欧盟一体化进程中的区域经济差距演变研究
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摘要
关于市场经济体制下区域经济差距的演进趋向，经济学理论一直没有形成一个统一的认识。有的经济学家认为由于资源稀缺对经济发展的制约，市场经济会使区域经济差距扩大，有的则认为随着商品与生产要素在不同区域间的自由流动，商品与生产要素的价格将趋于均等，从而缩小不同区域间的经济差距。区域经济一体化，即加入区域组织的各成员国相互取消限制商品与生产要素自由流动的壁垒，消除影响相互间商品与生产要素自由流动的障碍，其实质是建立跨国界的共同市场，在区域组织内部消除影响市场各种生产要素自由流动的障碍。因此，研究区域经济组织内部各成员国的经济差距演变，以及各成员国国内区域经济差距的演变是分析市场经济与区域差距关系的理想实例。本文以欧盟区域一体化的不断推进为背景，系统分析欧盟成员国之间以及成员国内部区域经济差距的变化，进一步探讨市场经济与区域差距的关系。
首先，本文对经济一体化的概念进行了界定，介绍了区域经济一体化从低级到高级发展的不同组织形式以及区域经济一体化的具体实现形式，包括区际贸易、人口迁移、资本移动、技术扩散与产业转移；并从理论上探讨了区域差距产生的原因及演变、促进区域增长的模式选择以及经济一体化与区域差距的关系。另外，由于本文是在经济一体化的背景之下研究欧盟区域差距问题，因此对欧盟一体化的历史进程进行了详尽的介绍，从欧洲煤钢共同体到欧洲共同体再到欧盟，欧盟一体化不断深化，已经发展成为目前世界上一体化程度最高的区域经济组织，在这样的背景之下研究区域差距问题也具有重要的理论和现实意义。
其次，本文对欧盟的区域经济差距演变进行了测度分析。一方面分析了欧盟成员国之间区域经济差距的演变，首先从人均GDP、就业率、人力资本密集度指数和研发支出四个方面对欧盟成员国之间的区域经济差距的一般情况进行了介绍；之后利用变异系数、基尼系数、阿特金森指数、泰尔指数和MLD指数五个指标对欧盟成员国之间的区域经济差距演变情况进行测度分析，从测度分析的结果来看，欧盟成员国之间的经济发展存在一定趋同的趋势；最后对欧盟成员国之间的经济进行了趋同检验，从σ趋同检验来看，欧盟成员国经济存在较为明显的趋同趋势；但是从β趋同检验来看，尽管趋同趋势存在，但是并不明显。另一方面分析了欧盟成员国内部区域经济差距的演变。首先对欧盟成员国内部的区域经济差距及其空间分布情况进行了介绍；之后利用变异系数、基尼系数、泰尔指数和MLD指数四个指标对欧盟成员国内部的区域经济差距演变情况进行测度分析，结果表明，欧盟成员国内部，尤其是新加入欧盟的中东欧新成员国内部，存在严重的经济差距，因此，尽管欧盟整体经济表现出趋同的趋势，但这主要来自于成员国之间经济差距的缩小；最后对近年来欧盟成员国内部区域差距扩大的原因进行了分析。
再次，本文对欧盟区域政策的演变及欧盟实施区域政策的手段进行了介绍，并对欧盟区域政策的效果进行了评价。首先分析了欧盟制定和实施区域政策的原因，并详细介绍了欧盟区域政策的演变过程；其次重点介绍了欧盟实施区域政策所使用的手段，包括结构基金、团结基金、入盟前援助基金以及欧洲投资银行对基金的支持作用，这些基金的援助促进了欧盟落后地区的经济发展，是实现欧盟均衡发展的重要工具；再次对欧盟区域政策的效果进行了评价，利用HERMIN模型、EcoMod模型和QUEST模型对欧盟区域政策的实施效果进行模拟检验，结果表明，欧盟区域政策的实施能够提高团结国家GDP增长5%-10%，并创造200万个新就业，并且区域政策的影响是长期的；最后分析了欧盟区域政策存在的问题，并从欧盟区域政策周期的角度出发，分别从议程设置阶段、政策设计与实施阶段以及政策评估与学习阶段提出了相应的改革方向。
最后，本文分析了欧债危机的发生给欧盟区域均衡发展所带来的挑战。由于欧盟部分成员国的福利政策与经济发展不相符，政府又长期过度举债，再加上欧元区的制度性缺陷，最终导致了欧债危机的爆发；欧债危机增加了外围国家债务重组的困难，加重了欧盟经济的结构性失衡，加大了欧洲区域政策协调的难度，加剧了欧盟成员国之间的固有矛盾，增加了欧盟一体化的不确定性，给欧盟区域均衡发展带来了重大挑战。
在经济一体化的背景下，对欧盟区域经济差距问题进行研究，分析欧盟区域政策对经济凝聚的作用与效果，拓展了区域经济一体化的理论前提，从同质性、非多样化的假设拓展为异质性、多样化的假设；扩展了欧盟区域差距问题的研究对象，从欧盟15国、老成员国的经济差距问题扩展为欧盟27国、新老成员国之间以及成员国内部区域经济差距问题的研究；欧盟在解决区域经济差距问题时所使用的区域政策以及各种基金，对中国解决相关问题具有重要的启示作用和借鉴意义。
As to the development tendency of regional economic disparity under marketeconomic system, there has not formed a common economic theory. Some economistsbelieve that because of the resources scarcity, the market economy will enlargethe regional economic gap, while others think that with the free flow of goods andproduction factors, the prices of them will tend to be equal, so it will narrow theeconomic gap between different regions. Regional economic integration means thatthe members join the regional organization will eliminate the barriers which restrictthe free flow of goods and production factors. The essence of it is to establish acommon market across national borders, and within the market it will remove all theobstacles that restrict the free flow of goods and production factors. So the study onthe economic disparities between EU members, as well as within the member states isan ideal example for the analysis of the relationship between market economyand regional disparity. Based on the background of EU regional integrationprogress, this paper systematically analized the change of regional economicdisparities between the EU members and within the member states, and furtherexplored the relationship between the market economy and regional disparity.
