濒危种斧翅沙芥日光温室开花生物学及繁育系统研究
|
摘要
斧翅沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Maxim.)为二年生草本植物,属于十字花科沙芥属(Pugionium Gaertn.),是一种集药用、保健、饲用、固沙等功用于一体的多功能沙生蔬菜。由于长期掠夺性采挖,该物种减少和灭绝的速度与日俱增,其早在1992年就被列入《内蒙古珍稀濒危植物志》,课题组曾试验采用迁地保护方式,来实现保护和扩大这一珍贵物种,但在多次引种于呼和浩特、包头等地的斧翅沙芥,露地植株其二年生返青率极低,保护地返青率能达80～90%,但种子的质量和产量均很低,因此本文以呼和浩特内蒙古农业大学科技园区日光温室栽培的斧翅沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Maxim.)为研究对象,对斧翅沙芥的开花生物学、繁育系统及胚胎学等方面进行研究,旨在揭示温室斧翅沙芥开花生物学特性,探讨有性生殖对斧翅沙芥繁殖发育的影响,为斧翅沙芥温室繁种及迁地保护提供依据,主要结果如下:
(1)斧翅沙芥生长期为153d,花期历时44d,单花期为3～4d。单花开放顺序为:散粉前期—闭花散粉—开放期—凋谢期;斧翅沙芥开花日动态为单峰,峰值在18:00―20:00。
(2)斧翅沙芥在盛花期花粉萌发率是初花期的1.8倍是末花期的2.3倍,由此可见,盛花期的花粉生活力最强。
(3)斧翅沙芥花粉生活力的最适检验方法是离体培养法。25%蔗糖+0.005%硼酸的培养基花粉萌发率最高;最适温度为25℃;最适培养时间是12h。
(4)花粉贮藏的适宜温度是低温4℃。斧翅沙芥开花前两天柱头可授性较弱,当花开后柱头可授性增强,其中,开花后12小时到48小时最强,是授粉的最佳时期。
(5)根据杂交指数、花粉胚珠比和套袋、去雄及人工授粉试验的测定结果表明斧翅沙芥为异花授粉植物,有明显的自交不亲和特性,不存在无融合生殖。
(6)花药壁发育为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型。小孢子四分体排列为四面体型。成熟花粉细胞为三核型,具有三个萌发孔。以上研究填补了斧翅沙芥植物学研究空白,为杂交育种及繁种技术研究提供了研究基础,对斧翅沙芥资源保护提供了新途径,有着广阔的应用前景。
Pugionium dolabratum Maxim belongs to the biennial herbs,the Cruciferae, and Pugionium Gaertn,It is a kind of vegetable, with officinal, hygienical, feeding and sand-fixation functions. Because of a long period predacity collection, the extinction and reduction of this species had been accelerated. It is as early as 1992, the study has been included in《The Rare and Threatened Flora of Inner Mongolia》.The discussion group has ever tried to introducted achieving protection and expansion of this valuable species. But the plants’s turning green rate is 0 in Hohhot and Baotou. Although the rate can reach 80 to 90 percent in protecting cultivation, the quality and quantity is quite low. That is why this paper is aimed to the study of this species planted in the Science solar-greenhouse of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University. The cultivation of Pugionium dolabratum Maxim is planted to study in this thesis, linculding flowering biology, breeding system,and embryology. We attempted to reveal the characteristic of the flowing biology, and discussion of the flowing biological characteristics’s reproduction and development of P.dolabratum. The main results are as follow:
1)P.cornutum, growing period is 153d, the florescence is 44d, one single flower blooming period 3-4d. P.cornutum reaches its full boom in18:00―20:00 on the campus.
2)The germination rate of pollens in full-bloom stage is more big than initial flowering stage and last flowering stage. So the viability of pollen is most storage is in full-bloom stage.
3)The the testing method of pollen viability of Pdolabrotum maxim is in vitro germination. The pollen of Pdolabrotum maxim Germination percentage reached highest on the media supplemented with 25% sucrose and 0.005% boric acid. The most congenial germination growing time and temperatureof pollen germination is 12h and 25℃。
4)The storage of pollen is Low temperature (4℃).The acception of female stigma is strongest in the latter 12 hours to blossom. After 48 hours,weakens gradually is the optimum stage to pollinated .
5)P. dolabratum should be a kind of cross-pollinating and entomophilies plant without capability of selfing by the total value of OCI ,the value of P/0, and the experimentation of bagged so on.
6)P.dolabrotum is anther wall development follows the dicotyledon type, glandular tapetum.During the sexual reproduction, Tapetum is the secretory type.The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cell was of the successive type. The microspore tetrahedron. The mature pollen grains are 3-celled, 3-colpo-rate.
The above mentioned study had supplied the gap of Pugionium dolabratum Maxim botany, the basic data to the crossbreed and preproduction techniques, and the new way of resours protection of Pugionium dolabratum Maxim. This study had broad applicaion prospect.
(1)斧翅沙芥生长期为153d,花期历时44d,单花期为3～4d。单花开放顺序为:散粉前期—闭花散粉—开放期—凋谢期;斧翅沙芥开花日动态为单峰,峰值在18:00―20:00。
(2)斧翅沙芥在盛花期花粉萌发率是初花期的1.8倍是末花期的2.3倍,由此可见,盛花期的花粉生活力最强。
(3)斧翅沙芥花粉生活力的最适检验方法是离体培养法。25%蔗糖+0.005%硼酸的培养基花粉萌发率最高;最适温度为25℃;最适培养时间是12h。
(4)花粉贮藏的适宜温度是低温4℃。斧翅沙芥开花前两天柱头可授性较弱,当花开后柱头可授性增强,其中,开花后12小时到48小时最强,是授粉的最佳时期。
(5)根据杂交指数、花粉胚珠比和套袋、去雄及人工授粉试验的测定结果表明斧翅沙芥为异花授粉植物,有明显的自交不亲和特性,不存在无融合生殖。
(6)花药壁发育为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型。小孢子四分体排列为四面体型。成熟花粉细胞为三核型,具有三个萌发孔。以上研究填补了斧翅沙芥植物学研究空白,为杂交育种及繁种技术研究提供了研究基础,对斧翅沙芥资源保护提供了新途径,有着广阔的应用前景。
Pugionium dolabratum Maxim belongs to the biennial herbs,the Cruciferae, and Pugionium Gaertn,It is a kind of vegetable, with officinal, hygienical, feeding and sand-fixation functions. Because of a long period predacity collection, the extinction and reduction of this species had been accelerated. It is as early as 1992, the study has been included in《The Rare and Threatened Flora of Inner Mongolia》.The discussion group has ever tried to introducted achieving protection and expansion of this valuable species. But the plants’s turning green rate is 0 in Hohhot and Baotou. Although the rate can reach 80 to 90 percent in protecting cultivation, the quality and quantity is quite low. That is why this paper is aimed to the study of this species planted in the Science solar-greenhouse of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University. The cultivation of Pugionium dolabratum Maxim is planted to study in this thesis, linculding flowering biology, breeding system,and embryology. We attempted to reveal the characteristic of the flowing biology, and discussion of the flowing biological characteristics’s reproduction and development of P.dolabratum. The main results are as follow:
1)P.cornutum, growing period is 153d, the florescence is 44d, one single flower blooming period 3-4d. P.cornutum reaches its full boom in18:00―20:00 on the campus.
