油茶内生拮抗菌Y13定殖动态及其防治炭疽病作用机理
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摘要
油茶炭疽病(Camellia oleifera anthracnose)是我国油茶的主要病害之一,严重引起落花落果,大大降低了油茶产量。目前对于油茶炭疽病的防治主要是化学防治,但化学农药残留严重污染了环境和生态安全,并且有害生物的抗药性也日益严重。生物防治具有安全、高效及无污染等特点,因此已经成为防治植物病害的重要途径,受到人们的广泛关注。本实验室从油茶健康叶上分离得到的一株对油茶炭疽病具有良好防治效果的内生细菌Y13,经鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。我们研究发现,Y13对油茶炭疽病有较好的防治效果,但田间试验效果不稳定。为了有效利用此菌株,本论文以内生细菌Y13为对象,研究Y13在油茶体内的定殖动态及对炭疽病菌的作用机理,主要研究结果如下：
(1)油茶内生拮抗细菌Y13在体内的定殖动态。采用抗生素标记法对Y13进行筛选,得到了抗利福平菌株Y13R；通过盆栽试验,采用喷叶,灌根和蘸根三种处理方式对油茶苗进行Y13接种处理,在不同时间内测定了在油茶根、茎、叶内Y13的定殖数量,不同处理方法均可使Y13在油茶体内各部位定殖,喷叶接种法只能在油茶叶及茎内检测到Y13菌株,根内检测不到,且Y13种群数量在油茶茎叶中呈现先上升后下降的趋势,第10d左右叶中定殖量达到高峰,为5.88×103cfu/g,第25d时,茎中已检测不到Y13菌株,在叶中的定殖量仍可达1.8×103cfu/g；蘸根处理中,Y13在根、茎中数量呈逐渐下降趋势,在叶片中数量逐渐上升,20d左右有所下降,到25d左右定殖量稳定在1.28×103cfu/g左右；灌根处理与蘸根处理相似。从Y13在油茶体内的定殖部位来看,Y13在叶中的定殖量最多,根和茎中较少,从不同的处理方式比较,喷叶接种法Y13定殖量较大,其次是蘸根和灌根。
(2)Y13抗菌活性物质的分离及其特性研究。通过平板对峙培养法,测定了Y13发酵滤液对油茶炭疽病的抑菌效果可达61.2%,说明Y13分泌有效抑菌活性物质至胞外；对发酵滤液利用有机溶剂提取活性物质结果表明：该活性物质不溶于有机溶剂,可被甲醇、乙醇沉淀,说明该物质极性较大；采用酸碱沉淀法提取活性物质结果表明,活性物质可在酸性条件下沉淀出来,且pH2-3时沉淀活性最强；采用不同浓度硫酸铵盐盐析法提取活性物质,结果表明,活性物质可被硫酸铵盐析沉淀,且在70%的硫酸铵饱和度下粗提物的拮抗活性最大；硫酸铵盐析物经3500Da透析袋透析后测定其活性也可达39.8%,推测该类活性物质为抗菌蛋白类物质。对活性粗提物进行理化性质研究,结果表明,该活性物质对热较稳定,对紫外线照射不敏感,在中性pH条件下较稳定,在强碱条件下不稳定,在酸性条件下易产生沉淀,对胰蛋白酶不敏感,对蛋白酶K部分敏感。
(3)Y13对油茶炭疽病诱导抗性机制。通过Y13诱导处理及炭疽病菌接种油茶苗,测定了不同接种时间油茶体内的PAL、POD、SOD、PPO等酶活性及MDA含量和活性氧产生速率变化,结果表明,Y13诱导处理后, PAL、POD、PPO和SOD活性明显增强。同时Y13和炭疽病处理组诱导处理第3dPAL活性达到最大,为对照的2.9倍,只接种Y13及炭疽病处理组PAL活性于第5d达到高峰,分别是对照组的2.1和2.8倍；POD和SOD诱导后第5d活性最高,分别比对照增加了15.5-29.5及8.5-20.5个酶活性单位；PPO诱导后3d达活性高峰,7d后迅速下降。活性氧(O2-)产生速率诱导后1d最大,比对照增加80.6%,10d左右接近对照,Y13单独诱导和同时Y13和炭疽病菌诱导均使MDA含量在第1d时迅速下降,第3d左右比对照下降了36%。Y13通过诱导油茶体内相关抗病基因的表达,从而增强了油茶内防御酶SOD、POD、PPO等活性,减少油茶内活性氧物质,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,从而增强了油茶综合抗病能力。
Camellia oleifera anthracnose is one of the major diseases in China's Camellia producing areas. It occurs broadly and causes serious drop in buds and leaves, sometimes resulting in the death of the tree. The Camellia anthrax prevention and treatment by planting resistant varieties and chemical control to control the growing problem of pest resistance, and chemical pesticide residues pose a serious hazard. Characteristics of biological control for its safety, efficiency and no pollution has become an important way of plant diseases, widespread concem.Endophytic bacteria Y13is isolated from the healthy leaves of Camellia which has good control effect to Camellia anthrax, the strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis.
