油菜内生菌生物多样性及其在宿主体内消长动态研究
|
摘要
植物内生菌广泛存在于各种植物中，由于它们对宿主具有明显的促生、提高抗逆性等作用，可以作为外源基因的理想载体，许多内生菌具有天然的抗菌、抗虫、抗癌等生物活性等作用，因而近些年来逐渐引起多学科科学家们的广泛关注。油菜（Brassica napus）是重要的油料作物，在油菜的生育期中受多种病害的为害，给油菜的生产带来很大损失。本研究拟通过油菜内生菌种类多样性及其在宿主体内的消长动态研究，为今后进一步研究内生菌-油菜互作、有效利用油菜内生菌微生物资源奠定基础。
本试验通过对健康油菜组织表面消毒、内生真菌的分离培养和鉴定，获得以下结果：共获得内生真菌45种， 其中子囊菌1种，半知菌43种（丝孢纲40种，腔孢纲3种），担子菌1种，分离物中37个种分属于20个不同属，8个种归属待定；从分离几率来看，没有明显优势的种类存在，在叶部分出率最高的是Alternaria alternata, 分离几率仅为7.04%；不同油菜组织的内生真菌种类有一定的差异，从叶部分离出25种，根部分离出12种，花器11种，茎12种，幼苗2种；初步回接试验显示球毛壳菌Chaetomium globosum可能是一种系统性油菜内生真菌。以上结果显示油菜内生真菌复杂、具有丰富的种类多样性。
对油菜内生细菌的研究显示：油菜叶、根、茎、柄等组织中内生细菌类群复杂，根据菌落形态特征将这些细菌初步归为34类；不同组织的优势类群明显不同，根部的优势类群为类B03，分离几率为28.30%，叶部优势类群类B01，分离几率为20.40%；内生细菌数量在不同组织都维系在较高的水平，均在105 cfu/g数量级以上。显示油菜内生细菌具有丰富多样性。
为了明确油菜内生细菌在宿主体内的动态变化、不同菌株间在宿主体内的相互作用，我们选择了从颜色易于区分的两株内生细菌bYM3-1（浅黄色）和bYb1-4（桔红色）分别用硫酸链霉素、利福平和氯霉素诱变，获得双抗突变菌株。其中SC-bYM3-1为硫酸链霉素和氯霉素双抗菌株，DA-bYb1-4为硫酸链霉素和利福平双抗菌株。
以SC-bYM3-1为供试菌分别采用浸种接种和伤根接种油菜，结果显示：浸种处理出苗后第1 d分离发现，内生菌可以大量侵入油菜体内（49.8×103cfu/g），以后数量明显地下降，第4天下降到4.1×103cfu/g，第7-10d为较平缓的上升过程，第10d达到第2个高峰，后开始下降，在第22d仍能分离到，表现出由高到低，其后又逐渐增多再降低的趋势；伤根处理后分离发现油菜体内的细菌数量逐渐增高，第7d达到第一个高峰（2.5×103cfu/g），后略微下降，第10d到谷底，以后又逐渐升高，第13d达到第二个高峰（6.6×103cfu/g），以后平缓下降，在第28d仍能分离到。以上结果显示内生细菌能定殖油菜，其数量在油菜体内发生明显的波动。
同时或先后浸种接种两种细菌SC-bYM3-1与DA-bYb1-4，结果显示：两株内生细菌
的消长变化趋势与单独接种有很大差别，其数量也明显低于单独接种；两株内生细菌在侵入时存在明显的竞争作用，优势菌株总表现出明显的入侵优势。
Endophytes are widespread hosted within various plants. Attention was paid to them by researchers in disciplines for their promoting growth, improving resistance of host, being ideal vectors for expressing exogenous genes within plant, and producing active substances against microbes, insects and cancers. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important oleaginous crop. Kinds of diseases during its growth period are responsible for dramatic yield losses. The objects of this study were to investigate preliminarily the endophytic diversity and fluctuation. We hope to obtain some basic information for further using endophytes and for carrying out the research on endophytes-oilseed rape interactions.
In this survey, we isolated endophytic fungi from surface-sterilized healthy oilseed rape and identified them. Forty five endophytic fungi were achieved, including 1 Ascomyteces, 1 Basidiomycetes and 43 Deuteromycetes (40 in Hyphomycetes and 3 in Coelomycetes). Thirty seven belonged to 20 genera, and 8 species were unidentified. There were no apparent dominant species. Alternaria alternate from leaf was the highest frequency, 7.04%. The species amounts of endophytic fungi isolated from different tissues of oilseed rape was variable. We found 25 species from leaf, 12 species from root, 11 species from flower, 12 species from stem and 2 species from seedling. Chaetomium globosum preliminary by re-inoculation was proved a systemic endophytic fungus of oilseed rape. It could be seen from our results that oilseed rape was rich in endophytic fungi.
Abundant groups of endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized leaves, roots, stems and stalks of oilseed rape. They were categorized to 34 groups based on morphological characters on colony. Dominant groups were obvious different among tissues. Dominant group in root was group B03 (isolative frequency 28.3%), group B01(isolative frequency 20.4%) in leaves. Group B05 (isolative frequency 9.7%) was community from the all tissues. The endophytic bacteria amounts in all tissues were at the high level of 105 cfu/g above.
In order to understand the amount fluctuation and interactions between endophytic bacteria within host, endophytic strains bYM3-1 and bYb1-4 with different color were selected. The antibiotics, streptomycin, rifampicin and chloromycetin were used to induce di-anti-antibiobics mutant. Mutant strain SC-bYM3-1 against streptomycin and chloromycetin, and DA-bYb1-4 against streptomycin and rifampicin were obtained.
Two kinds of inoculation, seed dipping and root injuring were used respectively with
suspensions of strain SC-bYM3-1. We found the amount of endophytic bacteria very high, up to 49.8×103cfu/g at the 1st day after germinating with seed dipping, then decreased to 4.1×103 cfu/g at the 4th day, and an increasing from the 7th to 10th day up to the second peak, thereafter decreased again. It could be isolated at the 22nd day. When treated with root injuring, we found that the amount within oilseed rape increased firstly, and to the first peak at the 7th day with 2.5×103 cfu/g, up to the second peak at the 13 day with 6.6×103 cfu/g before the valley floor at the 10th day, then decreased again. It still could be isolated at the 28th day. The results show that endophytic bacteria could colonize well in oilseed rape and their amounts obviously fluctuate within host.
When rape seeds dipped with two strains, SC-bYM3-1 and DA-bYb1-4 at the same time or one by another, we found that fluctuation of the two bacteria were obviously different from that by one strain, and the amount were apparently lower than that of each bacteria. Two endophytic bacteria were competed each other while infecting, and the dominant strain showed high invasive power.