2)The germination rate of pollens in full-bloom stage is more big than initial flowering stage and last flowering stage. So the viability of pollen is most storage is in full-bloom stage.
3)The the testing method of pollen viability of Pdolabrotum maxim is in vitro germination. The pollen of Pdolabrotum maxim Germination percentage reached highest on the media supplemented with 25% sucrose and 0.005% boric acid. The most congenial germination growing time and temperatureof pollen germination is 12h and 25℃。
4)The storage of pollen is Low temperature (4℃).The acception of female stigma is strongest in the latter 12 hours to blossom. After 48 hours,weakens gradually is the optimum stage to pollinated .
5)P. dolabratum should be a kind of cross-pollinating and entomophilies plant without capability of selfing by the total value of OCI ,the value of P/0, and the experimentation of bagged so on.
6)P.dolabrotum is anther wall development follows the dicotyledon type, glandular tapetum.During the sexual reproduction, Tapetum is the secretory type.The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cell was of the successive type. The microspore tetrahedron. The mature pollen grains are 3-celled, 3-colpo-rate.
The above mentioned study had supplied the gap of Pugionium dolabratum Maxim botany, the basic data to the crossbreed and preproduction techniques, and the new way of resours protection of Pugionium dolabratum Maxim. This study had broad applicaion prospect.
引文
1 温坎坡,郑卓.被子植物的花粉形态系列与系统发育[J].植物分类学报,1990, 28 (2):103-111
2 Praglowski J.Schisandraceae BI[J]. World Pollen and Spore Flora,1976, (5):1-32
3 雷立公,梁汉兴.胡椒科的花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].云南植物研究,1998, 20 (4):429-433
4 王萍莉,溥发鼎,郑中华.南水青冈属花粉形态类型及其分类学意义[J].植物分类学报,2000, 38 (5):452-461
5 席以珍,郎楷永,胡玉熹.手参属花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].植物分类学报,2000, 38 (2):137-140
6 王萍莉,溥发鼎,郑中华.三棱栋属分类的袍粉学证据[J].植物分类学报,1998, 36(3):238-241.
7 Nixon KC, Crepet WL. Trigonobalanus (Fagaceae) taxonomicstatus and phylogeneticRelationships.[J] Bot, 1989, (76):824-841
8 韦仲新,M. S. Zavada, 闵天禄.山茶属花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].云南植物研究,1992, 14 (3): 257-282.
9 敖成齐,陈功锡.山茶属花粉外壁表面微形态特征的研究[J].云南植物研究,2002, 24 (5) : 619-62
10 柯冠武,黄进华,邵小华.龙眼各品种花粉形态及其系统位置[J].园艺学报,1988,15 (2):109-114
11 罗新书,陈学森,郭延奎.杏品种胞粉学研究[J].园艺学报,1992, 19 (4):319-325
12 徐家秀.过氧化物酶同工酶谱型比较方法及在果树资源研究中的应用(初报)[J].园艺,1984, (1) :27-32
13 图古力尔,张恕茗,王艳秋.葱属植物的花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].吉林农业大学学报,1995,17(l):36-40
14 王钦丽,卢龙斗.花粉的保存及其生活力测定[J].植物学通讯,2002 19(3):365-373
15 王钦丽,熊涛.花粉生活力的测定[J].植物杂志,2002 15: 28-29
16 胡适宜.植物学试验方法(一)花粉生活力的测定[J].植物学通讯,1993 10(2):60-62
17 郭军洋,陈龙正.黄瓜现采花粉生活力最佳染色方法的筛选[J].广东农业科学 2004.6:48-49
18 王家福,刘月学,刘小军.批把花粉干冻法超低温保存研究[J] .中国农学通报,2004,20(1) : 1-2
19 姚春潮,张朝红,刘旭锋.称猴桃花粉萌发动态及培养基成分对花粉萌发的影响[J].中国南方果树,2005, 34(2):50-51
20 孙德权.番木瓜花粉生活力及其贮藏性研究[J] .福建果树,2005,133(2):4-5
21 顾爱侠,中书兴,陈雪平.大白菜与结球廿蓝杂交获得异源三倍体及其生殖特性的研究[J] .园艺学报 2006, 33(1):73-77
22 赵统利,周翔,朱朋波.百合花粉生活力测定方法的比较研究[J] .江苏农业科学,2006(5) : 88-89
23 肖金平,陈力耕,叶伟其.“丽检 2 号”无核检相花粉育性及超微结构观察[J].浙江林业科技,2006,26(1):36- 38
24 王少先.4 种检验方法在辣椒花粉生活力检验上的应用效果[J].河南农业科学,1998,12:25- 26
25 张子学,孙峰.辣椒花粉生活力最佳测定方法的筛选[J] .种子,2002,120(1):32-33
26 何小弟,赵正兰,周魁,等.17 种梅(桃)属观赏树木花粉生活力的比较[J].南京林业大学学报,自然科学版,2005,29( 2):29-32
27 于晓英,卢向阳,龚明福,等.瓜叶菊花粉生活力研究[J] .湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版 2005, 31(1):43-46
28 王丽娜,陈李林,刘建福.水分胁迫对澳洲坚果花粉生活力和贮藏性的影响[J].亚热带植物科学,2005,34(2):18-20
29 赵宏波,陈发棣,房伟民.菊属植物花粉生活力检测方法的比较[J].浙江林学院学报,2006, 23(4):406-409
30 SATO S, KATHO N, IWAI S, et al. Establishment of reliable methods of in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of Brassica rapa (syn.B.campestris)[J]. Euphytica,1998,103: 29-33
31 SCHUELER S,SCHLUNZEN K H, SCHOLZF. Viability and sunlight sensitivity of oak pollen and its implications for pollen-mediated gene flow [J].Trees,2005,19:154-161
32 ARONNE G, MICCOVD, SCALA M. Effects of relative humidity and temperature conditions on pollen fluorochromatic reaction of Rosmarines officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) [J]. Protoplasma,2006,228:127-130
33 孟金陵.植物生殖遗传学[M].科学出版社,1997
34 何晓明,谢大森,彭庆务.贮藏温度和时间对节瓜花粉生活力影响的研究[J].广东农业科学,2004(1):21-22
35 Martinez Gomez P, Gradziel T M, Ortega E. Low temperature storage of almond pollen[J]. The American Society for Horticultural Science, 2002.37(4):691-692
36 孙晓梅,王大政,杨宏光.不同处理和贮藏方法对百合花粉生活力的影响[J].辽宁农业科学,2000,(6):27-30
37 Boyle T H. Environmental control of moisture content and viability in Schlumbergera truncota (Cactacae) pollen[J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2001,(5): 625-630
