无线Ad Hoc网络跨层优化关键技术研究
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摘要
无线Ad Hoc网络由于其自组织、自配置、无需基础设施的特点，可广泛应用于商业、军事和工业等诸多领域。近年来，无线Ad Hoc网络的业务日益多样化，数据业务特别是多媒体数据业务对网络性能提出了更高的要求。无线Ad Hoc网络存在资源有限、信道衰落、拓扑动态以及多跳干扰等特点。传统的网络分层设计虽然降低了网络设计的复杂性，但是每层之间很少共享信息，协议栈无法有效利用有限的频谱及功率资源，分层设计的无线网络难以提供高质量的无线通信服务。跨层优化利用各层之间相关信息将网络作为整体进行设计和优化，是提高无线网络性能极具潜力的新兴技术，为了满足无线Ad Hoc网络中高性能应用的要求，需要利用跨层优化来对网络整体进行优化设计。
为此，本文针对无线多接口多信道Ad Hoc网络的特点，利用跨层优化对无线AdHoc网络的信道分配与功率分配、多播拥塞控制与多信道功率分配、信道分配与机会调度以及路由与信道分配等方面进行探索和研究，取得一些创新性研究成果，主要的研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1.为了提高无线多接口多信道Ad Hoc网络容量，降低无线网络节点间同频信道干扰，研究了信道与功率分配联合优化问题，并将其转化为混合整数非线性规划模型。针对模型提出了一种迭代求解算法——联合优化两阶段迭代算法，在第一阶段采用启发式算法分配信道，在第二阶段采用分布式算法分配功率。仿真实验结果表明，相对固定信道的功率分配，联合优化的两阶段迭代算法可有效降低节点间干扰，提高网络性能。
2.为了提高无线节点的能量效能，在无线多信道Ad Hoc网络中提供高性能多播数据传输，建立了基于效用的多播速率控制与节点功率分配的联合优化模型。利用对偶分解理论将优化模型分解为源端拥塞控制和节点各信道的功率分配子问题，采用次梯度算法设计分布式优化算法。该算法可在源端节点控制流量避免拥塞，在中间节点控制功率消除链路瓶颈。实验结果表明，通过跨层优化降低了节点的能量消耗，在网络性能和能量消耗方面取得较好的平衡。
3.为了提高多信道中继网络的机会调度性能，将子信道分配、机会调度和中继节点选择联合起来建立了兼顾网络吞吐量和用户公平性的跨层优化模型，并提出两种可满足调度实时性要求的机会调度算法。调度算法首先通过子信道分配和中继选择建立到达终端用户的最优路径，然后机会调度终端用户。实验结果表明，选择最优中继节点的机会调度可提升网络性能。
4.为了有效利用多接口多信道资源提供端到端服务质量，研究了无线多接口多信道AdHoc网络中干扰感知的跨层QoS多信道路由问题。设计了多信道网络链路剩余可用带宽估计方法，然后提出了路由算法，在路由建立过程中根据剩余带宽动态分配信道，结合分布式呼叫接纳控制避免网络过载，并使用最优路径度量建立了干扰感知的多信道QoS路由。仿真结果表明，本文提出的路由算法可通过动态分配信道降低同频干扰，提升网络性能和成功接受率。
Wireless Ad Hoc networks are widely used in commercial, military, industry andother fields for its self-organizing, self-configuring, and non-infrastructure. Recently, thediversity of business of wireless Ad Hoc network is increasingly, such as data services,especially multimedia data services put forward higher requirements on networkperformance. However, the limited resources, channel fading, dynamic topology andmulti-hop interference in wireless Ad Hoc network make the network protocols designedby traditional hierarchical have poor performance. Although traditional layer reduces thecomplexity of network design, it does not allow information sharing between each layer ofthe protocol stack that accounts for using the limited spectrum and power resources withinefficiency. Cross-layer optimization designs and optimizes the network as a wholethrough exchanging information of the layers, which is a significant theory to improvewireless network performance. Cross-layer optimization should be considered whileproviding high-performance applications in wireless Ad Hoc network.
In this dissertation, aiming at the wireless multi-radio multi-channel Ad Hoc network,cross-layer optimization is explored and researched, including channel and powerallocation, multicast rate control and power allocation, channel assignment andopportunistic scheduling, and routing and channel assignment in wireless Ad Hoc network.