本试验通过对健康油菜组织表面消毒、内生真菌的分离培养和鉴定，获得以下结果：共获得内生真菌45种， 其中子囊菌1种，半知菌43种（丝孢纲40种，腔孢纲3种），担子菌1种，分离物中37个种分属于20个不同属，8个种归属待定；从分离几率来看，没有明显优势的种类存在，在叶部分出率最高的是Alternaria alternata, 分离几率仅为7.04%；不同油菜组织的内生真菌种类有一定的差异，从叶部分离出25种，根部分离出12种，花器11种，茎12种，幼苗2种；初步回接试验显示球毛壳菌Chaetomium globosum可能是一种系统性油菜内生真菌。以上结果显示油菜内生真菌复杂、具有丰富的种类多样性。
对油菜内生细菌的研究显示：油菜叶、根、茎、柄等组织中内生细菌类群复杂，根据菌落形态特征将这些细菌初步归为34类；不同组织的优势类群明显不同，根部的优势类群为类B03，分离几率为28.30%，叶部优势类群类B01，分离几率为20.40%；内生细菌数量在不同组织都维系在较高的水平，均在105 cfu/g数量级以上。显示油菜内生细菌具有丰富多样性。
为了明确油菜内生细菌在宿主体内的动态变化、不同菌株间在宿主体内的相互作用，我们选择了从颜色易于区分的两株内生细菌bYM3-1（浅黄色）和bYb1-4（桔红色）分别用硫酸链霉素、利福平和氯霉素诱变，获得双抗突变菌株。其中SC-bYM3-1为硫酸链霉素和氯霉素双抗菌株，DA-bYb1-4为硫酸链霉素和利福平双抗菌株。
以SC-bYM3-1为供试菌分别采用浸种接种和伤根接种油菜，结果显示：浸种处理出苗后第1 d分离发现，内生菌可以大量侵入油菜体内（49.8×103cfu/g），以后数量明显地下降，第4天下降到4.1×103cfu/g，第7-10d为较平缓的上升过程，第10d达到第2个高峰，后开始下降，在第22d仍能分离到，表现出由高到低，其后又逐渐增多再降低的趋势；伤根处理后分离发现油菜体内的细菌数量逐渐增高，第7d达到第一个高峰（2.5×103cfu/g），后略微下降，第10d到谷底，以后又逐渐升高，第13d达到第二个高峰（6.6×103cfu/g），以后平缓下降，在第28d仍能分离到。以上结果显示内生细菌能定殖油菜，其数量在油菜体内发生明显的波动。
同时或先后浸种接种两种细菌SC-bYM3-1与DA-bYb1-4，结果显示：两株内生细菌
的消长变化趋势与单独接种有很大差别，其数量也明显低于单独接种；两株内生细菌在侵入时存在明显的竞争作用，优势菌株总表现出明显的入侵优势。
Endophytes are widespread hosted within various plants. Attention was paid to them by researchers in disciplines for their promoting growth, improving resistance of host, being ideal vectors for expressing exogenous genes within plant, and producing active substances against microbes, insects and cancers. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important oleaginous crop. Kinds of diseases during its growth period are responsible for dramatic yield losses. The objects of this study were to investigate preliminarily the endophytic diversity and fluctuation. We hope to obtain some basic information for further using endophytes and for carrying out the research on endophytes-oilseed rape interactions.
In this survey, we isolated endophytic fungi from surface-sterilized healthy oilseed rape and identified them. Forty five endophytic fungi were achieved, including 1 Ascomyteces, 1 Basidiomycetes and 43 Deuteromycetes (40 in Hyphomycetes and 3 in Coelomycetes). Thirty seven belonged to 20 genera, and 8 species were unidentified. There were no apparent dominant species. Alternaria alternate from leaf was the highest frequency, 7.04%. The species amounts of endophytic fungi isolated from different tissues of oilseed rape was variable. We found 25 species from leaf, 12 species from root, 11 species from flower, 12 species from stem and 2 species from seedling. Chaetomium globosum preliminary by re-inoculation was proved a systemic endophytic fungus of oilseed rape. It could be seen from our results that oilseed rape was rich in endophytic fungi.
Abundant groups of endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized leaves, roots, stems and stalks of oilseed rape. They were categorized to 34 groups based on morphological characters on colony. Dominant groups were obvious different among tissues. Dominant group in root was group B03 (isolative frequency 28.3%), group B01(isolative frequency 20.4%) in leaves. Group B05 (isolative frequency 9.7%) was community from the all tissues. The endophytic bacteria amounts in all tissues were at the high level of 105 cfu/g above.
In order to understand the amount fluctuation and interactions between endophytic bacteria within host, endophytic strains bYM3-1 and bYb1-4 with different color were selected. The antibiotics, streptomycin, rifampicin and chloromycetin were used to induce di-anti-antibiobics mutant. Mutant strain SC-bYM3-1 against streptomycin and chloromycetin, and DA-bYb1-4 against streptomycin and rifampicin were obtained.
Two kinds of inoculation, seed dipping and root injuring were used respectively with
suspensions of strain SC-bYM3-1. We found the amount of endophytic bacteria very high, up to 49.8×103cfu/g at the 1st day after germinating with seed dipping, then decreased to 4.1×103 cfu/g at the 4th day, and an increasing from the 7th to 10th day up to the second peak, thereafter decreased again. It could be isolated at the 22nd day. When treated with root injuring, we found that the amount within oilseed rape increased firstly, and to the first peak at the 7th day with 2.5×103 cfu/g, up to the second peak at the 13 day with 6.6×103 cfu/g before the valley floor at the 10th day, then decreased again. It still could be isolated at the 28th day. The results show that endophytic bacteria could colonize well in oilseed rape and their amounts obviously fluctuate within host.
When rape seeds dipped with two strains, SC-bYM3-1 and DA-bYb1-4 at the same time or one by another, we found that fluctuation of the two bacteria were obviously different from that by one strain, and the amount were apparently lower than that of each bacteria. Two endophytic bacteria were competed each other while infecting, and the dominant strain showed high invasive power.