38 Kazushige Honda, Hitoshi Watanabe, Kiyoshi Tsutsui. Cryopreservation of Delphinium pollen at -30℃[J]. Euphytica, 2002,126: 315-320
39 I.Abreu M. Oliveira. Fruit production in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using preserved pollen. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2004,55:565-569
40 Nepi M, Franchi G G,, Pacini E, Pollen hydrantion status at dispersal:Cytophysiogical features and stragies[J]. Protoplasma, 2001,216:171-180
41 徐进,陈天华,王章荣不同贮藏方法及光照对马尾松花粉活力的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,1998,22(3):71-74
42 KEM J J, ATKINS R E. Free amino acid content of anthers of malsterile and fertile lines of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor(L.) Meonch[J].Crop Sic., 1972(12):835-839
43 朱广廉,孙超.太谷核不育小麦可育花药内游离脯氨酸的来源、利用及与不育花药败育的关系[J].植物生理学报,1985(11):122-129
44 鲍巨松,杨成书,薛吉全.玉米在水分胁迫条件下脯氨酸变化与抗旱性的关系[J].陕西农业科学,1990(S):37-39
45 王少先,张希福.游离脯氨酸和植物抗性的关系[J].河南职技师院学报,1997,25(S):35-38
46 李矩华,余勤.水稻生育前期游离脯氨酸的低温效应[J].华中师范大学学报:自然科学版,1985(3):81-84
47 汪良驹,王业遴,刘友良.无花果耐盐机理的研究:I 盐逆境下脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的积累[J].南京农业大学学报,1989,12(4):124-125
48 MASCARENHAS J P, MACHLIS L. Chemotropic response of the pollen of antirrhinum to calcium [J].Plant Physiol,1964(39):70-77
49 毛节琦,陈玉银,缪颖.甘蓝型油菜雌蕊中花粉管生长途径的 ca2+定位[J].植物学报,1992, 34(3) : 233-236
50 MA L G, SUN D Y. The effects of extracellular calmodulin on initiation of hippeastrum rtilum pollen hermination and tube growth[J]. Planta, 1997 (202):336- 340
51 BRINK R A.The physiology of pollen.Ⅳ.Chemotropism;effects on growth of grouping grains; formation and function of callose plugs;summary and conclusions[J].Am.J.Bot.,1924,11:417-436
52 BREWBAKER J L,KWACK B H.The essential role of calcium ion in pollen tube germination and pollen tube growth[J].Am.J.Bot,1963,50:859-865
53 TIRLAPUR U K,SHIGGAON S V. Distribution of Ca2+ and calmodul in the papillae cells of the stigma surface, visualized by chlorotetracycline and fluorescing calmodulin-binding phenothiazines [J]. Annu.Biol.,1988,4:49-53
54 田 惠 桥 , 远 彤 .Roles of calciumon angiosperm fertilization[J]. 植 物 生 理 学报,2000,26(5):369-380
55 BEDNARSKA E. Calcium uptake from the stigma by germinating pollen in Primulaofficinal is L.And RuscusaculeatusL .[J] .Sex.PlantReprod.,1991,4:36-38
56 BREW BAKER J L, KWACK B H. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen tube germination and pollen tube growth [J].Am .J . Bot .,1963,50:859-865
57 TIAN H Q,KUANG A,MUSGRAVE M E. Calcium distribution in fertile and sterile anthers of a photoperiod-sensitive genicmale-sterile rice[J].Planta,1998,204:183-192
58 KONG H Y, JIA G X. Calcium distribution during pollen development of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii[J].Acta.Bot.Sin.,2004,46(1):69-76
59 ZHAO J,YANG H Y,LORD E M.Calcium levels increase in the lily stylar transmitting tract after pollination[J].Sex.Plant Reprod.,2004,16(6):259-263
60 SHIVANNA.In-vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth [A]. Shivanna, eds. Pollen biology and biotechnology[C].Enfield (NH), USA: Science Publishers, INC., 2003:61-76
61 HOLDAWAY-CLARKETL,WEDDLEN M,KIM S,ROBI A,PARRIS C,KUNKEL J G,HEPLER P K. Effect of extracellularcalcium, pH andborate on growth oscillations inLilium formosanum pollen tubes[J].J.Exp.Bot.,2003,54(380):65-72
62 MESSERLI M A, ROBINSON K R. Ionic and osmotic disruptions of the lily pollen tube oscillator: testing proposed models [J]. Planta, 2003, 217:147-157
63 何亚平,刘建全.植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):151-163
64 HEYWOOD V H. Plant Taxonomy[M].Edward Arnold, 1976
65 郭友好。传粉生物学与植物进化.见:陈家宽,杨继主编,植物进化生物学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1994:232-280
66 徐炳声.植物分类学中的繁殖生物学问题[J].云南植物研究,1985, 7 (4):457-467
67 郭友好,黄双全,陈家宽.水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化[J].水生生物学报,1998,22 (1):79-85
68 HUANG S Q, GUO Y H. New advances in pollination biology and the studies in China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(16): 1441-1447
69 UYENOYAMA M K. A prospectus for new developments in the evolutionary theory of self-incompatibility [J]. Annales Botanici, 2000, 85: 247-252
70 李庆军,许再富,夏永梅.山姜属植物花柱卷曲性传粉机制的研究[J].植物学报,2001, 43 (4): 364-369
71 LI Q J, XU Z F, KRESS W J. Flexible style that encourages outcrossing[J]. Nature, 2001,410-432
72 BARRETT S C H. The evolution of plant sexual diversity [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2002, 3: 274-284.
