institutional change. Academic model which established to analyze how technology progress influenced the firm's scale-boundary can explain the trend of firm boundary which transform from vertical integration to outsourcing. The data from empirical study reveals that the scale-boundary could influence the input and performances of firm's technological innovations. The development of IT provides opportunities for the separation and synergy evolution of firm's multiple boundaries.
Economic organization is medium through which technology influence competitive advantages. New economic organizations are more effective organizations whose multiple boundaries can evolve harmoniously. In order to satisfy the demand of technology progress, as well as to promote the status in the globe industrial chain and divisional networks, Chinese firms should upgrade themselves to new economic organizations as soon as possible, The government's role in this progress is a provider of good environment including make industrial and technological policy etc.
企业的多重性质决定了企业多重边界的存在,从企业多重边界的演化可以全面透视企业的性质。除了主流企业理论所关注的“规模边界”,企业还有“组织边界”、“法律边界”、“能力边界”和“知识边界”,多重边界间彼此约束,相互影响。企业多重边界的分析框架,可以较好地解释新型经济组织形式的特征和出现的原因。虚拟企业、战略联盟、跨边界合作研发等新型经济组织形式验证了企业多重边界的存在。从企业多重边界的视角看,企业的成长并不只有内部积累和并购两种方式。新型经济组织形式能够实现企业多重边界的协同演化,因而有助于企业在日益多变的环境下建立竞争优势,实现新型的成长。
传统企业边界理论分析由于缺乏对企业边界历史演化过程的分析,不能很好地揭示企业边界演化的动因。本文以技术进步和制度演化为两大线索对企业边界的历史演化过程进行了综合分析。企业边界的演化是技术进步和制度演化共同作用的结果。技术进步对企业规模边界决策影响的理论模型分析,解释了近年来企业规模边界由一体化转向外包的发展趋势。实证数据分析说明,企业的规模边界反过来会影响企业技术创新活动的投入和绩效。正是新经济时代信息网络技术的迅速发展为当前企业多重边界的分离和协同演化创造了条件。
经济组织是技术影响竞争力的中间媒介,实现多重边界协同演化的新型经济组织是更加有效率经济组织。中国企业必须尽快向新型经济组织升级,才能更好地适应技术进步的要求,提升其在全球产业链分工网络中的地位。政府的作用是制定相应的产业政策和技术政策推动企业向新型经济组织升级。
The changes of firm boundaries reflects the evolution of economic organization system. Firm boundaries show some new features as many new forms of economic organization emerging in the New Economy. The boundary between "firm" and "market" shows some limitations. The mainstream analysis pattern of firm boundaries faces some new challenges. Recently, many kinds of research theories on firm boundaries turns to be synthesized, and can provide good explanations for some new economic phenomenon. The new combination of the two primary firm boundary frameworks based on the TCE theory and Competence-based theory shows the co-evolution relationships between transaction costs and competence, firm boundary and industry boundary.
Firm's multiple natures determines the multiple boundaries of the firm, and from the evolution of firm's multiple boundaries, we can understand firm's natures well enough. Except "scale-boundary" in mainstream firm theory, firms also have "organization-boundary", "law-boundary", "capability-boundary" and "knowledge-boundary", which restrict and affect each other. Multiple boundaries analysis framework proposed in this paper can explain the characteristics and emerging of new economic organization forms, such as virtual enterprise and strategic alliance etc. The multiple boundaries of the firm become separated. New economic organizations can expand its capability-boundary and knowledge-boundary while its organization-boundary and law-boundary are unchanged or even shrinking.
From the history of the firm's development, we can find that the multiple boundaries of the firm evolved with technological progress and institutional change. Academic model which established to analyze how technology progress influenced the firm's scale-boundary can explain the trend of firm boundary which transform from vertical integration to outsourcing. The data from empirical study reveals that the scale-boundary could influence the input and performances of firm's technological innovations. The development of IT provides opportunities for the separation and synergy evolution of firm's multiple boundaries.
Economic organization is medium through which technology influence competitive advantages. New economic organizations are more effective organizations whose multiple boundaries can evolve harmoniously. In order to satisfy the demand of technology progress, as well as to promote the status in the globe industrial chain and divisional networks, Chinese firms should upgrade themselves to new economic organizations as soon as possible, The government's role in this progress is a provider of good environment including make industrial and technological policy etc.
引文
1 这些新型组织形式又被称为“中间性组织”。
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5 青岛市企业技术中心的下属企业均为在企业内部独立设立了技术中心的企业,因此本文认为这些企业可以代表有一定创新能力的企业。
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4 这里的相对能力是指企业能够比供应商更低的产品和更高的质量交付产品和劳务。
5 Anne Parmigiani首次将企业同时制造和购买同一种货物的决策称作“并行资源获取”。
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9 同上,310页
10 奥利佛·E·威廉姆森,西德尼·G·温特编,姚海鑫,刑源源译,《企业的性质——起源、演变和发展》,商务印书局,2007年2月,30页。
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12 同上,175页。
13 同上,126页。
14 同上,135页。
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17 Teece, David J. and Pisano, Gary(1994), "The Dynamic Capabilities of Firm:An Introduction" Industrial and Corporate Changer,3(3),537-566.
18 Nickerson,Jack A.,Todd R.Zenger.(2004), "A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm—The Problem-Solving Perspective".Organization Science,15(6):617-632.