引文
阿历索保罗 CJ 等著 姚一建 李玉 主译 菌物学概论(第四版) 北京：中国农业出版社 2002.6
巴尼特 HL 亨特BB 著 林崇尧 译 半知菌图解 北京：科学出版社 1977.10
陈世苹 高玉葆 内生真菌与禾本科植物之间的关系及其生态学意义 生态学杂志 2000 19：52-57
段灿星 张青文 徐静 能延坤 周明堂 抗虫内生工程菌对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果及其在植物体内的动态变化 中国农业大学学报 2002 7：75-79
方中达 植病研究方法(第三版) 北京：中国农业出版社 1998.12
冯永君 宋未 植物内生细菌 自然杂志 2001 23：249-252
郭波 李海燕 张玲琪 一种产长春新碱真菌的分离 云南大学学报（自然科学版） 1998 20：214-215
郭良栋 内生真菌研究进展 菌物系统 2001 20：148-152
何红 蔡学清 关雄 胡方平 辣椒内生枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2和BS-1防治辣椒炭疽病研究 植物病理学报 2003 33：170-173
何红 蔡学清 关雄 胡方平 谢联辉 内生菌BS-2菌株的抗蛋白及其防病作用 植物病理学报 2003 33：373-378
何红 蔡学清 洪永聪 关雄 胡方平 辣椒内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选 中国生物防治 2002 18：171-175
何红 邱思鑫 蔡学清 关雄 胡方平 辣椒内生细菌BS-1和BS-2在植物体内的定殖及鉴定 微生物学报 2004 44：13-18
姜威 等 东北红豆杉内生真菌代谢产物的化学研究 中国抗生素杂志 1998 23：263-266
孔庆科 丁爱云 内生细菌作为生防因子的研究进展 山东农业大学学报（自然科学版） 2001 32：256-260
兰琪 苦皮藤内生真菌中杀虫杀菌活性物质的初步研究 西北农大硕士论文 2002
李海燕 等 一种桃儿七内生真菌的分离初报 云南大学学报（自然科学版） 1999 21：243
李艳琴 申泉 刘彬彬 张华 赵立平 番茄内生菌分离及其ERIC-PCR指纹图潽分析 微生物学通报 2003 30：89-93
梁宗琦 真菌次生代谢产物多样性及其潜在应用价值 生物多样性 1999 7：145-150
刘后利 主编 实用油菜栽培学 上海：上海科学出版社 1987.12
刘晓光 高克祥 谷建才 杜建玲 唐秀光 毛白杨内生优势种毛壳ND35室内拮抗作用的研究 林业科学 1999 35：57-61
龙良鲲 肖崇刚 内生细菌01-144在番茄茎内定殖的初步研究 微生物学报 2003 30：53-56
齐祖同 主编 中国真菌志 第五卷 曲霉及其相关有性型 北京：科学出版社 1997.10
任春玲 主编 油料作物高效栽培学 北京：中国农业出版社 2000.7
宋子红 丁立孝 马伯军 李文泽 梅汝鸿 花生内生菌的种群及动态分析 植物保护学报1999 26：309-314
孙广宇 宗兆锋 主编 植物病理学实验技术 北京：中国农业出版社 2002.12 p207
王大耜 编著 细菌分类基础 北京：科学出版社 1977.5
王代军 胡桂馨 应用和改良禾草内生真菌的研究现状 甘肃农业大学学报 1999 34：213-223
王金生 主编 植物病原细菌学 北京：中国农业出版社 2000.12
王守正 主编 河南经济植物病害志 郑州：河南科技出版社 1998
王伟等 南方红豆杉内生菌及紫杉烷类产物的初步鉴定 中山大学学报 1999 38：15
卫亚红 西双版纳香荚兰种植区生防菌的筛选 西北农大硕士论文 2001
魏景超 遗著 真菌鉴定手册 上海：上海科学技术出版社 1979.9
吴蔼民 顾本康 傅正擎 胡华东 内生菌73a在不同抗性品种棉花体内的定殖和消长动态研究 植物病理学报 2001 31：289-294
徐静 寻广新 张青文 周明堂 抗虫工程菌在棉株内的动态变化和抗虫基因分化率研究 农业生物技术学报 2001 9：378-382
袁军 防治马铃薯环腐烂病的有益内生细菌的筛选及其作用机理的初步研究 西北农大硕士论文 2000
张玲琪 等 长春花内生真菌的分离及其发酵产生药用成分的初步研究 中草药 2000 31：805-807
张中义 主编 中国真菌志 第十四卷 枝孢属、黑星孢属、梨孢属 北京：科学出版社 2003.2
中国农科院植保所 主编 中国农作物病虫害（第二版） 北京：中国农业出版社1995.1
皱文欣 谭仁祥 植物内生菌研究新进展 植物学报 2001 43：881-892
朱长山 杨好伟 主编 河南种子植物检索表 兰州：兰州大学出版社1994.7
Agrios GH Plant Pathology Academic Press London 1997
Allen MF Mycorrhizal Functioning Chapman & Hall, New York 1992
Araujo WJ,Maccheroni Jr. W,Aguilar-Vildoso CA,Barroso AV,Saridakis HO,Azevedo JL Variability and interactions between endophytic bacteria and fungi isolated from leaf of citrus rootstocks Can. J. MIcrobiol. 2001 47:229-236
Azevedo JL,Maccheroni Jr. W, Pereira JO,de Araujo WL Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN:0717-3458 2002 3:40-65
Bissegger M,Sieber TN Assemblages of endophytic fungi in coppice shoots of Castanea sativa Mycilogia 1994 86:648-655
Boyle C,Gotz M,Dammann-Tugend U, & Schulz B Endophyte-host interactions III. Local vs. Systemic colonization Symbiosis 2001 31:259-281
Cabral D,Stone JK,& Carroll GC The internal mycobiota of Juncus spp.: microscopic and cultural observations of infections patterns Mycological Research 1993 97:367-376
Calhoun LA, Findlay JA,Milier JD & Whitnet NJ Metabolites toxic to spruce budworm from balsam fir needle endophytes Mycological Research 1992 96:281-286
Carroll GC Forest endophytes: pattern and process Canadian Journal of Botany 1995 73:1316-1324
Carroll GC Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: from latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont Ecologigy 1988 69:2-9
Carroll GC & Petrini O Patterns of substrate utilization by some endophytes from coniferous foliage Mycologia 1983 75:53-63
Chapela IH,Petrini O,Bielser G The physiology of ascospore eclosion in Hypoxylon fragiforme: mechanisms in the early recognition and establishment of an endophytic symbiosis Mycological Research 1993 97:157-162
Chapela IH,Petrini O,Hagmann L Monolignol glucosides as specific recognition messengers in fungus-plant symbioses Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 1991 39:289-298
Chen C,Bauske EM,Musson G,Rodriguez-Kabana R,Kloepper JW Biological control of Fusarium wilt on cotton by use of endophytic bacteria Biological Control 1995 5:83-91
Cheplick GP,Clay K,& Marks S Interactions between infection by endophytic fungi nutrient limitation in the grasses Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea New Phytol. 1989 111:89-97
Christensen MJ,Bennett RJ,Schmid J Growth of Epichlo?/Neothphodium and p-endophytes in leaves of Lolium and Festuca grasses Myclogical Research 2002 106:93-106
Christensen MJ,Bennett R,Schmid J Vascular bundle colonization by Neotyphodium endophytes in natural and novel associations with grasses Myclogical Research 2001 105:1239-1245
Christensen MJ,Falloon RE,Skipp RA A Petri plate technique for testing pathogenicity of fungi to seedlings and inducing fungal sporulation Australasian Plant Pathology 1988 17:45-47
Christensen MJ,Simpson WR,Al Samarrai T Infection of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass plants by combinations of different Neotyphodium endophytes Myclogical Research 2000 104(8):974-978
Clay K Fungal endophytes of grasses: a defensive mutualism between plants and fungi Ecology 1988 69:10-16
Clay K & Leuchtmann A Infection of woodland grasses by fungal endophytes Mycologia 1989 81:805-811
Colladi J, Platas G, Gongzalez I & Pelaez F Geographyical and seasonal influences on distribution of fungal endophytes in Quercus ilex New Phytologist 144(3):525-532
Costa Pinto LSR,Azevedo JL,Pereira JO,Carnerio Vierira ML, & Labbate CA Symptomless infection of banana and maize by endophytic fungi impairs photosynthetic efficiency New Phytologist 2000 147:609-615
Dingle J,Mcgee PA Some endophytic fungi reduce the density of pustules of Puccinia reandita f. sp. tritici in wheat Myclogical Research 2003 107:310-316
Dugassa-Gobena D,Raps A,Vidal S Influence of fungal endophytes on allelochemicals of their host plants and the behaviour of insects Med Fac Landbouww Univ Gent 1998 63:333-337
Ellis MB Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes 1971 C.M.I., Kew
Ellis MB More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes 1976 C.M.I., Kew
Espinosa-Garcia FJ,Langenheim J Effect of some essential leaf oil phenotypes from coastal redwood on growth of its predominant endophytic fungus ,Pleuroplaconema sp. J. Chem. Ecol. 1991a
17:1837-1857
Espinosa-Garcia FJ,Langenheim J Effect of some essential leaf oil phenotypes in coastal redwood on growth of several fungi with endophytic stages Biochem Syst Ecol 1991b 19:629-642
Fiddaman PJ,Rossall S Selection of bacterial antagonists for the biological control of Rhizoctonia solani in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) Plant pathology 1995 44:659-703