The study found that endophytic bacteria Y13has better control effect to Camellia anthracnose. But the control effect is not stable in field experiment.so In order to effectively take advantage of this strain, take endophytic bacteria Y13as research object,the paper studied Y13'colonization in Camellia oleifera and mechanism to Camellia anthrax. The main results are as follows:
(1) Colonization of Endophytic bacteria Y13in the Camellia. Endophytic bacteria Y13was induced by rifampicin and obtained Y13R by antibiotics labeled method.By pot experiment,cameilia seedlings were inoculated with Y13by sprayings pouring root and dipping root.and determinded Y13's quantity on different time.Different inoculated methods made Y13'colonization in Camellia.the Y13strain can only be detected in the oil tea leaves and stems,not detected in roots by spray leaf inoculation.and Y13's quantity incresed at first time and decreased at end.on the10d the quantity of Y13in the leaves reached its peak,5.88×103cfu/g. On the25d Y13can not be detected in the stems,but in the leaves Y13'quantity can reach1-8×103cfu/g.By dip root treatment,Y13'quantity decreased gradually in roots and stems but increased in leaves.and decreased on the20d.the quantity of Y13in leaves reached1-28X103cfu/g or so on the25d. Irrigation is similar to dipping root. According to the colonization site of Y13in the Camellia oleifera,the quantity of Y13in the leaves is larger than roots and stems. According to the treatment,spray is better than pouring root and dipping root.
(2) Characteristics and separation of antibacterial substance inY13.By plate confrontation culture, determinded the inhibitory effect of Y13sterile filtrate to the Camellia anthrax up to61.2%, which showed that Y13secreted active material to extracellular, indicating effective inhibition of Y13secretion of active substances to the extracellular, the use of organic solvents to extract the active substances results show that:the active substances is not soluble in organic solvents, can be precipitated by methanol and ethanol, indicating that the polarity of the substance is large, using PH precipitation method extract active meterial showed that:Active substances can be precipitated under acidic conditions PH2-3precipitated the strongest activity, using different concentrations of ammonium sulfate precipitation method to extract the active substance, the results show that the active substances can be precipitated by ammonium sulfate. and the activity of substance is highest in70%ammonium sulfate, The activity of salt analyte reached39.8%after dialysis.so we can conjecture the active substance is protein.on activity in crude extracts of the physicochemical properties, the results showed that the antagonistic activity of substance stable to heat, was not sensitive to the ultraviolet radiation stable in neutral pH conditions, unstable in acid and alkali conditions, easy to produce precipitation under acidic conditionspartially sensitive to proteinase K is not sensitive to trypsin.
(3) Study on the induced resistant mechanism of Y13to Camellia anthrax. By Y13'induce and Camellia anthrax treatment, changes of Camellia seedlings'resistance enzymes PAL、POD、SOD、PPO and content of MDAand AOX production rate were determinded on different inoculation time.The results show that, After induction treatment of Y13, the activities of PAL, POD, PPO and SOD in the plant leaves inereased obviously. the PAL activity of vaccination Y13and anthrax reached their maximum3days after the treatment, and showed2.9fold higher more than the water control treatment. When only anthrax vaccine or Y13, the PAL activity reached a peak in5days,1.7and2.3fold higher more than the water control treatment respectively; the activity of POD and SOD after induction come to the highest in5days, increased of15.5-29.5and8.5-20.5units of one activity respectively, compared with the control treatment; PPO activity reached its peak3days after the induction, but decreased rapidly7days latter.02-production rate reached its peak1day after the induction,increased of80.6%, compared with the control treatment,and then tended to normal level10days latter. MDA content Vaccination Y13Individually and simultaneously inoculation Y13and anthrax decreased rapidly after induction treatment lday. decreased of36%, compared with the control treatment3days latter.Y13induced resistance gene expression in Camellia, thus increased the Camellia defense enzymes SOD, POD, PPO activity, reduced the Camellia reactive oxygen species, reduced membrane lipid peroxide level, thereby enhanced the Camellia comprehensive resistance ability.