73 吴琼美,樊汝坟,肖石海.杉木传粉生物学的观察明[J].南京林业大学学报,1995,19 (1):47-51
74 WANG Y Q, ZHANG D X, RENNER S. A new self-pollination mechanism [J].Nature, 2004, 431:39-40
75 Cruden R W Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding system in flowering plants[J]. Evolution, 1977, 31: 32-46
76 Porras R., Alvarez J M M. Breeding system in the cleistogamous species Centaurea melitensis (Asteraceae) [J] . Canadian Journal of Botany, 1999, 77: 1632-1640
77 Short P S. Pollen-ovule ratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of someAustralianGnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae) [J]. Muelleria, 1981, 4: 395-417
78 Mejias J A. Self-fertility and associated flower head traits in the Iberian taxa of Lactuca and related genera (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)[J]. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1994, 191: 147-160
79 Anderson G J., Bernardello G Stuessy T F, et al. Breeding system and pollination of selected plants endemic to Juan Fernandez Islands[J]. American Journal of Botany 2001, 88: 220-233
80 Erbar C, Langlotz M. Pollen to ovule ratios: standard or variation-a compilation[J]. Botanische Jahrbucher, 2005, 126:71-132
81 Short P S. Pollen-ovule ratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of some Australian Gnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae) [J]. Muelleria, 1981, 4: 395-417
82 黄双全,郭友好,潘明清,等.鹅掌揪的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉[J].植物学报,1999 ,41 (3 ): 241-248
83 LLOYD D G, BARRETT S C H. Floral biology [M]. New York: Chapman&Hall, 1996
84 PROCTOR M, YEO P, LACK A. The natural history of pollination [M]. London:Harper Collins, 1996
85 Grant V. Plant Speciation. 2rd ed. New York: Columbia Univ Press, 1981
86 何亚平,刘建全.植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报,2003, 27(2): 151-163
87 王崇云,党承林.植物的交配系统及其进化机制与种群适应[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(2): 163-172
88 胡适宜.被子植物胚胎学[M].北京:人民教育出版礼,1982
89 胡适宜.被子植物双受精发现 100 年:回顾与展望[J].植物学报,1998,40(1):1-13
90 李典漠,徐汝梅,马祖飞.物种濒危机制和保育原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2005,27
91 黄坚钦.鹅掌揪结籽率低的胚胎学原因探讨[[J].浙江林学院学报,1998,15(3):269-273
92 福斯特等著,李正理等译.1983.维管植物比较形态学(第二版) [M].北京:科学出版社
93 Davis, G. L. 1966. The systematica embryology of angiosperms[J]. Wiley, New York
94 GOLDBERC R B. BEALS T P, SANDERS P M.Anther develop- ment: Basic principles and practical applicatio n [J].Plant Cell, 1993, 5: 1217- 1229
95 SANDERS P M. ANHTHU Q B. WETERINGS K. Antherdevelopmental defects in Arabidopsis thaliana male-sterile mutants [J]. Sex Plant Reprod, 1999, 11: 297- 322
96 MARIANI C. DE BEUCKELEER M. TRUETTNER J,Inductionof male sterility in plants by a chimaeric ribonuclease gene [J].Nature.1990.347:737-741
97 MARIANI C, GOLDBERCG R B, LEEMANS J. Engineered malesterility in plants[J]. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1991,.45:271-279
98 DENIS M. DELOURME R. GOURRET J P, et al. Expression of engineered nuclear male sterility in Brassica napus [J].Plant Physiol. 1993,101: 1295-1304
99 PACINI E. Tapetum character states: analytical keys for tapetum types and activities[J]. Can J Bct. 1997,75: 1448-1459
100 BEERHUES L. FOUKMANN G. SCHOPKER H, et al. Flavanones3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavanol oxygenase activities in metabolism[J]. Plant Physiol. 1989,133: 743-746
101 STAIGER D, KAPPELER S, MULLER M, et al. The proteins encoded by two tapetum-specific transcripts, Satap 35 and Satap 44, fromSinapis alba L. are located in the exine cell wall layers ofdeveloping microspores[J]. Planta, 1994, 192:221-231
102 赵一之.属的分类校正及其区系分析[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1999,30(2):197-199
103 杨喜林.中国荒漠十字花科几种植物的研究[J].植物分类学报,1981,19(2):238-240
104 关克俭.中国植物志[M].第三十三卷.北京:科学出版社,1987,67-71
105 张秀伏.宽翅沙芥的订正[J].植物分类学报,1995,33(5):502
106 马毓泉.内蒙古植物志[M].第二卷(第二版),呼和浩特;内蒙古人民出版社,1990,612-616
107 周世权,蓝登明.沙芥属植物的分类[J].内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(3):29-31
108 贺晓,周世权,阎洁.沙芥与斧形沙芥营养器官的解剖学观察[J].干旱区资源与环境,1998,12(2):96-100
109 杨冬艳. 沙芥属植物响应干旱胁迫的生理机制及形态解剖结构的特征[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.6
110 伊稍,K,著,李正理泽.种子植物解剖学(第二版),上海:上海科技出版社,1982,147,220-221