19 Brusoni,S.,A.Prencipe,K.Pavitt. (2001), "Knowledge Specialization,Organizational Coupling,and the Boundaries of the Firm:Why do Firms Know More than They Make?". Administrative Science Quarterly, (46):597-621.
20 Jeffrey T. Macher.(2006)."Technological Development and the Boundaries of the Firm:A Knowledge-Based Examination in Semiconductor Manufacturing", Management Science, Vol.52, No.6, June,826-843
21 奥利佛·E·威廉姆森,西德尼·G·温特编.企业的性质——起源、演变和发展.姚海鑫,刑源源译.商务印书局.2007年2月,244页。
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24 笔者主要梳理了2000年以后国外企业边界方面的文献。
1 马克思：《资本论》第1卷,第475-476页。
2 杨小凯,黄有光著,《专业化与经济组织——一种新兴古典微观经济学框架》,张玉纲译,经济科学出版社,1999年,346页。
3 徐宏玲,《模块化组织研究》,西南财经大学出版社,2006年,10页。
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1 小艾尔弗雷德·钱德勒：《规模与范围——工业资本主义的原动力》,华夏出版社,2006年1月,32页。
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3 伊迪丝·彭罗斯著,赵晓译《企业成长理论》,上海三联书店,2007年,108页。
4 本节中所讨论的企业边界主要指企业的纵向规模边界。
5 青岛市企业技术中心的下属企业均为在企业内部独立设立了技术中心的企业,因此本文认为这些企业可以代表有一定创新能力的企业。
1 奥利佛·E·威廉姆森.交易成本经济学与组织理论[C]／／乔瓦尼·多西,大卫·蒂斯,约瑟夫·查特里编,童牧,何奕译,《技术、组织与竞争优势》,上海人民出版社,2007年,128页。
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6 李维安等：《网络组织：组织发展新趋势》,经济科学出版社,2003,79页。
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8 肯尼思·阿罗著,万谦译,《组织的极限》,华夏出版社,2006年,33页。
9 T.F.Bresnahan, E. Brynjolfsson and L.M. Hitt, "information technology, workplace organization, and the demand for skilled labor:firm-level evidence",the quarterly journal of ecnomics, February 2002.pp339-376.
10 E. Brynjolfsson and L.M. Hitt, "beyond computation:information technology, organizational transformation and business performance",Journal of Economic Perpective,Fall2000,pp.23-48.
11 伊迪丝·彭罗斯：《企业成长理论》,上海三联书店,2007,21页。
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1 科斯：《企业的性质》,陈郁译,《企业、市场与法律》,上海三联书店,1990年,
2 陈朝壁,《罗马法原理》(上),台湾：商务印书馆,1979年,125页。
3 奥利佛·E·威廉姆森,西德尼·G·温特编,《企业的性质——起源、演变和发展》,姚海鑫,刑源源译,商务印书局,2007年,262页。
4 同上,275。
5 同上
6 Williamson, Oliver E.1991."Comparative Economic Organization:The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives, " Administrative Science Quarterly 36:274.
7 斯科特·E·马斯腾编,陈海威,李强译,《契约和组织案例研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2005年,11页。
8 Brickley, James A., Frederick H.Dark, and Michael. S.Weisbach.1991. "The Economic Effects of Franchise Termination Laws, " Journal of Law and Economics 34:101-132.
9 李维安等,《公司治理》,南开大学出版社,2001年46页。
10 Larsson, Rikard, (1993), The Handshake between Invisible and Visible Hands, Int. Studies of Mgt. & Org. (1):101.
1 马歇尔著,康运杰译,《经济学原理》,华夏出版社,2005年,121页。
2 弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克,冯克利等译,《致命的自负》,中国社会科学出版社2000年,9页。
3 伊迪丝·彭罗斯著,赵晓译,《企业成长理论》,上海三联书店,2007年,77页。
4 Winter Jr,Sidney G.(1988), "On Coase,Competence,and the Corporation", Journal of Low,Economics,and Organization,4(1), Spring,163-180.Reprinted in Williamson and Winter(1991).
5 阿尔弗雷德D.钱德勒,彼得·哈格斯特隆等编,《透视动态企业——技术、战略、组织和区域的作用》,吴晓波,耿帅译,机械工业出版社,2005年,171页。
6 这里将与企业核心业务领域无关的知识统称为“背景知识”。
7 弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克,《自由秩序原理》,邓正来译,生活、读书、新知三联书店,2003年,32页。
1 [英]伊迪丝·彭罗斯著,《企业成长理论》,赵晓译,上海三联书店,2007年59页。
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4 钱德勒提到“对生产设施、经销和管理三方面进行相互关联的投资”决定了企业是否能够充分利用规模经济和范围经济,其实质就是对企业能力边界的一种扩展。
5 [英]伊迪丝·彭罗斯著,《企业成长理论》,赵晓译,上海三联书店,2007年53页。
6 同上,5页。
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8 Teece, David J. and Pisano, Gary(1994), "The Dynamic Capabilities of Firm:An Introduction" Industrial and Corporate Changer,3(3),537-566.
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10 Barney,J.B.Special Theory Forum the Resource—based Model of the Firm:Origins Implications and Prospects.Journal of Management.1991,(17):120-132.
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