TA15合金TIG焊及焊后氢处理对接头组织和性能的影响
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摘要
本文研究了不同TIG焊接工艺参数及焊后氢处理对TA15合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响;并初步建立了TA15合金TIG焊接接头组织转变模型及熔合区气孔形成机制。利用金相显微镜、透射电子显微(TEM)镜观察了焊缝的组织形貌。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了拉伸断口形貌。在CMT5305型电子万能力学试验机和HV-5型维氏硬度计上进行力学性能测试。
研究结果表明,减小焊接电流或者加快焊接速度将引起熔池面积变小,焊接接头处出现气孔、减薄,熔合区出现冷裂纹。增大焊接电流使焊缝区组织粗大,晶粒内部针状马氏体增多,接头硬度、强度和塑性都有所提高。开坡口使接头熔池面积变小,熔宽减小。焊缝铸造组织和热影响区晶粒有所细化,晶界明显,α′相增多。两次重熔组织粗大,焊缝区β晶粒内α相网篮状排列,强度和塑性略有提高,但随着重熔次数的增加,组织更加粗大,强度和塑性都呈下降趋势。装配间隙会引起严重地焊接变形与减薄,开坡口对消除缺陷有一定的作用。拉伸断口有明显的撕裂棱和平台区域,断裂方式是沿晶断裂,有较浅的、不均匀的韧窝区域。
TA15合金TIG焊缝以联生结晶形成的β柱状晶为主,垂直于熔合线竖直向焊缝表面以平面晶方式生长。焊缝精细结构主要是板条α′钛马氏体。气孔特征研究表明,钛合金TIG焊产生形状规则,尺寸小、孔壁光滑的冶金特征气孔,乃气体依附“气孔核”聚集长大所致,与表面污染有关。
经过700℃/3h渗氢处理,TA15合金中形成平行排列的条状δ氢化物,对组织形貌产生了模糊作用,焊缝区大晶粒的内部产生了大量的针状马氏体α"相,具有一定的方向性。共析处理使亚稳β(H)和α"相逐渐分解为α和δ氢化物。真空除氢过程中δ氢化物分解、H2逸出,钛合金发生再结晶。氢处理使焊接件组织很大程度地细化,由平面柱状晶向等轴晶转变,晶内非平衡相减少,力学性能有较大提高。经过700℃/3h渗氢+300℃/8h共析+750℃/8h真空去氢的焊接件强度提高25.7%,塑性提高37.6%。氢处理焊接件拉伸断口宏观上比较平坦,平台区域很难观察到析出的针状α相,仍属于沿晶断裂。
The effect of different TIG welding parameter and succeeding hydrogen treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy weld specimen was studied in this paper. The model on microstructure change of TIG welded joint in TA15 titanium alloy and the mechanism on porosity formed in fusion area were theorized. The microstructure was observed by an optical microscope and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The surface morphology of tensile fracture was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties were carried out on a CMT5305 electron uniwersal mechanics testing machine and HV-5 Vickers hardness tester.
The results showed that as reducing weld electric current or increasing weld speed, the acreage of fused bath became smaller, and porosity was observed in welded joint, and cold cracking was observed in fusion area, and grains became bigger in weld bead, and acerose martensite phase increased in grain inside. Hardness and strength and ductility of weld joint had been increased. The acreage of fused bath and weld width became smaller with getting a bevel on joint. The microstructure of weld bead and HAZ was fined, and the boundary of grains was bloomed, and phaseα′increased. After twice remelting treating, phaseαarranded as net-basket in phaseβgrains inside, and trength and ductility of weld joint had advanced slightly. But grains became more coarse and trength and ductility dropped with more times remelting. The fit-up gap resulted in badly deformation. There were visible tearing arris and flatness on the surface morphology of tensile fracture. The mechanism of cracking was intercrystalline cracking. Some shallow and asymmetrical dimples were observed.