(1)油茶内生拮抗细菌Y13在体内的定殖动态。采用抗生素标记法对Y13进行筛选,得到了抗利福平菌株Y13R；通过盆栽试验,采用喷叶,灌根和蘸根三种处理方式对油茶苗进行Y13接种处理,在不同时间内测定了在油茶根、茎、叶内Y13的定殖数量,不同处理方法均可使Y13在油茶体内各部位定殖,喷叶接种法只能在油茶叶及茎内检测到Y13菌株,根内检测不到,且Y13种群数量在油茶茎叶中呈现先上升后下降的趋势,第10d左右叶中定殖量达到高峰,为5.88×103cfu/g,第25d时,茎中已检测不到Y13菌株,在叶中的定殖量仍可达1.8×103cfu/g；蘸根处理中,Y13在根、茎中数量呈逐渐下降趋势,在叶片中数量逐渐上升,20d左右有所下降,到25d左右定殖量稳定在1.28×103cfu/g左右；灌根处理与蘸根处理相似。从Y13在油茶体内的定殖部位来看,Y13在叶中的定殖量最多,根和茎中较少,从不同的处理方式比较,喷叶接种法Y13定殖量较大,其次是蘸根和灌根。
(2)Y13抗菌活性物质的分离及其特性研究。通过平板对峙培养法,测定了Y13发酵滤液对油茶炭疽病的抑菌效果可达61.2%,说明Y13分泌有效抑菌活性物质至胞外；对发酵滤液利用有机溶剂提取活性物质结果表明：该活性物质不溶于有机溶剂,可被甲醇、乙醇沉淀,说明该物质极性较大；采用酸碱沉淀法提取活性物质结果表明,活性物质可在酸性条件下沉淀出来,且pH2-3时沉淀活性最强；采用不同浓度硫酸铵盐盐析法提取活性物质,结果表明,活性物质可被硫酸铵盐析沉淀,且在70%的硫酸铵饱和度下粗提物的拮抗活性最大；硫酸铵盐析物经3500Da透析袋透析后测定其活性也可达39.8%,推测该类活性物质为抗菌蛋白类物质。对活性粗提物进行理化性质研究,结果表明,该活性物质对热较稳定,对紫外线照射不敏感,在中性pH条件下较稳定,在强碱条件下不稳定,在酸性条件下易产生沉淀,对胰蛋白酶不敏感,对蛋白酶K部分敏感。
(3)Y13对油茶炭疽病诱导抗性机制。通过Y13诱导处理及炭疽病菌接种油茶苗,测定了不同接种时间油茶体内的PAL、POD、SOD、PPO等酶活性及MDA含量和活性氧产生速率变化,结果表明,Y13诱导处理后, PAL、POD、PPO和SOD活性明显增强。同时Y13和炭疽病处理组诱导处理第3dPAL活性达到最大,为对照的2.9倍,只接种Y13及炭疽病处理组PAL活性于第5d达到高峰,分别是对照组的2.1和2.8倍；POD和SOD诱导后第5d活性最高,分别比对照增加了15.5-29.5及8.5-20.5个酶活性单位；PPO诱导后3d达活性高峰,7d后迅速下降。活性氧(O2-)产生速率诱导后1d最大,比对照增加80.6%,10d左右接近对照,Y13单独诱导和同时Y13和炭疽病菌诱导均使MDA含量在第1d时迅速下降,第3d左右比对照下降了36%。Y13通过诱导油茶体内相关抗病基因的表达,从而增强了油茶内防御酶SOD、POD、PPO等活性,减少油茶内活性氧物质,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,从而增强了油茶综合抗病能力。
Camellia oleifera anthracnose is one of the major diseases in China's Camellia producing areas. It occurs broadly and causes serious drop in buds and leaves, sometimes resulting in the death of the tree. The Camellia anthrax prevention and treatment by planting resistant varieties and chemical control to control the growing problem of pest resistance, and chemical pesticide residues pose a serious hazard. Characteristics of biological control for its safety, efficiency and no pollution has become an important way of plant diseases, widespread concem.Endophytic bacteria Y13is isolated from the healthy leaves of Camellia which has good control effect to Camellia anthrax, the strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis.