Fisher PJ, Petrini O, Sutton BC A comparative study of fungal endophytes in leaves,xylem and bark of Eucalyptus nitens in Australia and England Sydowia 1993 45:338-345
Fisher PJ,Petrini O,Lappin Scott HM The distribution of some fungal and bacterial endophytes in maize(Zea mays L.) New Phytologist 1992 122:299-305
Germida JJ,Sciliano SD,Freitas JR,de Seib AM Diversity of root-associated bacteria associated with field-grown canola(Brassica napus) and wheat(Triticum aestivum) FEMS Microbiology Ecology 1998 26:43-50
Graner G,Pesson P,Meijer J,Alsterom S A study on microbial diversity in different cultivars of Brassica napus in relation to its wilt pathogen,Verticillium longisporum FEMS Microbiology Letters 2003 224:269-276
Gyaneshwar P,James EK,Mathan N,Reddy PM,Reinhold-Hurek B,Ladha JK Endopgytic colonization of rice by a diazotrophic strain of Serratia marcesceas Journal of Bacteriology 2001 183:2634-2645
Hallmann J Plant interactions with endophytic bacteria In: Jeger MJ and Spence NJ eds. Biotic Interactions in Plant-Pathogen Associations CAB interactional 2001 87-119
Herd S,Christensen MJ,Saunders K,Scott DB,Schmid J Quantitative assessment of in planta distrubtion of metabolic acitivity and gene expression of an endophytic fungus Microbiology 1997 143:267-275
Huang YJ,Toscano-Underwood C,Fitt BDL,Hu XJ,Hall AM Effects of temperature on ascopore germination and penetration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves by A- or B-group Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) Plant Pathology 2003 52:245-255
Jefferson RA,Kavanagh TA, Bevan MW GUS fusions:β-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants EMBO J 1987 6:3901-3907
Jumpponen A, & Trappe JM Performance of Pinus contorta inoculated with two strains of root endophytic fungus ,Phialocephala fortinii: effects of system and glucose concentration Canadian Journal of Botany 1998 76:1205-1213
Jumpponen A, & Trappe JM Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root-colonizing fungi New Phytol 1998 140:295-310
Kiffer E, Morelet M The Deutermycetes :Mitosporic fungi classification and genetic keys Science Publishers Inc., Enfield NH,USA 1999
Leach JE,Sherwood J,Fulton RW & Sequeira L Comparison of soluble protein associated with disease resistance induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and by viral necrosis Physiological Plant Pathology 1983 23:377-385
Li JY,Harrper JK,Grant DM et al. Ambuic acid, a highly functionalized cyclohexenone with antifungal activety from Pestalotiopsis spp. and Monochaetia sp. Phytochemistry 2001 56:463-468
Liu L Kloepper JW & Tuzun S Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber against bacterial angular leaf spot by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Phytopathology 1995 85:843-847
Lu H,Zou WX,Meng JC,Hu J,Tan WX New bioactive metabolites produces by Colletotrichum sp.,an endophytic fungus in Artemisia annua Plant Science (Limerick) 2000 151:67-73
Mahmood T,Gergerich RC,Milus EA et al. Barley yellow dwarf viruses in wheat ,endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue and other hosts in Arkansas Plant Disease 1993 77:225-228
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP Adaptions of endophyte-infected cool-season grasses to environmental stress tolerance Crop Science 2000 40:923-940
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP Infection with leaf fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum increases aluminum sequestration on root of tall fescue J. Plant Nutr. 1999 22:1335-1349
May M,Belanger F,Duncan R,Freehoff A et al. Identification of epiphyllous mycelia nets on leaves of grasses infected by clavicipitaceous endophytes Symbiosis 2000 28:291-302
Moon CD,Scott DB,Schardl CL,& Christensn MJ The evolutionary origins of Epichlo? endophytes from annual ryegrasses Mycologia 2000 92:1103-1118
Narisawa K,Ohki KT,Hashiba T Suppression of clubroot and Verticillium in Chinese cabbage in the field by the root endophytic fungus, Heteroconium chaetospira Plant Pathology 2000 49:141-146
Narisawa K,Tokumasu S,Hashiba T Suppression of clubroot formation in Chinese cabbage by the root endophytic fungus, Heteroconium chaetospira Plant Pathology 1998 47:206-210
Nejad P,Johsson PA Endophytic bacteria induce growth promotion and wilt disease suppression in oilseed rape and tomato Biological Control 2000 18:208-215
Nishijima F,Evans WR & Vesper SJ Enhanced nodulation of soybean by Bradyhizobium in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens Plant and Soil 1988 111:149-150
Nowak J,Asiedu SK,Lazarovits G,Pillay V,Stewart A,Smith C & Liu Z Enhancement of in vitro growth and transplant stress tolerance of patato and vegetable plantlets co-cultured with a plant growth promoting pseudomonad bacterium In: Carre F & Chagvardieff P eds. Ecophysiology and Photosynthetic in Vitro Cultures Commissariat a l’energie atomique France 1995 173-179
O’Donnell I, & Dickenson CH Pathogenicity of Alternaria and Cladosporium isolates on Phaseolus Transactions of the British Mycological Society 1980 74:335-342
Ohki T,Masuya H,Yonezawa M,Usuki F,Narisawa K,Hashiba T Colonization process of the root endophytic fungus Heteroconium chaetospira in roots of Chinese cabbage Mycoscience 2002 43:191-194
Peters S,Dammeyer B,& Schul B Endophyte-host interactions I. Plant defence reactions to an endophytic and a pathogenic fungus Symbiosis 1998 25:193-211
Petrini O Fungal Endophytes of Tree Leaves In: Andrews JH & Hirano SS eds. Microbal
Ecology of Leaves Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 1991 179-197
Petrini O Ecological and physiological aspects of host specificity in endophytic fungi In: Redlin SC,Carris LM eds. Endophytic Fungi in Grasses and Woody Plants:Systematics,Ecological,and Evolution St. Paul,Minnesota: APS Press 1996 87-100
Petrini O Txonomy of endophytic fungi of aerial plant tissues In: Fokkema NJ & van den Heuvel J eds Microbiology of the Phyllosphere Cambridge University Press,Cambridge 1986 175-185
Petrini O,Oetrini LE,Rodrigues KF Xylariaceous endophyes:an exterise in biodiversity Fitopatol. Bars. 1995 20:531-539
Petrini O,Sieber TN, Toti L,Viret O Ecology,metabolite production, and substrate utilization in endophytic fungi Nat. Toxins. 1992 185-196
Petrini O,Stone J,Carroll GC Endophytic fungi in evergreen shrubs in western Oregon: A preliminary study Can J Bot 1982 60:789-796