The weld crystallization of TA15 titanium alloy TIG welding is characterized by adnate and epitaxial growth. The grains growth as flat grain in the weld bead directed to the center of weld surface perpendicular to the fusion line. The microstructure of weld bead was batten martensite phaseα′. The microstructure of porosity showed that porosity observed in welds of TA15 titanium alloy TIG welding was small round metallurgical porosity with smooth inner wall, which results from the gas accumulating around the“pore nucleus” relative to the surface contamination.
The results showed thatδ-hydride formed after hydrogenising at 700℃for 3h, and it has a face-centered cubic structure. And these hydrides brought a strong fuzzy effect on microstructure. A lot of rhombic martensite phaseα" generated in grain of the weld bead. Metastable phaseβ(H) and phaseα" would gradually decompose toαandδphase with eutectoid treatment. Hydrogen was removed and recrystallization accured in the process of annealing in vacuum. After hydrogen treatment, the refinement effect to big grains in the fusion area was very obviously, which was changed from flat grain to equiaxed grain. Non-equilibrium phase had reduced in grain. Residual stress had disappeared. Mechanical properties had increased obviously. After hydrogenization at 700℃for 3h and eutectoid at 300℃for 8h and annealing at 750℃for 8h in vacuum, the tensile strength of test sample increased as 25.7%, and the plasticity increased as 37.6%. After hydrogen treatment, the surface morphology of tensile fracture was relative flatness in macroscopy. The small needle phaseαwas observed hardly at flat area. The mechanism of cracking was intercrystalline cracking also.
研究结果表明,减小焊接电流或者加快焊接速度将引起熔池面积变小,焊接接头处出现气孔、减薄,熔合区出现冷裂纹。增大焊接电流使焊缝区组织粗大,晶粒内部针状马氏体增多,接头硬度、强度和塑性都有所提高。开坡口使接头熔池面积变小,熔宽减小。焊缝铸造组织和热影响区晶粒有所细化,晶界明显,α′相增多。两次重熔组织粗大,焊缝区β晶粒内α相网篮状排列,强度和塑性略有提高,但随着重熔次数的增加,组织更加粗大,强度和塑性都呈下降趋势。装配间隙会引起严重地焊接变形与减薄,开坡口对消除缺陷有一定的作用。拉伸断口有明显的撕裂棱和平台区域,断裂方式是沿晶断裂,有较浅的、不均匀的韧窝区域。
TA15合金TIG焊缝以联生结晶形成的β柱状晶为主,垂直于熔合线竖直向焊缝表面以平面晶方式生长。焊缝精细结构主要是板条α′钛马氏体。气孔特征研究表明,钛合金TIG焊产生形状规则,尺寸小、孔壁光滑的冶金特征气孔,乃气体依附“气孔核”聚集长大所致,与表面污染有关。
经过700℃/3h渗氢处理,TA15合金中形成平行排列的条状δ氢化物,对组织形貌产生了模糊作用,焊缝区大晶粒的内部产生了大量的针状马氏体α"相,具有一定的方向性。共析处理使亚稳β(H)和α"相逐渐分解为α和δ氢化物。真空除氢过程中δ氢化物分解、H2逸出,钛合金发生再结晶。氢处理使焊接件组织很大程度地细化,由平面柱状晶向等轴晶转变,晶内非平衡相减少,力学性能有较大提高。经过700℃/3h渗氢+300℃/8h共析+750℃/8h真空去氢的焊接件强度提高25.7%,塑性提高37.6%。氢处理焊接件拉伸断口宏观上比较平坦,平台区域很难观察到析出的针状α相,仍属于沿晶断裂。
The effect of different TIG welding parameter and succeeding hydrogen treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy weld specimen was studied in this paper. The model on microstructure change of TIG welded joint in TA15 titanium alloy and the mechanism on porosity formed in fusion area were theorized. The microstructure was observed by an optical microscope and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The surface morphology of tensile fracture was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties were carried out on a CMT5305 electron uniwersal mechanics testing machine and HV-5 Vickers hardness tester.