1. In order to improve the capacity of wireless multi-radio multi-channel Ad Hocnetwork and reduce interference of links, the optimization of joint channel and powerallocation is proposed in this dessertation which is transformed into a non-linearmixed-integer programming model. A two-stage iterative algorithm is proposed in thedissertation for joint optimization, which uses heuristic algorithm to assign the channel inthe first stage and distributed algorithm to allocate power in the second stage. The resultsof simulation show that the channel and power joint allocation has better performance thanthe fixed channel and greedy channel assignment; the two-stage iterative algorithm caneffectively reduce the interference between nodes to improve the network utility.
2. In order to improve the effectiveness of the energy of the wireless nodes and toprovide high-performance multicast data transmission in multi-radio wirelessmulti-channel Ad Hoc network, cross-layer optimization is proposed to address aggregateutility of multicast and power allocation. The problem is formulated as a no-convexoptiminzation. Through dual decomposition approach, optimization model is decomposedinto congestion control at source and power allocation at node. Using the the subgradientalgorithm, a distributed algorithm is designed, which can controlle flow rate at the sourceto avoid congestion and allocate power in the intermediate nodes, as a result it eliminatesthe link bottleneck. Simulation results show that the cross-layer optimization cansignificantly reduce the energy consumption of the node, and obtain better balancebetween the network performance and energy consumption.
3. In order to improve the opportunistic scheduling performance in multi channelrelay network, the sub channel allocation, opportunity scheduling and relay selection arejointed to establish a cross-layer optimization model which address the network throughputand user fairness, and two rapid scheduling algorithms are proposed which can meet thereal-time scheduling requirements. Scheduling algorithms firstly select relay nods andassign sub channel for the established optimal path to reach the end-user, then selectoptimal end-user. Simulation results show that the opportunity scheduling can improvenetwork performance by selecting the optimal relay node.
4. n order to effectively utilize the multi-radio multi-channel resources so as toprovide end to end quality of service, The dessertation studies interference-aware QoSrouting in wireless multi-radio multi-channel Ad Hoc network. Ia residual bandwidthestimation method in multi-channel network is designed. The routing algorithmdynamically allocates channel through the residual bandwidth in the process of routing, adistributed call admission control is integrated to prevent network overload and the optimalpath metric is used to establish interference-aware multi-channel QoS routing. Simulationresults show that the hybrid routing algorithm can reduce co-channel interference, improvenetwork performance and acceptance rate by assigning channels dynamically.
为此，本文针对无线多接口多信道Ad Hoc网络的特点，利用跨层优化对无线AdHoc网络的信道分配与功率分配、多播拥塞控制与多信道功率分配、信道分配与机会调度以及路由与信道分配等方面进行探索和研究，取得一些创新性研究成果，主要的研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1.为了提高无线多接口多信道Ad Hoc网络容量，降低无线网络节点间同频信道干扰，研究了信道与功率分配联合优化问题，并将其转化为混合整数非线性规划模型。针对模型提出了一种迭代求解算法——联合优化两阶段迭代算法，在第一阶段采用启发式算法分配信道，在第二阶段采用分布式算法分配功率。仿真实验结果表明，相对固定信道的功率分配，联合优化的两阶段迭代算法可有效降低节点间干扰，提高网络性能。
2.为了提高无线节点的能量效能，在无线多信道Ad Hoc网络中提供高性能多播数据传输，建立了基于效用的多播速率控制与节点功率分配的联合优化模型。利用对偶分解理论将优化模型分解为源端拥塞控制和节点各信道的功率分配子问题，采用次梯度算法设计分布式优化算法。该算法可在源端节点控制流量避免拥塞，在中间节点控制功率消除链路瓶颈。实验结果表明，通过跨层优化降低了节点的能量消耗，在网络性能和能量消耗方面取得较好的平衡。
3.为了提高多信道中继网络的机会调度性能，将子信道分配、机会调度和中继节点选择联合起来建立了兼顾网络吞吐量和用户公平性的跨层优化模型，并提出两种可满足调度实时性要求的机会调度算法。调度算法首先通过子信道分配和中继选择建立到达终端用户的最优路径，然后机会调度终端用户。实验结果表明，选择最优中继节点的机会调度可提升网络性能。
4.为了有效利用多接口多信道资源提供端到端服务质量，研究了无线多接口多信道AdHoc网络中干扰感知的跨层QoS多信道路由问题。设计了多信道网络链路剩余可用带宽估计方法，然后提出了路由算法，在路由建立过程中根据剩余带宽动态分配信道，结合分布式呼叫接纳控制避免网络过载，并使用最优路径度量建立了干扰感知的多信道QoS路由。仿真结果表明，本文提出的路由算法可通过动态分配信道降低同频干扰，提升网络性能和成功接受率。
