添加纳米二氧化钛对硅橡胶抗菌性影响的实验研究
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摘要
弹性硅橡胶作为一种目前最常应用的颌面赝复材料,在临床中被用于制作颜面赝复体、鼻阻塞器等。由于弹性硅橡胶表面疏松多孔,易为白色念珠菌黏附,从而导致患者白色念珠菌性口炎的发生,同时也加速了硅橡胶的老化。减少硅橡胶表面白色念珠菌的附着,口腔白色念珠菌病的发生,进而减缓硅橡胶的老化时间,是颌面赝复材料研究中的重要课题。
近年来,无机抗菌材料被广泛用于多个领域,其中纳米二氧化钛作为一种新型的抗菌材料,被广泛用于塑料、陶瓷及化妆品工业中。纳米二氧化钛是一种光催化抗菌材料,在光照条件下可产生羟基自由基,杀灭多种细菌,同时作为催化剂,自身不消耗。故因其抗菌谱广、作用持久、生物安全性良好等优点,纳米二氧化钛也被用于口腔医学材料的研究中。
本研究通过进行纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂与载银抗菌剂的抗菌性比较,并在室温固化型硅橡胶A-2186硅橡胶中加入纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂和载银抗菌剂,筛选出合适的抗菌剂添加剂;测定加入合适抗菌剂后硅橡胶的抗菌性;测量加入抗菌剂后硅橡胶赝复体机械性能,以评价加入纳米抗菌剂对赝复硅橡胶性能的影响,并评价其临床适用性。实验结果表明:
1通过液体稀释法对两种纳米载银抗菌剂与两种纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂对白色念珠菌的抗菌性进行比较,测定最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。两种纳米载银抗菌剂的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)均为40mg/mL。载银纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂浓度为20mg/mL,纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂浓度为40mg/mL时,与对照组相比细菌生长明显减少。纳米载银抗菌剂与纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂对白色念珠菌均有抗菌效果,且纳米载银抗菌剂比纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂抗菌效果好。
2将四种抗菌剂按质量比分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%加入A-2186硅橡胶,室温固化。纳米磷酸锆载银抗菌粉体、纳米层状银系无机抗菌剂及载银纳米二氧化钛的A-2186硅橡胶均不固化,而加入纳米二氧化钛对A-2186硅橡胶固化没有影响。
3在A-2186硅橡胶中加入质量比分别为0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的纳米二氧化钛,其中0%组为对照组,采用薄膜密着法在光照和非光照条件下测定硅橡胶对白色念珠菌的抗菌性能。添加纳米二氧化钛的硅橡胶在光照和非光照条件下均能起到抑制白色念珠菌的功效,光照下抗菌功效强于非光照下,随抗菌剂浓度的增高,硅橡胶抗菌性增强。且光照条件下,添加剂量为2.0%时抗菌性能最好,抑菌率可达到85.9%。
4硅橡胶材料的机械性能通过以下四个指标来衡量:拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度、邵氏硬度。在A-2186硅橡胶中加入质量比分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的纳米二氧化钛后,结果表明随着抗菌剂浓度的增加拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度均呈先升高后降低的趋势,邵氏硬度呈逐渐增高的趋势。添加质量比为1.0%、1.5%的硅橡胶拉伸强度与对照组有差别,高于对照组。2.0%质量比的硅橡胶邵氏硬度与对照组有差别,高于对照组,但各组的值均在理想范围内。当添加质量比为1.5%时,拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度均为最高且邵氏硬度在理想范围内。
Silicone elastomer is a maxillofacial prosthetic material. It is used to make facial prosthetic appliance and obturator in clinic. Candida albicans sticks to silicone elastomer easily because silicone elastomer is porous and it will cause denture stomatitis of patients and increase the ageing of silicone elastomer.
In recent years, inorganic antibacterial agents are used widely. As a new antibacterial material, nano- TiO2 is used in plastic, ceramic and cosmetic industry. Nano- TiO2 is a photocatalytic material. Under light, nano- TiO2 produces hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radical is highly toxic toward microorganism. Nano- TiO2 is catalyst during the process of killing bacteria, so it doesn’t decrease. It can kill many kinds of organisms .The duration of its photocatalytic effect can be long lasting and nano- TiO2 is safe. Thus nano- TiO2 is used in dentistry .