111 杨冬艳.干旱胁迫下沙芥(P.cornutum) 与斧翅沙芥(P.dolabratum)幼苗生理生化应答反应机理探讨[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005,38
112 张凤兰.沙芥属蔬菜植物形态多样性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2006
113 姚兆华.沙芥和斧翅沙芥光合特性于离体叶片衰老生理研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007
114 华志明,陈睦传,沈明山.从柱头到胚囊—花粉管发育研究进展[J].生物工程进展,1998,18(6):32-35
115 王洪新,胡志昂.植物的繁育系统、遗传结构和遗传多样性保护[J].生物多样性,1996, 4 (2): 92-96
116 西北农业大学植物生理生化教研组.植物生理试验指导.[M]西安:陕西科技出版社.1987,
117 沈阳农学院.蔬菜育种学:北京:农业出版社,1198
118 赵红军.不同中国品种的花朵出粉率和花粉发芽率观察[J].落叶果树,1996,14:18-19
119 孙光铃,王银生,胡乾政.烟草花粉贮藏及花粉生活力测定[J].中国烟草科学,1994,(1):20-22
120 张志良.植物生理学指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990,237-243
121 华东师范大学生物系生理生化教研组.植物生理实验指导[M].西安:陕西科技出版社,1987
122 邹琦.植物生理学实验指导[M]北京:中国农业出版社.2000,148-150
123 DafniA.Pollination.Ecology [M]New York:Oxford Univ Press,1992,1-57
124 红雨,刘强,韩岗.芍药花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究. 广西植物,2003,23 (1): 90—92
125 刘林德等.刺五加花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究[J]植物学研究,2001,21(3):375-379
126 Defni.A. pollination Oxdord Univ. press, Newpork 1992, 59-89
127 马书荣.长春花(Catharanthus roseus)传粉生物学的研究[D].沈阳:东北林业大学,2005,45
128 Cruden R W.Pollen ovule ratios: A conservative indicator of' breeding systems in flowerinng planes [J]. Evolution., 1977,31(1):32- 46
129 刘林德,祝宁.刺五加、短梗五加的开花动态及繁育系统的比较研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(7):1041-1048
130 张子学,唐苏,孙峰.辣椒花粉的生活力和贮藏方法研究[J].安徽技术师范学院学报,2001,15(3):4-6
131 郭荫槐,姜辉.沙棘花粉生活力测定和贮藏实验.辽宁林业科技,1995,(1):20-22
132 孙光铃,王银生,胡乾政.烟草花粉贮藏及花粉生活力测定[J]中国烟草科学,1994,(1):20-22
133 王少先.四种检验方法在辣椒花粉活力检验上的应用效果.河北农业科技,1998,(12):25-26
134 刘绚霞.醋酸洋红染色法测定油菜花粉的生活力.陕西农业科技,1998,(1):23-24
135 尹增芳,攀汝汶,尤录祥.饿掌揪花粉保存条件比较的研究.江苏林业科技,1997,(1)28-30
136 郭军洋,陈龙正,曹清河,陈劲枫.黄瓜现采花粉生活力最佳染色方法的筛选.广东农业科技,2004,(6):48-49
137 陶懿伟,许洁婷,史益敏.风信子花粉活力与育性[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2004,22(4),416-419
138 李颖岳,续九如,史良,等.台湾青枣不同品种花粉萌发和生活力测定[J].果树学报,2005,22(6):728-730
139 李范.不同培养条件对锦带花粉萌发影响[J].安徽农业科技,2007,(1):3234-3236
140 邓成乐,俞晓曲,王晓飞,等.椎栗花粉生活力的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(2):728-730
141 杜玉虎,张绍玲,姜雪婷,吴俊.果梅花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长特性研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(9):1846-1852
142 李宗艳,万晓敏,唐岱,王锦.黄牡丹花粉萌发特性的研究[J],浙江林学院学报,2004 ,21 ( 3 ) :285-289
143 王金平.矮慈姑人工授粉后花粉管生长的荧光显微观察[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),1999,12(2):185-188
144 车代弟,樊金萍,王金刚.东方百合花粉萌发培养基组分的优化[J].植物研究,2003, 23 (2):178-181
145 BALOCH M J, LAKHO A R, BHUTTO H, SOLANGI Y M. Impact of sucrose concentrations on in vitro pollen germination of okra, Hibiscus esculentus [J].Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2001.4 (4): 402-403
146 姚成义,赵洁.钙和硼对蓝猪耳花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2004 , 22(1):1-7
147 黄均元,曾安新,郑素秋.几种蔬菜花粉萌发最适培养基探讨[J].湖南农业大学学报,1997 ,23 (6):556-558
148 潘瑞炽.植物生理学[M]北京:中国农业出版社,2000.136
149 SUKHVBUL N,HETHERINGTON VIVITHANAGES E,WHILEY A W,et al.Effect of temperature on pollen tube growth,seed development in manguo(Mangifera India L.)[J]. Acta Hort, 2000, (509): 609-616
150 郭荫槐,董玉臣.不同条件下沙棘花粉生活力测定和贮藏试验.沙棘,1995 ,8(1)10-13
151 华志明,陈睦传,沈明山.从柱头到胚囊—花粉管发育研究进展[J].生物工程进展,1998, 18 (6):32-35
152 HAMRICK J L, GODT M J W. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: BROWNA D H, CLEGG M T, KAHLER A L, ed. Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources [M]. USA: Sinauer Associate Inc, 1990
153 WILLIAMS C F, RUVINSK J, SCOTT P E, HEWS . K, Pollination, breeding system, and genetic structure in two sympatric Delphinium (Ranunculaceae)species [J].American Journal of Botany, 2001,88; 1623-1633
2 Praglowski J.Schisandraceae BI[J]. World Pollen and Spore Flora,1976, (5):1-32
3 雷立公,梁汉兴.胡椒科的花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].云南植物研究,1998, 20 (4):429-433
4 王萍莉,溥发鼎,郑中华.南水青冈属花粉形态类型及其分类学意义[J].植物分类学报,2000, 38 (5):452-461
5 席以珍,郎楷永,胡玉熹.手参属花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].植物分类学报,2000, 38 (2):137-140
6 王萍莉,溥发鼎,郑中华.三棱栋属分类的袍粉学证据[J].植物分类学报,1998, 36(3):238-241.
7 Nixon KC, Crepet WL. Trigonobalanus (Fagaceae) taxonomicstatus and phylogeneticRelationships.[J] Bot, 1989, (76):824-841
8 韦仲新,M. S. Zavada, 闵天禄.山茶属花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].云南植物研究,1992, 14 (3): 257-282.