Wireless Ad Hoc networks are widely used in commercial, military, industry andother fields for its self-organizing, self-configuring, and non-infrastructure. Recently, thediversity of business of wireless Ad Hoc network is increasingly, such as data services,especially multimedia data services put forward higher requirements on networkperformance. However, the limited resources, channel fading, dynamic topology andmulti-hop interference in wireless Ad Hoc network make the network protocols designedby traditional hierarchical have poor performance. Although traditional layer reduces thecomplexity of network design, it does not allow information sharing between each layer ofthe protocol stack that accounts for using the limited spectrum and power resources withinefficiency. Cross-layer optimization designs and optimizes the network as a wholethrough exchanging information of the layers, which is a significant theory to improvewireless network performance. Cross-layer optimization should be considered whileproviding high-performance applications in wireless Ad Hoc network.
In this dissertation, aiming at the wireless multi-radio multi-channel Ad Hoc network,cross-layer optimization is explored and researched, including channel and powerallocation, multicast rate control and power allocation, channel assignment andopportunistic scheduling, and routing and channel assignment in wireless Ad Hoc network.
1. In order to improve the capacity of wireless multi-radio multi-channel Ad Hocnetwork and reduce interference of links, the optimization of joint channel and powerallocation is proposed in this dessertation which is transformed into a non-linearmixed-integer programming model. A two-stage iterative algorithm is proposed in thedissertation for joint optimization, which uses heuristic algorithm to assign the channel inthe first stage and distributed algorithm to allocate power in the second stage. The resultsof simulation show that the channel and power joint allocation has better performance thanthe fixed channel and greedy channel assignment; the two-stage iterative algorithm caneffectively reduce the interference between nodes to improve the network utility.
2. In order to improve the effectiveness of the energy of the wireless nodes and toprovide high-performance multicast data transmission in multi-radio wirelessmulti-channel Ad Hoc network, cross-layer optimization is proposed to address aggregateutility of multicast and power allocation. The problem is formulated as a no-convexoptiminzation. Through dual decomposition approach, optimization model is decomposedinto congestion control at source and power allocation at node. Using the the subgradientalgorithm, a distributed algorithm is designed, which can controlle flow rate at the sourceto avoid congestion and allocate power in the intermediate nodes, as a result it eliminatesthe link bottleneck. Simulation results show that the cross-layer optimization cansignificantly reduce the energy consumption of the node, and obtain better balancebetween the network performance and energy consumption.
3. In order to improve the opportunistic scheduling performance in multi channelrelay network, the sub channel allocation, opportunity scheduling and relay selection arejointed to establish a cross-layer optimization model which address the network throughputand user fairness, and two rapid scheduling algorithms are proposed which can meet thereal-time scheduling requirements. Scheduling algorithms firstly select relay nods andassign sub channel for the established optimal path to reach the end-user, then selectoptimal end-user. Simulation results show that the opportunity scheduling can improvenetwork performance by selecting the optimal relay node.
4. n order to effectively utilize the multi-radio multi-channel resources so as toprovide end to end quality of service, The dessertation studies interference-aware QoSrouting in wireless multi-radio multi-channel Ad Hoc network. Ia residual bandwidthestimation method in multi-channel network is designed. The routing algorithmdynamically allocates channel through the residual bandwidth in the process of routing, adistributed call admission control is integrated to prevent network overload and the optimalpath metric is used to establish interference-aware multi-channel QoS routing. Simulationresults show that the hybrid routing algorithm can reduce co-channel interference, improvenetwork performance and acceptance rate by assigning channels dynamically.
引文
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