This study was aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of nano-silver base antibacterial agent and nano-TiO2 antibacterial agent. Then antifungal agents were added into silicone elastomer, the most suitable antifungal agent was selected. Then the antimicrobial effect of silicone elastomer was examined after adding the selected antibacterial agent. Finally, the mechanical function of silicone elastomer was examined after adding antibacterial agent. The results were shown below:
1 Four kinds of antibacterial were selected. There were two nano-silver base antibacterial agents and two nano-TiO2 antibacterial agent. Their Minimal Bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Candida albicans was determined by Liquid Dilution method. The MBC of two kinds of nano-silver base antibacterial agents were 40mg/mL .When the concentration was 20mg/mL, the number of recovered viable bacteria of one kind of nano-TiO2 antibacterial agent was considerably less than that of the control group,while the other was 40mg/mL. Nano-silver base antibacterial agents and nano-TiO2 antibacterial agents both had fine antibacterial effect against Candida albicans, and the effect of nano-silver base antibacterial agents were better than nano-TiO2 antibacterial agents.
2 Four kinds of antibacterial agents were added into A-2186 silicone elastomer. The incorporating percentages were 0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%(W/W) .Then the silicone elastomer weren’t solidified except nano- TiO2 antibacterial agents without silver.
3 Nano-TiO2 was added into A-2186 silicone elastomer, whose incorporating percentage was 0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%(W/W) .Nano- TiO2 was not added into the control group. Then the antibacterial effect of the A-2186 silicone elastomer was determined by the film contact method with light and in the dark. Either with light or in the dark, the A-2186 silicone elastomer containing nano-TiO2 had the antibacterial activities against Candida albicans. With increase of the incorporating percentage of nano-TiO2, the antibacterial effect was enhanced. With the same incorporating percentage, the antibacterial effect of the condition with light was better than that in the dark. When the incorporating percentage was 2.0%, the inhibitory rate was 85.9% with light.
4 To study the mechanical function of silicone elastomer, the tensile strength (MPa),the elongation at break (%),the tear strength (kN/m) and the Shore-A hardness were tested. After adding 0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%(W/W) nano-TiO2,the result showed that with increase of the incorporating percentage of nano-TiO2, the tensile strength ,the elongation at break and the tear strength (kN/m) increased first and then decrease, the Shore-A hardness increased. When the incorporating dose was 1.0% and 1.5%, the tensile strength had significance with control group and when the incorporating percentage was 2.0%, the Shore-A hardness had significance with control group. When the incorporating dose was 1.5%, the mechanical function of silicone elastomer was the best.
近年来,无机抗菌材料被广泛用于多个领域,其中纳米二氧化钛作为一种新型的抗菌材料,被广泛用于塑料、陶瓷及化妆品工业中。纳米二氧化钛是一种光催化抗菌材料,在光照条件下可产生羟基自由基,杀灭多种细菌,同时作为催化剂,自身不消耗。故因其抗菌谱广、作用持久、生物安全性良好等优点,纳米二氧化钛也被用于口腔医学材料的研究中。
本研究通过进行纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂与载银抗菌剂的抗菌性比较,并在室温固化型硅橡胶A-2186硅橡胶中加入纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂和载银抗菌剂,筛选出合适的抗菌剂添加剂;测定加入合适抗菌剂后硅橡胶的抗菌性;测量加入抗菌剂后硅橡胶赝复体机械性能,以评价加入纳米抗菌剂对赝复硅橡胶性能的影响,并评价其临床适用性。实验结果表明:
1通过液体稀释法对两种纳米载银抗菌剂与两种纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂对白色念珠菌的抗菌性进行比较,测定最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。两种纳米载银抗菌剂的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)均为40mg/mL。载银纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂浓度为20mg/mL,纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂浓度为40mg/mL时,与对照组相比细菌生长明显减少。纳米载银抗菌剂与纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂对白色念珠菌均有抗菌效果,且纳米载银抗菌剂比纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂抗菌效果好。
2将四种抗菌剂按质量比分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%加入A-2186硅橡胶,室温固化。纳米磷酸锆载银抗菌粉体、纳米层状银系无机抗菌剂及载银纳米二氧化钛的A-2186硅橡胶均不固化,而加入纳米二氧化钛对A-2186硅橡胶固化没有影响。
3在A-2186硅橡胶中加入质量比分别为0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的纳米二氧化钛,其中0%组为对照组,采用薄膜密着法在光照和非光照条件下测定硅橡胶对白色念珠菌的抗菌性能。添加纳米二氧化钛的硅橡胶在光照和非光照条件下均能起到抑制白色念珠菌的功效,光照下抗菌功效强于非光照下,随抗菌剂浓度的增高,硅橡胶抗菌性增强。且光照条件下,添加剂量为2.0%时抗菌性能最好,抑菌率可达到85.9%。
4硅橡胶材料的机械性能通过以下四个指标来衡量:拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度、邵氏硬度。在A-2186硅橡胶中加入质量比分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的纳米二氧化钛后,结果表明随着抗菌剂浓度的增加拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度均呈先升高后降低的趋势,邵氏硬度呈逐渐增高的趋势。添加质量比为1.0%、1.5%的硅橡胶拉伸强度与对照组有差别,高于对照组。2.0%质量比的硅橡胶邵氏硬度与对照组有差别,高于对照组,但各组的值均在理想范围内。当添加质量比为1.5%时,拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度均为最高且邵氏硬度在理想范围内。
Silicone elastomer is a maxillofacial prosthetic material. It is used to make facial prosthetic appliance and obturator in clinic. Candida albicans sticks to silicone elastomer easily because silicone elastomer is porous and it will cause denture stomatitis of patients and increase the ageing of silicone elastomer.