Pinto LSRC,Azevedo JL Symptomless infection of banana and maize by endophytic fungi impairs photosynthetic essiciency New Phytologist 2000 47:609-615
Raps A,Vidal S Indirect effects of an unspecialized endophytic fungus on specialized plant-herbivorous insect interactions Oecologia 1998 114:541-547
Reitz M,Hallmann J & Sikora RA Lipopolysaccharides of Rhizobium etli Strain G12 act as inducing agents of systemic resistence in potato towards infection by the cyst nematode Globodera pallida Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000 66:3515-3518
Rodrigues KF,Petrini O Biodiversity of endophytic fungi in the tropic regions In: Hyde KD ed. Biodiversity of Tropical Microfungi Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press 1997 57-70
Romeiro RS & Kimura O Induced resistance in pepper leaves infiltrated with purified bacterial elicitors from Xanthomaonas campestris pv. vessicatoria Journal of Phytopathology 1997 145:495-498
Saikkonen K, Faeth SH,Helander M & Sullivan TJ Fungal endophytes：a continuum of interactions with host plants Annu Rev Ecol Syst 1998 29:319-343
Sayonara MPA,Rosa LRM,Sami JM, et al. Biocontrol of Xanthomonas compestris pv. campestris on kale with Bcillus spp. and endophytic bacteria In: Tang WH,Cook RJ,Rovira A Advances in Biological Control of Plant Diseases Beijing: China Agricultural University Press 1996 347-353
Schardl CL Epichlo? species:Fungal symbionts of grasses Annu Rev Phytopathol 1996 34:109-130
Schulz B,Byle C,Draeger S,Rommert AK, Krohn K Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites Myclogical Research 2002 106:996-1004
Schulz B,Romert AK,Dammann U,Aust HJ,Stark D The endophtyte-host interaction:a blanced antagonism? Myclogical Research 1999 103:1275-1283
Sciliano SD & Germila JJ Taxonomic diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of field grown transgenic Brassica napus cv. Quest, compared to the non-transgenic B. napus cv. Excel and B. rapa cv. Parkland FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1999 29:263-272
Siciliano SD,Fortin N,Mihoc A et al. Selection of specific endophytic bacterial genotypes by plants in
response to soil contamination Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001 67:2469-2475
Sieber TN Endophytic fungi in twigs of healthy and diseased Norway spruce and white fir Mycologal Research 1989 92:322-326
Sieber TN Fungal root endophytes In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U eds. Plant Roots-The Hidden Half (3rd) New York:Marcel Dekker,INC. 2002 887-917
Sieber TN,Sieber-Canavesi F,Dorworth CE Simultaneous stimulation of endophytic Cryptodiaporthe hystrix and inhibition of Acer macrophyllum callus in dual culture Mycologia 1990 82:569-575
Sieber TN,Sieber-Canavesi F,Petrini O,Ekramoddoullah AKM, & Dorworth CE Partial characterization of Canadian and European Melanconium (Melanconis) from some Alnus fagus and Queraus species by morpholigical and biochemical studies Canadian Journal of Botany 1991 69:2170-2176
Sieber-Canavesi F,Sieber TN Successional patterns of fungal communities in needles of European silver fie (Abies alba Mill.) New Phytol 1993 125:149-161
Stierle A,Strobel G, Stierle D Taxonl and taxane production by Taxomyces andreana, an endophytic fungus of pacific yew Science 1993 260:214-216
Stone J & Petrini O Endophytes of forest tress: a model for fungus –plant interactions In: Carroll & Tudzynski eds. The Mycota V Part B Plant Relationships Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 129-140
Stone JK,Bacon CW,White JF Jr. An overview of endophytic microbes: endophytism defined In: Bacon CW,White JF Jr. Eds. Microbial Endophytes New York: Marcel Dekker 2002 3-29
Stone JK,Viret O,Petrini O, & Chapela I Histological studies of host penetration and colonization by endophytic fungi In: Petrini O & Ouellette GB eds. Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic fungi American Phytopathological Society Press St Paul MN 1994 115-128
Sturz AV,Christie BR,Matheson BG & Nowak J Biodiversity of endophytic bacteria which colonize red colover nodules, roots, stems and foliage and their influence on host growth Biology and Fertility of soils 1997 25:13-19
Sturz AV,Christie BR,Matheson BG,Arsenault WJ,Buchnan NA Endophytic bacterial communities in the periderm of potato tubers and their potential to improve resistance to soil-brone plant pathogens Plant Pathology 1999 48:360-369
Tsai HF,Liu JS,Staben C,Christensen MJ,Latch GCM,Siegel MR,&Schardl CL Evolutionary diversification of fungal endophytes of fescue grass by hybridization with Epichlo? species Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 1994 91:2542-2546
van Loon LC,Bakker PAHM & Pieterse CMJ Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria Annual Review of Phytopathology 1998 36:453-483
van Wees SCM,Pieterse CMJ,Trijssenaar A,van’t Westende YAM et al. Differential induction of systemic resistance in Arabidopsis by biocontrol bacteria Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1997 10:716-724
Varma A,Singh A,Sahay NS et al. Piriformospora indica: an axenically culturable mycorrhiza-like endosymbiotic fungus In: Hock B ed. The Mycota Vol. IX Fungal Associations Springer-Verlag Berlin 2000 125-150
Viert O & Petrini O Colonization of beech leaves(Fagus sylvatica) by the endophyte Disula umbrinella (teleomorph: Apiognomonia errabunda) Mycological Research 1994 98:423-432
West CP Physiology and drought tolerance of endophyte-infected grasses In: Bacon CW & White Jr. JF eds. Biotechnology of Endophytic Fungi of Grasses CRC Press Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo 1994 73-104
West CP,Izekor E,Robbins RT,Gergerich R, & Mahmood T Acremonium coenophialum effects on infections of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and soil-borne nematodes and insects in tall fescue In: Quisenberry SS & Joost RE eds. Proc Intl Symp On Acremonium/Grass Interactions 1990 196-198 Baton Rouge LA 3 Nov. 1990 Louisiana Agric Exp Stn, Baton Rouge
Wilson D Endophyte : the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition Oikos 1995 73:274-276
Wulff EG, Mguni CM,Mortensen CN,Keswani CL, Hockenhull J Biological control of black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) of brassicas with an antagonistic strain of Bacillus subtilis in Zimbabwe European Journal of Plant Pathology 2002 108:317-325
Yue Q,Miller CJ,White JF & Rihardson Isolation and characterization of fungal inhibitors from Epichlo? festucae Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000 48:4687-4692