9 敖成齐,陈功锡.山茶属花粉外壁表面微形态特征的研究[J].云南植物研究,2002, 24 (5) : 619-62
10 柯冠武,黄进华,邵小华.龙眼各品种花粉形态及其系统位置[J].园艺学报,1988,15 (2):109-114
11 罗新书,陈学森,郭延奎.杏品种胞粉学研究[J].园艺学报,1992, 19 (4):319-325
12 徐家秀.过氧化物酶同工酶谱型比较方法及在果树资源研究中的应用(初报)[J].园艺,1984, (1) :27-32
13 图古力尔,张恕茗,王艳秋.葱属植物的花粉形态及其分类学意义[J].吉林农业大学学报,1995,17(l):36-40
14 王钦丽,卢龙斗.花粉的保存及其生活力测定[J].植物学通讯,2002 19(3):365-373
15 王钦丽,熊涛.花粉生活力的测定[J].植物杂志,2002 15: 28-29
16 胡适宜.植物学试验方法(一)花粉生活力的测定[J].植物学通讯,1993 10(2):60-62
17 郭军洋,陈龙正.黄瓜现采花粉生活力最佳染色方法的筛选[J].广东农业科学 2004.6:48-49
18 王家福,刘月学,刘小军.批把花粉干冻法超低温保存研究[J] .中国农学通报,2004,20(1) : 1-2
19 姚春潮,张朝红,刘旭锋.称猴桃花粉萌发动态及培养基成分对花粉萌发的影响[J].中国南方果树,2005, 34(2):50-51
20 孙德权.番木瓜花粉生活力及其贮藏性研究[J] .福建果树,2005,133(2):4-5
21 顾爱侠,中书兴,陈雪平.大白菜与结球廿蓝杂交获得异源三倍体及其生殖特性的研究[J] .园艺学报 2006, 33(1):73-77
22 赵统利,周翔,朱朋波.百合花粉生活力测定方法的比较研究[J] .江苏农业科学,2006(5) : 88-89
23 肖金平,陈力耕,叶伟其.“丽检 2 号”无核检相花粉育性及超微结构观察[J].浙江林业科技,2006,26(1):36- 38
24 王少先.4 种检验方法在辣椒花粉生活力检验上的应用效果[J].河南农业科学,1998,12:25- 26
25 张子学,孙峰.辣椒花粉生活力最佳测定方法的筛选[J] .种子,2002,120(1):32-33
26 何小弟,赵正兰,周魁,等.17 种梅(桃)属观赏树木花粉生活力的比较[J].南京林业大学学报,自然科学版,2005,29( 2):29-32
27 于晓英,卢向阳,龚明福,等.瓜叶菊花粉生活力研究[J] .湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版 2005, 31(1):43-46
28 王丽娜,陈李林,刘建福.水分胁迫对澳洲坚果花粉生活力和贮藏性的影响[J].亚热带植物科学,2005,34(2):18-20
29 赵宏波,陈发棣,房伟民.菊属植物花粉生活力检测方法的比较[J].浙江林学院学报,2006, 23(4):406-409
30 SATO S, KATHO N, IWAI S, et al. Establishment of reliable methods of in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of Brassica rapa (syn.B.campestris)[J]. Euphytica,1998,103: 29-33
31 SCHUELER S,SCHLUNZEN K H, SCHOLZF. Viability and sunlight sensitivity of oak pollen and its implications for pollen-mediated gene flow [J].Trees,2005,19:154-161
32 ARONNE G, MICCOVD, SCALA M. Effects of relative humidity and temperature conditions on pollen fluorochromatic reaction of Rosmarines officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) [J]. Protoplasma,2006,228:127-130
33 孟金陵.植物生殖遗传学[M].科学出版社,1997
34 何晓明,谢大森,彭庆务.贮藏温度和时间对节瓜花粉生活力影响的研究[J].广东农业科学,2004(1):21-22
35 Martinez Gomez P, Gradziel T M, Ortega E. Low temperature storage of almond pollen[J]. The American Society for Horticultural Science, 2002.37(4):691-692
36 孙晓梅,王大政,杨宏光.不同处理和贮藏方法对百合花粉生活力的影响[J].辽宁农业科学,2000,(6):27-30
37 Boyle T H. Environmental control of moisture content and viability in Schlumbergera truncota (Cactacae) pollen[J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2001,(5): 625-630
38 Kazushige Honda, Hitoshi Watanabe, Kiyoshi Tsutsui. Cryopreservation of Delphinium pollen at -30℃[J]. Euphytica, 2002,126: 315-320
39 I.Abreu M. Oliveira. Fruit production in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using preserved pollen. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2004,55:565-569
40 Nepi M, Franchi G G,, Pacini E, Pollen hydrantion status at dispersal:Cytophysiogical features and stragies[J]. Protoplasma, 2001,216:171-180
41 徐进,陈天华,王章荣不同贮藏方法及光照对马尾松花粉活力的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,1998,22(3):71-74
42 KEM J J, ATKINS R E. Free amino acid content of anthers of malsterile and fertile lines of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor(L.) Meonch[J].Crop Sic., 1972(12):835-839
43 朱广廉,孙超.太谷核不育小麦可育花药内游离脯氨酸的来源、利用及与不育花药败育的关系[J].植物生理学报,1985(11):122-129
44 鲍巨松,杨成书,薛吉全.玉米在水分胁迫条件下脯氨酸变化与抗旱性的关系[J].陕西农业科学,1990(S):37-39
45 王少先,张希福.游离脯氨酸和植物抗性的关系[J].河南职技师院学报,1997,25(S):35-38
46 李矩华,余勤.水稻生育前期游离脯氨酸的低温效应[J].华中师范大学学报:自然科学版,1985(3):81-84
47 汪良驹,王业遴,刘友良.无花果耐盐机理的研究:I 盐逆境下脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的积累[J].南京农业大学学报,1989,12(4):124-125
48 MASCARENHAS J P, MACHLIS L. Chemotropic response of the pollen of antirrhinum to calcium [J].Plant Physiol,1964(39):70-77
49 毛节琦,陈玉银,缪颖.甘蓝型油菜雌蕊中花粉管生长途径的 ca2+定位[J].植物学报,1992, 34(3) : 233-236
50 MA L G, SUN D Y. The effects of extracellular calmodulin on initiation of hippeastrum rtilum pollen hermination and tube growth[J]. Planta, 1997 (202):336- 340
51 BRINK R A.The physiology of pollen.Ⅳ.Chemotropism;effects on growth of grouping grains; formation and function of callose plugs;summary and conclusions[J].Am.J.Bot.,1924,11:417-436
52 BREWBAKER J L,KWACK B H.The essential role of calcium ion in pollen tube germination and pollen tube growth[J].Am.J.Bot,1963,50:859-865
53 TIRLAPUR U K,SHIGGAON S V. Distribution of Ca2+ and calmodul in the papillae cells of the stigma surface, visualized by chlorotetracycline and fluorescing calmodulin-binding phenothiazines [J]. Annu.Biol.,1988,4:49-53
54 田 惠 桥 , 远 彤 .Roles of calciumon angiosperm fertilization[J]. 植 物 生 理 学报,2000,26(5):369-380
55 BEDNARSKA E. Calcium uptake from the stigma by germinating pollen in Primulaofficinal is L.And RuscusaculeatusL .[J] .Sex.PlantReprod.,1991,4:36-38
56 BREW BAKER J L, KWACK B H. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen tube germination and pollen tube growth [J].Am .J . Bot .,1963,50:859-865