In recent years, inorganic antibacterial agents are used widely. As a new antibacterial material, nano- TiO2 is used in plastic, ceramic and cosmetic industry. Nano- TiO2 is a photocatalytic material. Under light, nano- TiO2 produces hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radical is highly toxic toward microorganism. Nano- TiO2 is catalyst during the process of killing bacteria, so it doesn’t decrease. It can kill many kinds of organisms .The duration of its photocatalytic effect can be long lasting and nano- TiO2 is safe. Thus nano- TiO2 is used in dentistry .
This study was aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of nano-silver base antibacterial agent and nano-TiO2 antibacterial agent. Then antifungal agents were added into silicone elastomer, the most suitable antifungal agent was selected. Then the antimicrobial effect of silicone elastomer was examined after adding the selected antibacterial agent. Finally, the mechanical function of silicone elastomer was examined after adding antibacterial agent. The results were shown below:
1 Four kinds of antibacterial were selected. There were two nano-silver base antibacterial agents and two nano-TiO2 antibacterial agent. Their Minimal Bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Candida albicans was determined by Liquid Dilution method. The MBC of two kinds of nano-silver base antibacterial agents were 40mg/mL .When the concentration was 20mg/mL, the number of recovered viable bacteria of one kind of nano-TiO2 antibacterial agent was considerably less than that of the control group,while the other was 40mg/mL. Nano-silver base antibacterial agents and nano-TiO2 antibacterial agents both had fine antibacterial effect against Candida albicans, and the effect of nano-silver base antibacterial agents were better than nano-TiO2 antibacterial agents.
2 Four kinds of antibacterial agents were added into A-2186 silicone elastomer. The incorporating percentages were 0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%(W/W) .Then the silicone elastomer weren’t solidified except nano- TiO2 antibacterial agents without silver.
3 Nano-TiO2 was added into A-2186 silicone elastomer, whose incorporating percentage was 0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%(W/W) .Nano- TiO2 was not added into the control group. Then the antibacterial effect of the A-2186 silicone elastomer was determined by the film contact method with light and in the dark. Either with light or in the dark, the A-2186 silicone elastomer containing nano-TiO2 had the antibacterial activities against Candida albicans. With increase of the incorporating percentage of nano-TiO2, the antibacterial effect was enhanced. With the same incorporating percentage, the antibacterial effect of the condition with light was better than that in the dark. When the incorporating percentage was 2.0%, the inhibitory rate was 85.9% with light.
4 To study the mechanical function of silicone elastomer, the tensile strength (MPa),the elongation at break (%),the tear strength (kN/m) and the Shore-A hardness were tested. After adding 0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%(W/W) nano-TiO2,the result showed that with increase of the incorporating percentage of nano-TiO2, the tensile strength ,the elongation at break and the tear strength (kN/m) increased first and then decrease, the Shore-A hardness increased. When the incorporating dose was 1.0% and 1.5%, the tensile strength had significance with control group and when the incorporating percentage was 2.0%, the Shore-A hardness had significance with control group. When the incorporating dose was 1.5%, the mechanical function of silicone elastomer was the best.
引文
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52 Adams LK, Lyon DY, Alvarez PJ. Comparative eco-toxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO water suspensions. Water Res,2006 ,40(19):3527-32.