The study found that endophytic bacteria Y13has better control effect to Camellia anthracnose. But the control effect is not stable in field experiment.so In order to effectively take advantage of this strain, take endophytic bacteria Y13as research object,the paper studied Y13'colonization in Camellia oleifera and mechanism to Camellia anthrax. The main results are as follows:
(1) Colonization of Endophytic bacteria Y13in the Camellia. Endophytic bacteria Y13was induced by rifampicin and obtained Y13R by antibiotics labeled method.By pot experiment,cameilia seedlings were inoculated with Y13by sprayings pouring root and dipping root.and determinded Y13's quantity on different time.Different inoculated methods made Y13'colonization in Camellia.the Y13strain can only be detected in the oil tea leaves and stems,not detected in roots by spray leaf inoculation.and Y13's quantity incresed at first time and decreased at end.on the10d the quantity of Y13in the leaves reached its peak,5.88×103cfu/g. On the25d Y13can not be detected in the stems,but in the leaves Y13'quantity can reach1-8×103cfu/g.By dip root treatment,Y13'quantity decreased gradually in roots and stems but increased in leaves.and decreased on the20d.the quantity of Y13in leaves reached1-28X103cfu/g or so on the25d. Irrigation is similar to dipping root. According to the colonization site of Y13in the Camellia oleifera,the quantity of Y13in the leaves is larger than roots and stems. According to the treatment,spray is better than pouring root and dipping root.
(2) Characteristics and separation of antibacterial substance inY13.By plate confrontation culture, determinded the inhibitory effect of Y13sterile filtrate to the Camellia anthrax up to61.2%, which showed that Y13secreted active material to extracellular, indicating effective inhibition of Y13secretion of active substances to the extracellular, the use of organic solvents to extract the active substances results show that:the active substances is not soluble in organic solvents, can be precipitated by methanol and ethanol, indicating that the polarity of the substance is large, using PH precipitation method extract active meterial showed that:Active substances can be precipitated under acidic conditions PH2-3precipitated the strongest activity, using different concentrations of ammonium sulfate precipitation method to extract the active substance, the results show that the active substances can be precipitated by ammonium sulfate. and the activity of substance is highest in70%ammonium sulfate, The activity of salt analyte reached39.8%after dialysis.so we can conjecture the active substance is protein.on activity in crude extracts of the physicochemical properties, the results showed that the antagonistic activity of substance stable to heat, was not sensitive to the ultraviolet radiation stable in neutral pH conditions, unstable in acid and alkali conditions, easy to produce precipitation under acidic conditionspartially sensitive to proteinase K is not sensitive to trypsin.
(3) Study on the induced resistant mechanism of Y13to Camellia anthrax. By Y13'induce and Camellia anthrax treatment, changes of Camellia seedlings'resistance enzymes PAL、POD、SOD、PPO and content of MDAand AOX production rate were determinded on different inoculation time.The results show that, After induction treatment of Y13, the activities of PAL, POD, PPO and SOD in the plant leaves inereased obviously. the PAL activity of vaccination Y13and anthrax reached their maximum3days after the treatment, and showed2.9fold higher more than the water control treatment. When only anthrax vaccine or Y13, the PAL activity reached a peak in5days,1.7and2.3fold higher more than the water control treatment respectively; the activity of POD and SOD after induction come to the highest in5days, increased of15.5-29.5and8.5-20.5units of one activity respectively, compared with the control treatment; PPO activity reached its peak3days after the induction, but decreased rapidly7days latter.02-production rate reached its peak1day after the induction,increased of80.6%, compared with the control treatment,and then tended to normal level10days latter. MDA content Vaccination Y13Individually and simultaneously inoculation Y13and anthrax decreased rapidly after induction treatment lday. decreased of36%, compared with the control treatment3days latter.Y13induced resistance gene expression in Camellia, thus increased the Camellia defense enzymes SOD, POD, PPO activity, reduced the Camellia reactive oxygen species, reduced membrane lipid peroxide level, thereby enhanced the Camellia comprehensive resistance ability.
引文
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