巴尼特 HL 亨特BB 著 林崇尧 译 半知菌图解 北京：科学出版社 1977.10
陈世苹 高玉葆 内生真菌与禾本科植物之间的关系及其生态学意义 生态学杂志 2000 19：52-57
段灿星 张青文 徐静 能延坤 周明堂 抗虫内生工程菌对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果及其在植物体内的动态变化 中国农业大学学报 2002 7：75-79
方中达 植病研究方法(第三版) 北京：中国农业出版社 1998.12
冯永君 宋未 植物内生细菌 自然杂志 2001 23：249-252
郭波 李海燕 张玲琪 一种产长春新碱真菌的分离 云南大学学报（自然科学版） 1998 20：214-215
郭良栋 内生真菌研究进展 菌物系统 2001 20：148-152
何红 蔡学清 关雄 胡方平 辣椒内生枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2和BS-1防治辣椒炭疽病研究 植物病理学报 2003 33：170-173
何红 蔡学清 关雄 胡方平 谢联辉 内生菌BS-2菌株的抗蛋白及其防病作用 植物病理学报 2003 33：373-378
何红 蔡学清 洪永聪 关雄 胡方平 辣椒内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选 中国生物防治 2002 18：171-175
何红 邱思鑫 蔡学清 关雄 胡方平 辣椒内生细菌BS-1和BS-2在植物体内的定殖及鉴定 微生物学报 2004 44：13-18
姜威 等 东北红豆杉内生真菌代谢产物的化学研究 中国抗生素杂志 1998 23：263-266
孔庆科 丁爱云 内生细菌作为生防因子的研究进展 山东农业大学学报（自然科学版） 2001 32：256-260
兰琪 苦皮藤内生真菌中杀虫杀菌活性物质的初步研究 西北农大硕士论文 2002
李海燕 等 一种桃儿七内生真菌的分离初报 云南大学学报（自然科学版） 1999 21：243
李艳琴 申泉 刘彬彬 张华 赵立平 番茄内生菌分离及其ERIC-PCR指纹图潽分析 微生物学通报 2003 30：89-93
梁宗琦 真菌次生代谢产物多样性及其潜在应用价值 生物多样性 1999 7：145-150
刘后利 主编 实用油菜栽培学 上海：上海科学出版社 1987.12
刘晓光 高克祥 谷建才 杜建玲 唐秀光 毛白杨内生优势种毛壳ND35室内拮抗作用的研究 林业科学 1999 35：57-61
龙良鲲 肖崇刚 内生细菌01-144在番茄茎内定殖的初步研究 微生物学报 2003 30：53-56
齐祖同 主编 中国真菌志 第五卷 曲霉及其相关有性型 北京：科学出版社 1997.10
任春玲 主编 油料作物高效栽培学 北京：中国农业出版社 2000.7
宋子红 丁立孝 马伯军 李文泽 梅汝鸿 花生内生菌的种群及动态分析 植物保护学报1999 26：309-314
孙广宇 宗兆锋 主编 植物病理学实验技术 北京：中国农业出版社 2002.12 p207
王大耜 编著 细菌分类基础 北京：科学出版社 1977.5
王代军 胡桂馨 应用和改良禾草内生真菌的研究现状 甘肃农业大学学报 1999 34：213-223
王金生 主编 植物病原细菌学 北京：中国农业出版社 2000.12
王守正 主编 河南经济植物病害志 郑州：河南科技出版社 1998
王伟等 南方红豆杉内生菌及紫杉烷类产物的初步鉴定 中山大学学报 1999 38：15
卫亚红 西双版纳香荚兰种植区生防菌的筛选 西北农大硕士论文 2001
魏景超 遗著 真菌鉴定手册 上海：上海科学技术出版社 1979.9
吴蔼民 顾本康 傅正擎 胡华东 内生菌73a在不同抗性品种棉花体内的定殖和消长动态研究 植物病理学报 2001 31：289-294
徐静 寻广新 张青文 周明堂 抗虫工程菌在棉株内的动态变化和抗虫基因分化率研究 农业生物技术学报 2001 9：378-382
袁军 防治马铃薯环腐烂病的有益内生细菌的筛选及其作用机理的初步研究 西北农大硕士论文 2000
张玲琪 等 长春花内生真菌的分离及其发酵产生药用成分的初步研究 中草药 2000 31：805-807
张中义 主编 中国真菌志 第十四卷 枝孢属、黑星孢属、梨孢属 北京：科学出版社 2003.2
中国农科院植保所 主编 中国农作物病虫害（第二版） 北京：中国农业出版社1995.1
皱文欣 谭仁祥 植物内生菌研究新进展 植物学报 2001 43：881-892
朱长山 杨好伟 主编 河南种子植物检索表 兰州：兰州大学出版社1994.7
Agrios GH Plant Pathology Academic Press London 1997
Allen MF Mycorrhizal Functioning Chapman & Hall, New York 1992
Araujo WJ,Maccheroni Jr. W,Aguilar-Vildoso CA,Barroso AV,Saridakis HO,Azevedo JL Variability and interactions between endophytic bacteria and fungi isolated from leaf of citrus rootstocks Can. J. MIcrobiol. 2001 47:229-236
Azevedo JL,Maccheroni Jr. W, Pereira JO,de Araujo WL Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN:0717-3458 2002 3:40-65
Bissegger M,Sieber TN Assemblages of endophytic fungi in coppice shoots of Castanea sativa Mycilogia 1994 86:648-655
Boyle C,Gotz M,Dammann-Tugend U, & Schulz B Endophyte-host interactions III. Local vs. Systemic colonization Symbiosis 2001 31:259-281
Cabral D,Stone JK,& Carroll GC The internal mycobiota of Juncus spp.: microscopic and cultural observations of infections patterns Mycological Research 1993 97:367-376
Calhoun LA, Findlay JA,Milier JD & Whitnet NJ Metabolites toxic to spruce budworm from balsam fir needle endophytes Mycological Research 1992 96:281-286
Carroll GC Forest endophytes: pattern and process Canadian Journal of Botany 1995 73:1316-1324
Carroll GC Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: from latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont Ecologigy 1988 69:2-9
Carroll GC & Petrini O Patterns of substrate utilization by some endophytes from coniferous foliage Mycologia 1983 75:53-63
Chapela IH,Petrini O,Bielser G The physiology of ascospore eclosion in Hypoxylon fragiforme: mechanisms in the early recognition and establishment of an endophytic symbiosis Mycological Research 1993 97:157-162
Chapela IH,Petrini O,Hagmann L Monolignol glucosides as specific recognition messengers in fungus-plant symbioses Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 1991 39:289-298
Chen C,Bauske EM,Musson G,Rodriguez-Kabana R,Kloepper JW Biological control of Fusarium wilt on cotton by use of endophytic bacteria Biological Control 1995 5:83-91
Cheplick GP,Clay K,& Marks S Interactions between infection by endophytic fungi nutrient limitation in the grasses Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea New Phytol. 1989 111:89-97
Christensen MJ,Bennett RJ,Schmid J Growth of Epichlo?/Neothphodium and p-endophytes in leaves of Lolium and Festuca grasses Myclogical Research 2002 106:93-106
Christensen MJ,Bennett R,Schmid J Vascular bundle colonization by Neotyphodium endophytes in natural and novel associations with grasses Myclogical Research 2001 105:1239-1245
Christensen MJ,Falloon RE,Skipp RA A Petri plate technique for testing pathogenicity of fungi to seedlings and inducing fungal sporulation Australasian Plant Pathology 1988 17:45-47
Christensen MJ,Simpson WR,Al Samarrai T Infection of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass plants by combinations of different Neotyphodium endophytes Myclogical Research 2000 104(8):974-978
Clay K Fungal endophytes of grasses: a defensive mutualism between plants and fungi Ecology 1988 69:10-16
Clay K & Leuchtmann A Infection of woodland grasses by fungal endophytes Mycologia 1989 81:805-811
Colladi J, Platas G, Gongzalez I & Pelaez F Geographyical and seasonal influences on distribution of fungal endophytes in Quercus ilex New Phytologist 144(3):525-532
Costa Pinto LSR,Azevedo JL,Pereira JO,Carnerio Vierira ML, & Labbate CA Symptomless infection of banana and maize by endophytic fungi impairs photosynthetic efficiency New Phytologist 2000 147:609-615
Dingle J,Mcgee PA Some endophytic fungi reduce the density of pustules of Puccinia reandita f. sp. tritici in wheat Myclogical Research 2003 107:310-316
Dugassa-Gobena D,Raps A,Vidal S Influence of fungal endophytes on allelochemicals of their host plants and the behaviour of insects Med Fac Landbouww Univ Gent 1998 63:333-337
Ellis MB Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes 1971 C.M.I., Kew
Ellis MB More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes 1976 C.M.I., Kew
Espinosa-Garcia FJ,Langenheim J Effect of some essential leaf oil phenotypes from coastal redwood on growth of its predominant endophytic fungus ,Pleuroplaconema sp. J. Chem. Ecol. 1991a
17:1837-1857
Espinosa-Garcia FJ,Langenheim J Effect of some essential leaf oil phenotypes in coastal redwood on growth of several fungi with endophytic stages Biochem Syst Ecol 1991b 19:629-642
Fiddaman PJ,Rossall S Selection of bacterial antagonists for the biological control of Rhizoctonia solani in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) Plant pathology 1995 44:659-703