57 TIAN H Q,KUANG A,MUSGRAVE M E. Calcium distribution in fertile and sterile anthers of a photoperiod-sensitive genicmale-sterile rice[J].Planta,1998,204:183-192
58 KONG H Y, JIA G X. Calcium distribution during pollen development of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii[J].Acta.Bot.Sin.,2004,46(1):69-76
59 ZHAO J,YANG H Y,LORD E M.Calcium levels increase in the lily stylar transmitting tract after pollination[J].Sex.Plant Reprod.,2004,16(6):259-263
60 SHIVANNA.In-vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth [A]. Shivanna, eds. Pollen biology and biotechnology[C].Enfield (NH), USA: Science Publishers, INC., 2003:61-76
61 HOLDAWAY-CLARKETL,WEDDLEN M,KIM S,ROBI A,PARRIS C,KUNKEL J G,HEPLER P K. Effect of extracellularcalcium, pH andborate on growth oscillations inLilium formosanum pollen tubes[J].J.Exp.Bot.,2003,54(380):65-72
62 MESSERLI M A, ROBINSON K R. Ionic and osmotic disruptions of the lily pollen tube oscillator: testing proposed models [J]. Planta, 2003, 217:147-157
63 何亚平,刘建全.植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):151-163
64 HEYWOOD V H. Plant Taxonomy[M].Edward Arnold, 1976
65 郭友好。传粉生物学与植物进化.见:陈家宽,杨继主编,植物进化生物学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1994:232-280
66 徐炳声.植物分类学中的繁殖生物学问题[J].云南植物研究,1985, 7 (4):457-467
67 郭友好,黄双全,陈家宽.水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化[J].水生生物学报,1998,22 (1):79-85
68 HUANG S Q, GUO Y H. New advances in pollination biology and the studies in China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(16): 1441-1447
69 UYENOYAMA M K. A prospectus for new developments in the evolutionary theory of self-incompatibility [J]. Annales Botanici, 2000, 85: 247-252
70 李庆军,许再富,夏永梅.山姜属植物花柱卷曲性传粉机制的研究[J].植物学报,2001, 43 (4): 364-369
71 LI Q J, XU Z F, KRESS W J. Flexible style that encourages outcrossing[J]. Nature, 2001,410-432
72 BARRETT S C H. The evolution of plant sexual diversity [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2002, 3: 274-284.
73 吴琼美,樊汝坟,肖石海.杉木传粉生物学的观察明[J].南京林业大学学报,1995,19 (1):47-51
74 WANG Y Q, ZHANG D X, RENNER S. A new self-pollination mechanism [J].Nature, 2004, 431:39-40
75 Cruden R W Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding system in flowering plants[J]. Evolution, 1977, 31: 32-46
76 Porras R., Alvarez J M M. Breeding system in the cleistogamous species Centaurea melitensis (Asteraceae) [J] . Canadian Journal of Botany, 1999, 77: 1632-1640
77 Short P S. Pollen-ovule ratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of someAustralianGnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae) [J]. Muelleria, 1981, 4: 395-417
78 Mejias J A. Self-fertility and associated flower head traits in the Iberian taxa of Lactuca and related genera (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)[J]. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1994, 191: 147-160
79 Anderson G J., Bernardello G Stuessy T F, et al. Breeding system and pollination of selected plants endemic to Juan Fernandez Islands[J]. American Journal of Botany 2001, 88: 220-233
80 Erbar C, Langlotz M. Pollen to ovule ratios: standard or variation-a compilation[J]. Botanische Jahrbucher, 2005, 126:71-132
81 Short P S. Pollen-ovule ratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of some Australian Gnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae) [J]. Muelleria, 1981, 4: 395-417
82 黄双全,郭友好,潘明清,等.鹅掌揪的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉[J].植物学报,1999 ,41 (3 ): 241-248
83 LLOYD D G, BARRETT S C H. Floral biology [M]. New York: Chapman&Hall, 1996
84 PROCTOR M, YEO P, LACK A. The natural history of pollination [M]. London:Harper Collins, 1996
85 Grant V. Plant Speciation. 2rd ed. New York: Columbia Univ Press, 1981
86 何亚平,刘建全.植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报,2003, 27(2): 151-163
87 王崇云,党承林.植物的交配系统及其进化机制与种群适应[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(2): 163-172
88 胡适宜.被子植物胚胎学[M].北京:人民教育出版礼,1982
89 胡适宜.被子植物双受精发现 100 年:回顾与展望[J].植物学报,1998,40(1):1-13
90 李典漠,徐汝梅,马祖飞.物种濒危机制和保育原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2005,27
91 黄坚钦.鹅掌揪结籽率低的胚胎学原因探讨[[J].浙江林学院学报,1998,15(3):269-273
92 福斯特等著,李正理等译.1983.维管植物比较形态学(第二版) [M].北京:科学出版社
93 Davis, G. L. 1966. The systematica embryology of angiosperms[J]. Wiley, New York
94 GOLDBERC R B. BEALS T P, SANDERS P M.Anther develop- ment: Basic principles and practical applicatio n [J].Plant Cell, 1993, 5: 1217- 1229
95 SANDERS P M. ANHTHU Q B. WETERINGS K. Antherdevelopmental defects in Arabidopsis thaliana male-sterile mutants [J]. Sex Plant Reprod, 1999, 11: 297- 322
96 MARIANI C. DE BEUCKELEER M. TRUETTNER J,Inductionof male sterility in plants by a chimaeric ribonuclease gene [J].Nature.1990.347:737-741
97 MARIANI C, GOLDBERCG R B, LEEMANS J. Engineered malesterility in plants[J]. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1991,.45:271-279