The results showed that as reducing weld electric current or increasing weld speed, the acreage of fused bath became smaller, and porosity was observed in welded joint, and cold cracking was observed in fusion area, and grains became bigger in weld bead, and acerose martensite phase increased in grain inside. Hardness and strength and ductility of weld joint had been increased. The acreage of fused bath and weld width became smaller with getting a bevel on joint. The microstructure of weld bead and HAZ was fined, and the boundary of grains was bloomed, and phaseα′increased. After twice remelting treating, phaseαarranded as net-basket in phaseβgrains inside, and trength and ductility of weld joint had advanced slightly. But grains became more coarse and trength and ductility dropped with more times remelting. The fit-up gap resulted in badly deformation. There were visible tearing arris and flatness on the surface morphology of tensile fracture. The mechanism of cracking was intercrystalline cracking. Some shallow and asymmetrical dimples were observed.
The weld crystallization of TA15 titanium alloy TIG welding is characterized by adnate and epitaxial growth. The grains growth as flat grain in the weld bead directed to the center of weld surface perpendicular to the fusion line. The microstructure of weld bead was batten martensite phaseα′. The microstructure of porosity showed that porosity observed in welds of TA15 titanium alloy TIG welding was small round metallurgical porosity with smooth inner wall, which results from the gas accumulating around the“pore nucleus” relative to the surface contamination.
The results showed thatδ-hydride formed after hydrogenising at 700℃for 3h, and it has a face-centered cubic structure. And these hydrides brought a strong fuzzy effect on microstructure. A lot of rhombic martensite phaseα" generated in grain of the weld bead. Metastable phaseβ(H) and phaseα" would gradually decompose toαandδphase with eutectoid treatment. Hydrogen was removed and recrystallization accured in the process of annealing in vacuum. After hydrogen treatment, the refinement effect to big grains in the fusion area was very obviously, which was changed from flat grain to equiaxed grain. Non-equilibrium phase had reduced in grain. Residual stress had disappeared. Mechanical properties had increased obviously. After hydrogenization at 700℃for 3h and eutectoid at 300℃for 8h and annealing at 750℃for 8h in vacuum, the tensile strength of test sample increased as 25.7%, and the plasticity increased as 37.6%. After hydrogen treatment, the surface morphology of tensile fracture was relative flatness in macroscopy. The small needle phaseαwas observed hardly at flat area. The mechanism of cracking was intercrystalline cracking also.
引文
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2李兴无,沙爱学,张旺峰. TA15合金及其在飞机结构中的应用前景.钛工业进展. 2003, 20(4):90~94
3孙东立,韩潇,王清,吴涛,李中华.氢处理对钛合金组织性能的影响及其机理.宇航工艺材料.2005, 3:11~16
4曹建玲,沈保罗,高升吉等. Ti-Al-Zr合金的氢致延迟断裂行为.中国有色金属学报. 2002, (12):74~77
5 C.L.Briant, Z.F.Wang, N.Chollocoop. Hydrogen Embrittlement of Commercial Purity Titanium. Corrosion Science. 2002, 44:1875-1888
6曾乐.现代焊接技术手册.上海科学技术出版社, 1993:105~106
7中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册:材料的焊接.北京:机械工业出版社, 2001
8中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册:焊接方法及设备.北京:机械工业出版社, 2001, 8
9刘黎明,杜鑫,张兆栋. TA15钛合金接头活性剂补焊的组织特征.中国有色金属学报, 2005, 12, 15(12):1910-1916
10 Lucas W, Howse D. Activating Flux-Increasing the Performance and Productivity of the TIG and Plasma Processes. Welding and Metal Fabrication, 1996, (1):11-17
11 Howse D. S, Lucas W. Investigation into Arc Constriction by Active Fluxes for Tungsten Inert Gas Welding. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2000, 5(3):189-193
12康浩方.国内外钛设备的焊接技术研究现状.钛工业进展, 2003, 20(4-5): 70-73
13 Castro M. B. G, Dos Santos J. F, Quintino. M. L. Plasma Arc Welding of the Super Alloys Inconel 625 and 718: Parameter Areas and Mechanical Properties. Int. J. for the Joining of Materials, 2003, 15(1/2):1-8
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