Fisher PJ, Petrini O, Sutton BC A comparative study of fungal endophytes in leaves,xylem and bark of Eucalyptus nitens in Australia and England Sydowia 1993 45:338-345
Fisher PJ,Petrini O,Lappin Scott HM The distribution of some fungal and bacterial endophytes in maize(Zea mays L.) New Phytologist 1992 122:299-305
Germida JJ,Sciliano SD,Freitas JR,de Seib AM Diversity of root-associated bacteria associated with field-grown canola(Brassica napus) and wheat(Triticum aestivum) FEMS Microbiology Ecology 1998 26:43-50
Graner G,Pesson P,Meijer J,Alsterom S A study on microbial diversity in different cultivars of Brassica napus in relation to its wilt pathogen,Verticillium longisporum FEMS Microbiology Letters 2003 224:269-276
Gyaneshwar P,James EK,Mathan N,Reddy PM,Reinhold-Hurek B,Ladha JK Endopgytic colonization of rice by a diazotrophic strain of Serratia marcesceas Journal of Bacteriology 2001 183:2634-2645
Hallmann J Plant interactions with endophytic bacteria In: Jeger MJ and Spence NJ eds. Biotic Interactions in Plant-Pathogen Associations CAB interactional 2001 87-119
Herd S,Christensen MJ,Saunders K,Scott DB,Schmid J Quantitative assessment of in planta distrubtion of metabolic acitivity and gene expression of an endophytic fungus Microbiology 1997 143:267-275
Huang YJ,Toscano-Underwood C,Fitt BDL,Hu XJ,Hall AM Effects of temperature on ascopore germination and penetration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves by A- or B-group Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) Plant Pathology 2003 52:245-255
Jefferson RA,Kavanagh TA, Bevan MW GUS fusions:β-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants EMBO J 1987 6:3901-3907
Jumpponen A, & Trappe JM Performance of Pinus contorta inoculated with two strains of root endophytic fungus ,Phialocephala fortinii: effects of system and glucose concentration Canadian Journal of Botany 1998 76:1205-1213
Jumpponen A, & Trappe JM Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root-colonizing fungi New Phytol 1998 140:295-310
Kiffer E, Morelet M The Deutermycetes :Mitosporic fungi classification and genetic keys Science Publishers Inc., Enfield NH,USA 1999
Leach JE,Sherwood J,Fulton RW & Sequeira L Comparison of soluble protein associated with disease resistance induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and by viral necrosis Physiological Plant Pathology 1983 23:377-385
Li JY,Harrper JK,Grant DM et al. Ambuic acid, a highly functionalized cyclohexenone with antifungal activety from Pestalotiopsis spp. and Monochaetia sp. Phytochemistry 2001 56:463-468
Liu L Kloepper JW & Tuzun S Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber against bacterial angular leaf spot by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Phytopathology 1995 85:843-847
Lu H,Zou WX,Meng JC,Hu J,Tan WX New bioactive metabolites produces by Colletotrichum sp.,an endophytic fungus in Artemisia annua Plant Science (Limerick) 2000 151:67-73
Mahmood T,Gergerich RC,Milus EA et al. Barley yellow dwarf viruses in wheat ,endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue and other hosts in Arkansas Plant Disease 1993 77:225-228
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP Adaptions of endophyte-infected cool-season grasses to environmental stress tolerance Crop Science 2000 40:923-940
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP Infection with leaf fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum increases aluminum sequestration on root of tall fescue J. Plant Nutr. 1999 22:1335-1349
May M,Belanger F,Duncan R,Freehoff A et al. Identification of epiphyllous mycelia nets on leaves of grasses infected by clavicipitaceous endophytes Symbiosis 2000 28:291-302
Moon CD,Scott DB,Schardl CL,& Christensn MJ The evolutionary origins of Epichlo? endophytes from annual ryegrasses Mycologia 2000 92:1103-1118
Narisawa K,Ohki KT,Hashiba T Suppression of clubroot and Verticillium in Chinese cabbage in the field by the root endophytic fungus, Heteroconium chaetospira Plant Pathology 2000 49:141-146
Narisawa K,Tokumasu S,Hashiba T Suppression of clubroot formation in Chinese cabbage by the root endophytic fungus, Heteroconium chaetospira Plant Pathology 1998 47:206-210
Nejad P,Johsson PA Endophytic bacteria induce growth promotion and wilt disease suppression in oilseed rape and tomato Biological Control 2000 18:208-215
Nishijima F,Evans WR & Vesper SJ Enhanced nodulation of soybean by Bradyhizobium in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens Plant and Soil 1988 111:149-150
Nowak J,Asiedu SK,Lazarovits G,Pillay V,Stewart A,Smith C & Liu Z Enhancement of in vitro growth and transplant stress tolerance of patato and vegetable plantlets co-cultured with a plant growth promoting pseudomonad bacterium In: Carre F & Chagvardieff P eds. Ecophysiology and Photosynthetic in Vitro Cultures Commissariat a l’energie atomique France 1995 173-179
O’Donnell I, & Dickenson CH Pathogenicity of Alternaria and Cladosporium isolates on Phaseolus Transactions of the British Mycological Society 1980 74:335-342
Ohki T,Masuya H,Yonezawa M,Usuki F,Narisawa K,Hashiba T Colonization process of the root endophytic fungus Heteroconium chaetospira in roots of Chinese cabbage Mycoscience 2002 43:191-194
Peters S,Dammeyer B,& Schul B Endophyte-host interactions I. Plant defence reactions to an endophytic and a pathogenic fungus Symbiosis 1998 25:193-211
Petrini O Fungal Endophytes of Tree Leaves In: Andrews JH & Hirano SS eds. Microbal
Ecology of Leaves Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 1991 179-197
Petrini O Ecological and physiological aspects of host specificity in endophytic fungi In: Redlin SC,Carris LM eds. Endophytic Fungi in Grasses and Woody Plants:Systematics,Ecological,and Evolution St. Paul,Minnesota: APS Press 1996 87-100
Petrini O Txonomy of endophytic fungi of aerial plant tissues In: Fokkema NJ & van den Heuvel J eds Microbiology of the Phyllosphere Cambridge University Press,Cambridge 1986 175-185
Petrini O,Oetrini LE,Rodrigues KF Xylariaceous endophyes:an exterise in biodiversity Fitopatol. Bars. 1995 20:531-539
Petrini O,Sieber TN, Toti L,Viret O Ecology,metabolite production, and substrate utilization in endophytic fungi Nat. Toxins. 1992 185-196
Petrini O,Stone J,Carroll GC Endophytic fungi in evergreen shrubs in western Oregon: A preliminary study Can J Bot 1982 60:789-796