53王潇婕,许智轩,张玉梅等.添加纳米二氧化钛树脂基托材料抗菌性能研究.临床口腔医学杂志,2007,23(5):270-272
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66郭莉,丁寅,束嫘,等.纳米TiO2陶瓷涂层托槽对菌斑附着的影响.第四军医大学学报,2006,27(9):848-850
67 Suketa N, Sawase T, Kitaura H, et al. An antibacterial surface on dental implants,based on the photocatalytic bactericidal effect. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7(2):105-111
68佘文君,张富强.6种纳米级载银无机抗菌剂对口腔病原菌的抗菌活性比较.上海口腔医学,2003,12(5):356-358
69张富强,佘文君,傅远飞.6种纳米载银无机抗菌剂的体外细胞毒性比较.中华口腔医学杂志,2005,40(6):504-507
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71方明,陈吉华,徐修礼.不同种类无机抗菌剂对口腔致病菌抗菌性能比较及其检测方法探讨[J].口腔医学研究,2006,22 (1):12-14
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77 Pigno MA,Goldschmidt MC,Lemon JC. The efficacy of antifungal agents incorporated into a facial prosthetic silicone elastomer .J Prosthet Dent,1994,71(3)1:295-300
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50 Madrid AP, Morales SR, Fierro CL, et al. TEM evidence of ultrastructural alteration on Pseudomonas aeruginosa by photocatalytic TiO2 thin films . J Photochem Photobiol B, 2003, 70(1): 45 - 50
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53王潇婕,许智轩,张玉梅等.添加纳米二氧化钛树脂基托材料抗菌性能研究.临床口腔医学杂志,2007,23(5):270-272
54 Zhang WW, Chen YQ, Yu SQ, et al. Preparation and antibacterial behavior of Fe3+-doped nano-structured TiO2 thin films. Thin Solid Films,2008,516(15):4690-4694
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57 Seven O, Dindar B, Aydemir S, et al. Solar photocatalytic disinfection of a group of bacteria and fungi aqueous suspensions with TiO2, ZnO and Sahara desert dust. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem, 2004, 165(1): 103 - 107
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64 Lonnen L, Kilvington S, Kehoe SC, et al. Solar and photocatalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water. Water Res, 2005, 39(5), 877-883
65束嫘,丁寅,曹勇.纳米陶瓷涂层托槽的研制.实用口腔医学杂志,2005,21(2):252—255
66郭莉,丁寅,束嫘,等.纳米TiO2陶瓷涂层托槽对菌斑附着的影响.第四军医大学学报,2006,27(9):848-850
67 Suketa N, Sawase T, Kitaura H, et al. An antibacterial surface on dental implants,based on the photocatalytic bactericidal effect. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7(2):105-111
68佘文君,张富强.6种纳米级载银无机抗菌剂对口腔病原菌的抗菌活性比较.上海口腔医学,2003,12(5):356-358
69张富强,佘文君,傅远飞.6种纳米载银无机抗菌剂的体外细胞毒性比较.中华口腔医学杂志,2005,40(6):504-507
70隆泉,郑保忠,周应揆.新型纳米无机抗菌剂的抗菌性能研究.功能材料,2006,2(37):274-276
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73马千淇,赵铱民,吴国锋等.添加抗菌剂的硅橡胶赝复材料体外抗白色念珠菌性能研究.临床口腔医学杂志,2007,23(2):98-99
74佘文珺,胡滨,张富强.纳米载银无机抗菌剂对义齿基托树脂抗菌性能的影响。上海交通大学学报(医学版),2006,26(10):1096-1098
75 Gruber RG, Lucatarto EM, Molnar EJ. Fungus growth on tissue conditioners and soft denture liners. Rev Dent Liban,1968,18(3):36-43
76 Masella RP, Dolan CT, Laney WR. The prevention of the growth of Candida on Silastic 390 soft liner for dentures. J Prosthet Dent,1975,33(3):250-257
77 Pigno MA,Goldschmidt MC,Lemon JC. The efficacy of antifungal agents incorporated into a facial prosthetic silicone elastomer .J Prosthet Dent,1994,71(3)1:295-300
78国家标准局.中华人民共和国国家标准,GB528-76
79国家标准局.中华人民共和国国家标准,GB/T 528-1998,硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶拉伸应力应变性能的测定
80国家标准局.中华人民共和国国家标准,GB/T 529-1999,硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的测定(裤形、直角形和新月形试样)
81国家标准局.中华人民共和国国家标准,GB/T 531-1992,硫化橡胶邵尔A硬度试验方法
82温其诚.硬度计量.第一版.北京:中国计量出版社,1991
83 Mckelvey JM. Polymer Processing. New York: John Wiley, 1962.Chap10,23～129
84 Waters M, Jagger R, Polyzois G, et al. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of maxillofacial elastomers. J Prosthet Dent,1997,78(5):501～505
85广州橡胶工业总公司教材编写组.橡胶物理测试.广州橡胶工业总公司出版社.1985,1～2
86 Lewis DH, Castleberry DJ. An assessment of recent advances in maxillofacial prosthetic materials. J Prosthet Dent,1980,43(4):426～432