Therefore, started from the background of economic integration, took regionaleconomic disparities as research subjects, this article first analyzed respectivelythe change of regional economic disparity both between EU member states and withinthe EU member states. Empirical results showed that the economic disparity betweenEU member states had been narrowed, sigma convergence test and beta convergencetest also proved this point; while regional economic disparity within the EU memberstates represented an expansion tendency, which would affect the whole economic disparity of EU more and more. Secondly, this article expounded the evolutionprocess of regional economic policies of EU, analyzed the important function ofstructure funds, cohesion funds, pre-accession assistance funds to the backwardregions and the important complementary role of European Investment Bank tothese funds. Then evaluated the effect of EU's regional economic policies using themacro economic models, results showed that the impact of regional economic policieson cohesion countries was significant, besides, the effect of policies was permanent,which would still exist after the end of the policy period. Finally, this article analyzedthe new problem arised in the process of EU integration, namely the European debtcrisis, which was also the biggest problem that threatened the process of EUintegration, expounded the background, causes, effects and spillover effects of thedebt crisis, and put forward the comprehensive strategy to solve the problem.
The research on the regional economic disparities of EU in the context ofeconomic integration and the analysis of the function and effects of EU regionaleconomic policies on economic cohesion, first could expand the theoretical premise ofregional economic integration from homogeneity and non-diversification toheterogeneity and diversification; second could expand the study object of EUregional economic disparities from EU15countries and between old member states toEU27countries and between old member states and new member states; last theregional economic policies and various funds tha EU used to solve the problem ofregional economic disparities could bring important enlightenment and reference forChina to solve relevant problems.
首先，本文对经济一体化的概念进行了界定，介绍了区域经济一体化从低级到高级发展的不同组织形式以及区域经济一体化的具体实现形式，包括区际贸易、人口迁移、资本移动、技术扩散与产业转移；并从理论上探讨了区域差距产生的原因及演变、促进区域增长的模式选择以及经济一体化与区域差距的关系。另外，由于本文是在经济一体化的背景之下研究欧盟区域差距问题，因此对欧盟一体化的历史进程进行了详尽的介绍，从欧洲煤钢共同体到欧洲共同体再到欧盟，欧盟一体化不断深化，已经发展成为目前世界上一体化程度最高的区域经济组织，在这样的背景之下研究区域差距问题也具有重要的理论和现实意义。
其次，本文对欧盟的区域经济差距演变进行了测度分析。一方面分析了欧盟成员国之间区域经济差距的演变，首先从人均GDP、就业率、人力资本密集度指数和研发支出四个方面对欧盟成员国之间的区域经济差距的一般情况进行了介绍；之后利用变异系数、基尼系数、阿特金森指数、泰尔指数和MLD指数五个指标对欧盟成员国之间的区域经济差距演变情况进行测度分析，从测度分析的结果来看，欧盟成员国之间的经济发展存在一定趋同的趋势；最后对欧盟成员国之间的经济进行了趋同检验，从σ趋同检验来看，欧盟成员国经济存在较为明显的趋同趋势；但是从β趋同检验来看，尽管趋同趋势存在，但是并不明显。另一方面分析了欧盟成员国内部区域经济差距的演变。首先对欧盟成员国内部的区域经济差距及其空间分布情况进行了介绍；之后利用变异系数、基尼系数、泰尔指数和MLD指数四个指标对欧盟成员国内部的区域经济差距演变情况进行测度分析，结果表明，欧盟成员国内部，尤其是新加入欧盟的中东欧新成员国内部，存在严重的经济差距，因此，尽管欧盟整体经济表现出趋同的趋势，但这主要来自于成员国之间经济差距的缩小；最后对近年来欧盟成员国内部区域差距扩大的原因进行了分析。
再次，本文对欧盟区域政策的演变及欧盟实施区域政策的手段进行了介绍，并对欧盟区域政策的效果进行了评价。首先分析了欧盟制定和实施区域政策的原因，并详细介绍了欧盟区域政策的演变过程；其次重点介绍了欧盟实施区域政策所使用的手段，包括结构基金、团结基金、入盟前援助基金以及欧洲投资银行对基金的支持作用，这些基金的援助促进了欧盟落后地区的经济发展，是实现欧盟均衡发展的重要工具；再次对欧盟区域政策的效果进行了评价，利用HERMIN模型、EcoMod模型和QUEST模型对欧盟区域政策的实施效果进行模拟检验，结果表明，欧盟区域政策的实施能够提高团结国家GDP增长5%-10%，并创造200万个新就业，并且区域政策的影响是长期的；最后分析了欧盟区域政策存在的问题，并从欧盟区域政策周期的角度出发，分别从议程设置阶段、政策设计与实施阶段以及政策评估与学习阶段提出了相应的改革方向。
最后，本文分析了欧债危机的发生给欧盟区域均衡发展所带来的挑战。由于欧盟部分成员国的福利政策与经济发展不相符，政府又长期过度举债，再加上欧元区的制度性缺陷，最终导致了欧债危机的爆发；欧债危机增加了外围国家债务重组的困难，加重了欧盟经济的结构性失衡，加大了欧洲区域政策协调的难度，加剧了欧盟成员国之间的固有矛盾，增加了欧盟一体化的不确定性，给欧盟区域均衡发展带来了重大挑战。
在经济一体化的背景下，对欧盟区域经济差距问题进行研究，分析欧盟区域政策对经济凝聚的作用与效果，拓展了区域经济一体化的理论前提，从同质性、非多样化的假设拓展为异质性、多样化的假设；扩展了欧盟区域差距问题的研究对象，从欧盟15国、老成员国的经济差距问题扩展为欧盟27国、新老成员国之间以及成员国内部区域经济差距问题的研究；欧盟在解决区域经济差距问题时所使用的区域政策以及各种基金，对中国解决相关问题具有重要的启示作用和借鉴意义。
As to the development tendency of regional economic disparity under marketeconomic system, there has not formed a common economic theory. Some economistsbelieve that because of the resources scarcity, the market economy will enlargethe regional economic gap, while others think that with the free flow of goods andproduction factors, the prices of them will tend to be equal, so it will narrow theeconomic gap between different regions. Regional economic integration means thatthe members join the regional organization will eliminate the barriers which restrictthe free flow of goods and production factors. The essence of it is to establish acommon market across national borders, and within the market it will remove all theobstacles that restrict the free flow of goods and production factors. So the study onthe economic disparities between EU members, as well as within the member states isan ideal example for the analysis of the relationship between market economyand regional disparity. Based on the background of EU regional integrationprogress, this paper systematically analized the change of regional economicdisparities between the EU members and within the member states, and furtherexplored the relationship between the market economy and regional disparity.
Therefore, started from the background of economic integration, took regionaleconomic disparities as research subjects, this article first analyzed respectivelythe change of regional economic disparity both between EU member states and withinthe EU member states. Empirical results showed that the economic disparity betweenEU member states had been narrowed, sigma convergence test and beta convergencetest also proved this point; while regional economic disparity within the EU memberstates represented an expansion tendency, which would affect the whole economic disparity of EU more and more. Secondly, this article expounded the evolutionprocess of regional economic policies of EU, analyzed the important function ofstructure funds, cohesion funds, pre-accession assistance funds to the backwardregions and the important complementary role of European Investment Bank tothese funds. Then evaluated the effect of EU's regional economic policies using themacro economic models, results showed that the impact of regional economic policieson cohesion countries was significant, besides, the effect of policies was permanent,which would still exist after the end of the policy period. Finally, this article analyzedthe new problem arised in the process of EU integration, namely the European debtcrisis, which was also the biggest problem that threatened the process of EUintegration, expounded the background, causes, effects and spillover effects of thedebt crisis, and put forward the comprehensive strategy to solve the problem.
The research on the regional economic disparities of EU in the context ofeconomic integration and the analysis of the function and effects of EU regionaleconomic policies on economic cohesion, first could expand the theoretical premise ofregional economic integration from homogeneity and non-diversification toheterogeneity and diversification; second could expand the study object of EUregional economic disparities from EU15countries and between old member states toEU27countries and between old member states and new member states; last theregional economic policies and various funds tha EU used to solve the problem ofregional economic disparities could bring important enlightenment and reference forChina to solve relevant problems.
引文
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