Pinto LSRC,Azevedo JL Symptomless infection of banana and maize by endophytic fungi impairs photosynthetic essiciency New Phytologist 2000 47:609-615
Raps A,Vidal S Indirect effects of an unspecialized endophytic fungus on specialized plant-herbivorous insect interactions Oecologia 1998 114:541-547
Reitz M,Hallmann J & Sikora RA Lipopolysaccharides of Rhizobium etli Strain G12 act as inducing agents of systemic resistence in potato towards infection by the cyst nematode Globodera pallida Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000 66:3515-3518
Rodrigues KF,Petrini O Biodiversity of endophytic fungi in the tropic regions In: Hyde KD ed. Biodiversity of Tropical Microfungi Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press 1997 57-70
Romeiro RS & Kimura O Induced resistance in pepper leaves infiltrated with purified bacterial elicitors from Xanthomaonas campestris pv. vessicatoria Journal of Phytopathology 1997 145:495-498
Saikkonen K, Faeth SH,Helander M & Sullivan TJ Fungal endophytes：a continuum of interactions with host plants Annu Rev Ecol Syst 1998 29:319-343
Sayonara MPA,Rosa LRM,Sami JM, et al. Biocontrol of Xanthomonas compestris pv. campestris on kale with Bcillus spp. and endophytic bacteria In: Tang WH,Cook RJ,Rovira A Advances in Biological Control of Plant Diseases Beijing: China Agricultural University Press 1996 347-353
Schardl CL Epichlo? species:Fungal symbionts of grasses Annu Rev Phytopathol 1996 34:109-130
Schulz B,Byle C,Draeger S,Rommert AK, Krohn K Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites Myclogical Research 2002 106:996-1004
Schulz B,Romert AK,Dammann U,Aust HJ,Stark D The endophtyte-host interaction:a blanced antagonism? Myclogical Research 1999 103:1275-1283
Sciliano SD & Germila JJ Taxonomic diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of field grown transgenic Brassica napus cv. Quest, compared to the non-transgenic B. napus cv. Excel and B. rapa cv. Parkland FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1999 29:263-272
Siciliano SD,Fortin N,Mihoc A et al. Selection of specific endophytic bacterial genotypes by plants in
response to soil contamination Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001 67:2469-2475
Sieber TN Endophytic fungi in twigs of healthy and diseased Norway spruce and white fir Mycologal Research 1989 92:322-326
Sieber TN Fungal root endophytes In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U eds. Plant Roots-The Hidden Half (3rd) New York:Marcel Dekker,INC. 2002 887-917
Sieber TN,Sieber-Canavesi F,Dorworth CE Simultaneous stimulation of endophytic Cryptodiaporthe hystrix and inhibition of Acer macrophyllum callus in dual culture Mycologia 1990 82:569-575
Sieber TN,Sieber-Canavesi F,Petrini O,Ekramoddoullah AKM, & Dorworth CE Partial characterization of Canadian and European Melanconium (Melanconis) from some Alnus fagus and Queraus species by morpholigical and biochemical studies Canadian Journal of Botany 1991 69:2170-2176
Sieber-Canavesi F,Sieber TN Successional patterns of fungal communities in needles of European silver fie (Abies alba Mill.) New Phytol 1993 125:149-161
Stierle A,Strobel G, Stierle D Taxonl and taxane production by Taxomyces andreana, an endophytic fungus of pacific yew Science 1993 260:214-216
Stone J & Petrini O Endophytes of forest tress: a model for fungus –plant interactions In: Carroll & Tudzynski eds. The Mycota V Part B Plant Relationships Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 129-140
Stone JK,Bacon CW,White JF Jr. An overview of endophytic microbes: endophytism defined In: Bacon CW,White JF Jr. Eds. Microbial Endophytes New York: Marcel Dekker 2002 3-29
Stone JK,Viret O,Petrini O, & Chapela I Histological studies of host penetration and colonization by endophytic fungi In: Petrini O & Ouellette GB eds. Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic fungi American Phytopathological Society Press St Paul MN 1994 115-128
Sturz AV,Christie BR,Matheson BG & Nowak J Biodiversity of endophytic bacteria which colonize red colover nodules, roots, stems and foliage and their influence on host growth Biology and Fertility of soils 1997 25:13-19
Sturz AV,Christie BR,Matheson BG,Arsenault WJ,Buchnan NA Endophytic bacterial communities in the periderm of potato tubers and their potential to improve resistance to soil-brone plant pathogens Plant Pathology 1999 48:360-369
Tsai HF,Liu JS,Staben C,Christensen MJ,Latch GCM,Siegel MR,&Schardl CL Evolutionary diversification of fungal endophytes of fescue grass by hybridization with Epichlo? species Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 1994 91:2542-2546
van Loon LC,Bakker PAHM & Pieterse CMJ Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria Annual Review of Phytopathology 1998 36:453-483
van Wees SCM,Pieterse CMJ,Trijssenaar A,van’t Westende YAM et al. Differential induction of systemic resistance in Arabidopsis by biocontrol bacteria Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1997 10:716-724
Varma A,Singh A,Sahay NS et al. Piriformospora indica: an axenically culturable mycorrhiza-like endosymbiotic fungus In: Hock B ed. The Mycota Vol. IX Fungal Associations Springer-Verlag Berlin 2000 125-150
Viert O & Petrini O Colonization of beech leaves(Fagus sylvatica) by the endophyte Disula umbrinella (teleomorph: Apiognomonia errabunda) Mycological Research 1994 98:423-432
West CP Physiology and drought tolerance of endophyte-infected grasses In: Bacon CW & White Jr. JF eds. Biotechnology of Endophytic Fungi of Grasses CRC Press Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo 1994 73-104
West CP,Izekor E,Robbins RT,Gergerich R, & Mahmood T Acremonium coenophialum effects on infections of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and soil-borne nematodes and insects in tall fescue In: Quisenberry SS & Joost RE eds. Proc Intl Symp On Acremonium/Grass Interactions 1990 196-198 Baton Rouge LA 3 Nov. 1990 Louisiana Agric Exp Stn, Baton Rouge
Wilson D Endophyte : the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition Oikos 1995 73:274-276
Wulff EG, Mguni CM,Mortensen CN,Keswani CL, Hockenhull J Biological control of black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) of brassicas with an antagonistic strain of Bacillus subtilis in Zimbabwe European Journal of Plant Pathology 2002 108:317-325
Yue Q,Miller CJ,White JF & Rihardson Isolation and characterization of fungal inhibitors from Epichlo? festucae Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000 48:4687-4692