98 DENIS M. DELOURME R. GOURRET J P, et al. Expression of engineered nuclear male sterility in Brassica napus [J].Plant Physiol. 1993,101: 1295-1304
99 PACINI E. Tapetum character states: analytical keys for tapetum types and activities[J]. Can J Bct. 1997,75: 1448-1459
100 BEERHUES L. FOUKMANN G. SCHOPKER H, et al. Flavanones3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavanol oxygenase activities in metabolism[J]. Plant Physiol. 1989,133: 743-746
101 STAIGER D, KAPPELER S, MULLER M, et al. The proteins encoded by two tapetum-specific transcripts, Satap 35 and Satap 44, fromSinapis alba L. are located in the exine cell wall layers ofdeveloping microspores[J]. Planta, 1994, 192:221-231
102 赵一之.属的分类校正及其区系分析[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1999,30(2):197-199
103 杨喜林.中国荒漠十字花科几种植物的研究[J].植物分类学报,1981,19(2):238-240
104 关克俭.中国植物志[M].第三十三卷.北京:科学出版社,1987,67-71
105 张秀伏.宽翅沙芥的订正[J].植物分类学报,1995,33(5):502
106 马毓泉.内蒙古植物志[M].第二卷(第二版),呼和浩特;内蒙古人民出版社,1990,612-616
107 周世权,蓝登明.沙芥属植物的分类[J].内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(3):29-31
108 贺晓,周世权,阎洁.沙芥与斧形沙芥营养器官的解剖学观察[J].干旱区资源与环境,1998,12(2):96-100
109 杨冬艳. 沙芥属植物响应干旱胁迫的生理机制及形态解剖结构的特征[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.6
110 伊稍,K,著,李正理泽.种子植物解剖学(第二版),上海:上海科技出版社,1982,147,220-221
111 杨冬艳.干旱胁迫下沙芥(P.cornutum) 与斧翅沙芥(P.dolabratum)幼苗生理生化应答反应机理探讨[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005,38
112 张凤兰.沙芥属蔬菜植物形态多样性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2006
113 姚兆华.沙芥和斧翅沙芥光合特性于离体叶片衰老生理研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007
114 华志明,陈睦传,沈明山.从柱头到胚囊—花粉管发育研究进展[J].生物工程进展,1998,18(6):32-35
115 王洪新,胡志昂.植物的繁育系统、遗传结构和遗传多样性保护[J].生物多样性,1996, 4 (2): 92-96
116 西北农业大学植物生理生化教研组.植物生理试验指导.[M]西安:陕西科技出版社.1987,
117 沈阳农学院.蔬菜育种学:北京:农业出版社,1198
118 赵红军.不同中国品种的花朵出粉率和花粉发芽率观察[J].落叶果树,1996,14:18-19
119 孙光铃,王银生,胡乾政.烟草花粉贮藏及花粉生活力测定[J].中国烟草科学,1994,(1):20-22
120 张志良.植物生理学指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990,237-243
121 华东师范大学生物系生理生化教研组.植物生理实验指导[M].西安:陕西科技出版社,1987
122 邹琦.植物生理学实验指导[M]北京:中国农业出版社.2000,148-150
123 DafniA.Pollination.Ecology [M]New York:Oxford Univ Press,1992,1-57
124 红雨,刘强,韩岗.芍药花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究. 广西植物,2003,23 (1): 90—92
125 刘林德等.刺五加花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究[J]植物学研究,2001,21(3):375-379
126 Defni.A. pollination Oxdord Univ. press, Newpork 1992, 59-89
127 马书荣.长春花(Catharanthus roseus)传粉生物学的研究[D].沈阳:东北林业大学,2005,45
128 Cruden R W.Pollen ovule ratios: A conservative indicator of' breeding systems in flowerinng planes [J]. Evolution., 1977,31(1):32- 46
129 刘林德,祝宁.刺五加、短梗五加的开花动态及繁育系统的比较研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(7):1041-1048
130 张子学,唐苏,孙峰.辣椒花粉的生活力和贮藏方法研究[J].安徽技术师范学院学报,2001,15(3):4-6
131 郭荫槐,姜辉.沙棘花粉生活力测定和贮藏实验.辽宁林业科技,1995,(1):20-22
132 孙光铃,王银生,胡乾政.烟草花粉贮藏及花粉生活力测定[J]中国烟草科学,1994,(1):20-22
133 王少先.四种检验方法在辣椒花粉活力检验上的应用效果.河北农业科技,1998,(12):25-26
134 刘绚霞.醋酸洋红染色法测定油菜花粉的生活力.陕西农业科技,1998,(1):23-24
135 尹增芳,攀汝汶,尤录祥.饿掌揪花粉保存条件比较的研究.江苏林业科技,1997,(1)28-30
136 郭军洋,陈龙正,曹清河,陈劲枫.黄瓜现采花粉生活力最佳染色方法的筛选.广东农业科技,2004,(6):48-49
137 陶懿伟,许洁婷,史益敏.风信子花粉活力与育性[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2004,22(4),416-419
138 李颖岳,续九如,史良,等.台湾青枣不同品种花粉萌发和生活力测定[J].果树学报,2005,22(6):728-730
139 李范.不同培养条件对锦带花粉萌发影响[J].安徽农业科技,2007,(1):3234-3236
140 邓成乐,俞晓曲,王晓飞,等.椎栗花粉生活力的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(2):728-730
141 杜玉虎,张绍玲,姜雪婷,吴俊.果梅花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长特性研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(9):1846-1852
142 李宗艳,万晓敏,唐岱,王锦.黄牡丹花粉萌发特性的研究[J],浙江林学院学报,2004 ,21 ( 3 ) :285-289
143 王金平.矮慈姑人工授粉后花粉管生长的荧光显微观察[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),1999,12(2):185-188
144 车代弟,樊金萍,王金刚.东方百合花粉萌发培养基组分的优化[J].植物研究,2003, 23 (2):178-181
145 BALOCH M J, LAKHO A R, BHUTTO H, SOLANGI Y M. Impact of sucrose concentrations on in vitro pollen germination of okra, Hibiscus esculentus [J].Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2001.4 (4): 402-403
146 姚成义,赵洁.钙和硼对蓝猪耳花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2004 , 22(1):1-7
147 黄均元,曾安新,郑素秋.几种蔬菜花粉萌发最适培养基探讨[J].湖南农业大学学报,1997 ,23 (6):556-558
148 潘瑞炽.植物生理学[M]北京:中国农业出版社,2000.136
149 SUKHVBUL N,HETHERINGTON VIVITHANAGES E,WHILEY A W,et al.Effect of temperature on pollen tube growth,seed development in manguo(Mangifera India L.)[J]. Acta Hort, 2000, (509): 609-616
150 郭荫槐,董玉臣.不同条件下沙棘花粉生活力测定和贮藏试验.沙棘,1995 ,8(1)10-13
151 华志明,陈睦传,沈明山.从柱头到胚囊—花粉管发育研究进展[J].生物工程进展,1998, 18 (6):32-35
152 HAMRICK J L, GODT M J W. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: BROWNA D H, CLEGG M T, KAHLER A L, ed. Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources [M]. USA: Sinauer Associate Inc, 1990
153 WILLIAMS C F, RUVINSK J, SCOTT P E, HEWS . K, Pollination, breeding system, and genetic structure in two sympatric Delphinium (Ranunculaceae)species [J].American Journal of Botany, 2001,88; 1623-1633
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |