基于旅游地生命周期理论的陕西省乡村旅游适应性管理研究
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摘要
陕西省乡村旅游从上世纪90年代初开始到现在，经历了20余年的发展，已成为陕西省旅游业重要组成部分。陕西省乡村旅游在快速发展进程中，显示着显著的正面政治、经济、文化效应的同时，政治、经济、文化、自然、社会、生态等负面效应不断扩大，严重影响其生命周期长短。陕西省地域辽阔，下辖十市一区乡村旅游发展状况各不相同，负面效应各具特点，面对这种情况亟需寻找一种新的管理方法来综合应对。适应性管理是一种动态的、可持续的、系统的对社会、经济、文化、自然资源和环境资源管理的方法，综合了社会、经济、文化、生态发展的要求，以达到人类社会发展的需要与社会、经济、文化以及生态系统可持续性要求的和谐统一，在众多领域都有其应用前景。乡村旅游开发在对乡村旅游地旅游资源进行开发利用的同时，也涉及到如何进行社会、经济、文化以及自然资源和环境的保护、社会利益平衡与经济可持续发展的协调统一，适应性管理理论无疑能提供有力的指导。基于此，本文将陕西省乡村旅游快速发展的动态性与适应性管理的动态管理模式相结合，以陕西省十市一区乡村旅游发展目的地为对象，在总结国内外相关研究现状和梳理相关研究理论的基础上，采用文献收集与多途径数据采集相结合、定量分析与定性分析相结合、理论与实践相结合的研究方法，以旅游地生命周期理论、乡村旅游发展理论、适应性管理理论、旅游地理学相关理论、可持续发展理论为指导，以陕西省各市、区及不同人文自然条件区域为空间分布单元，实地调研，分析、总结、评价、研究，针对陕西省乡村旅游快速发展态势，架构了各市及不同人文自然条件区域的政府管理、自身管理、产品供给与需求管理、基础设施供给与需求管理、空间布局规划管理、人才管理、市场营销管理等适应性管理框架，推动陕西省乡村旅游全面、健康、持续发展。
本论文由六章组成。第一章绪论部分主要阐述了研究背景、立论依据、研究目的意义、内容与技术路线，并对国内外旅游地生命周期理论、乡村旅游理论、适应性管理理论相关研究文献进行综述、评价。
第二章基本概念与理论部分主要探讨了旅游地生命周期理论、乡村旅游发展理论、适应性管理理论、旅游地理学等相关理论。
第三章是论文的重点部分之一，阐述了陕西省乡村旅游发展历程、管理模式、发展模式、空间布局、产品开发、经营现状等，对总体需求、供给、效应、人文、自然、社会生态等方面存在问题进行了系统全面分析，为陕西省十市一区乡村旅游发展问题诊断打下基础。
第四章、第五章为论文的核心部分，第四章对陕西省十市一区乡村旅游游客行为特征、社区居民影响感知、态度、供给系统、环境承载力、政府管理等方面进行调查分析、综合评价，认为西安市、宝鸡市、汉中市、安康市、商洛市、杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区处于旅游地生命周期发展阶段，咸阳市、渭南市、铜川市处于旅游地生命周期起步阶段，延安市、榆林市处于旅游地生命周期探索阶段。
第五章对处于不同旅游地生命周期阶段的陕西省十市一区乡村旅游目的地存在问题进行诊断，针对诊断问题从需求与供给、效应、环境以及其他因素方面提出适应性管理方案。反馈、实施方案，对方案应用进行监控和评估，根据结果提出调控对策，结合方案与调控对策进一步调整方案，最后架构陕西省不同生命周期阶段城市、不同地域的乡村旅游需求与供给、效应、环境以及其他方面的适应性管理框架。
第六章为研究总结部分，阐述了基本结论，创新之处、研究不足与以后研究的方向。
论文通过“理论研究+一线调研+实践应用”的模式，架构了陕西省乡村旅游适应性管理框架，有效降低了陕西省乡村旅游发展的负面效应，有利于延长陕西省乡村旅游目的地的生命周期，探索了适应性管理理论在乡村旅游研究中的实践应用价值。丰富、深化了乡村旅游相关理论研究，并提供一个新的研究思路。论文中所构建的乡村旅游适应性管理框架也可为我国西北地区乃至全国乡村旅游管理提供借鉴和参考。
Shaanxi province’s rural tourism has experienced20years of development from the early1990s to the present, and has become an important part of the tourism industries in Shaanxiprovince. In the course of its rapid development, Shaanxi rural tourism has manifested amarked positive impact on certain aspects of provincial politics, economics and culture. At thesame time, rapid development of rural tourism has had significant negative effects on theprovincial political, economic, cultural, natural, social, ecological realms. The negativeimpacts have been increasing at a rate which threatens the long-term sustainability of the ruraltourism program. Shaanxi province has a vast territory, for rural tourism development differsin its ten cities and one district, the different places are experiencing different negative effects.Therefore, we need to find a new comprehensive decision-making approach to thedevelopment of rural tourism, which allows for simultaneous study, planning andimplementation. Adaptive management is particularly well-suited as a method of determining,preserving and developing current, ongoing and future resources which often have competinggoals. Adaptive management is a dynamic, sustainable, systemic management process thatcontinuously measures social, economic, cultural, natural and environmental resources againstdevelopment goals and incorporates a broad range of interested persons’ perspectives. Thus,adaptive management is a scientific and social process that can effectively guidedecision-making that can lead to harmony and unity between the demands of the developmentof human society and the requirements of economic, social, cultural and ecosystemsustainability. Based on this, this paper will combine the dynamics of rapid development ofShaanxi rural tourism and the dynamic management mode of adaptivemanagement, focusingon destinations of rural tourism development in eleven cities and one district of Shaanxiprovince. The methods used in this thesis will combine literature, law and data-gathering,qualitative and quantitative analysis, theory and practice. This paper applies life-cycle tourismdestination theory, the development of rural tourism theory, adaptive management theory,theories of tourism geography, the theory of sustainable development, inputting the differenthumanistic and natural conditions in the noted cities. Under field research，analysis, summary,evaluation, the paper sets up the framework of government administration, self management,product supply and demand management, infrastructure supply and demand management,spatial layout and planning management, personnel management, marketing management andother adaptive managements promotes the comprehensive, healthy and sustainabledevelopment of Shaanxi rural tourism.
This thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter One is the preface which mainly describesthe major research background, basis, purpose and significance of the research, content andtechnical route. It also reviews and values the life-cycle theory of tourism destination, ruraltourism theory, adaptive management theory and relevant research both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two discusses basic concepts and theories. In this part, the life-cycle theory oftourism destination, the development of rural tourism theory, the adaptive management theory and other related theories in tourism geography are raised.
Chapter Three is one of the key parts of the thesis. It focuses on the development processof Shaanxi rural tourism, management mode development patterns, spatial distribution,product development, and the present condition of management, and makes a systematic andcomprehensive analysis of problems existing in the overall demand, supply, effect, humanity,nature, society, social ecology and other aspects, which are foundational to diagnosing theproblems related to the development of rural tourism of eleven cities and one district inShaanxi province. Chapters Four and Five are the core part of this paper. In the fourth chapterthrough the investigation analysis and comprehensive evaluation of tourists behavior,community residents’ perception, attitude, supply system, environmental carrying capacity,the government management of the Rural Tourism of ten cities and one district in Shaanxiprovince, it can be concluded that Xi'an City, Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City,Yangling agricultural hi-tech industries demonstration zone are in the development stage ofthe life cycle of a tourist destination, Xianyang City, Weinan City, Tongchuan City are in thestarting stage and Yanan City and Yulin City are in the exploration stage.
Chapter5diagnoses the problems of the rural tourism destination of ten cities and onedistrict in Shaanxi province which are in different stages of the life cycle of the touristdestination, and puts forth programs developed through the adaptive management process,which includes feedback, monitoring and implementation plans from the aspects of demand,supply, and effect on the environment Through the application of adaptive management, theconditions are continuously monitored and evaluated, and controlling countermeasures areimplemented according to the research results, after which, further adjusting of programsoccurs. Finally, Chapter Five provides results of the adaptive management framework appliedacross Shaanxi province, among cities in different stages of the tourist destination life cycle.
Chapter Six contains a summary of the research, explaining the basic conclusion,innovations, the limitations of the study and future research directions.
Through the model of "theory research and first-tier survey and practical application"，this paper applied the adaptive management framework in the study of rural tourism inShaanxi province. The results indicate that applying the adaptive management approach todecision-making in this context will effectively reduce the negative effects of rural tourismdevelopment and help to prolong the life cycle of rural tourism destinations in ShaanxiProvince. This paper also proposes several new research ideas to enrich and deepen relatedtheoretical research on rural tourism. Finally, the paper also suggests that the adaptivemanagement framework of rural tourism can also provide instruction and reference for themanagement of rural tourism in the northwest region and throughout the whole of China.
本论文由六章组成。第一章绪论部分主要阐述了研究背景、立论依据、研究目的意义、内容与技术路线，并对国内外旅游地生命周期理论、乡村旅游理论、适应性管理理论相关研究文献进行综述、评价。
第二章基本概念与理论部分主要探讨了旅游地生命周期理论、乡村旅游发展理论、适应性管理理论、旅游地理学等相关理论。
第三章是论文的重点部分之一，阐述了陕西省乡村旅游发展历程、管理模式、发展模式、空间布局、产品开发、经营现状等，对总体需求、供给、效应、人文、自然、社会生态等方面存在问题进行了系统全面分析，为陕西省十市一区乡村旅游发展问题诊断打下基础。
第四章、第五章为论文的核心部分，第四章对陕西省十市一区乡村旅游游客行为特征、社区居民影响感知、态度、供给系统、环境承载力、政府管理等方面进行调查分析、综合评价，认为西安市、宝鸡市、汉中市、安康市、商洛市、杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区处于旅游地生命周期发展阶段，咸阳市、渭南市、铜川市处于旅游地生命周期起步阶段，延安市、榆林市处于旅游地生命周期探索阶段。
第五章对处于不同旅游地生命周期阶段的陕西省十市一区乡村旅游目的地存在问题进行诊断，针对诊断问题从需求与供给、效应、环境以及其他因素方面提出适应性管理方案。反馈、实施方案，对方案应用进行监控和评估，根据结果提出调控对策，结合方案与调控对策进一步调整方案，最后架构陕西省不同生命周期阶段城市、不同地域的乡村旅游需求与供给、效应、环境以及其他方面的适应性管理框架。
第六章为研究总结部分，阐述了基本结论，创新之处、研究不足与以后研究的方向。
论文通过“理论研究+一线调研+实践应用”的模式，架构了陕西省乡村旅游适应性管理框架，有效降低了陕西省乡村旅游发展的负面效应，有利于延长陕西省乡村旅游目的地的生命周期，探索了适应性管理理论在乡村旅游研究中的实践应用价值。丰富、深化了乡村旅游相关理论研究，并提供一个新的研究思路。论文中所构建的乡村旅游适应性管理框架也可为我国西北地区乃至全国乡村旅游管理提供借鉴和参考。
Shaanxi province’s rural tourism has experienced20years of development from the early1990s to the present, and has become an important part of the tourism industries in Shaanxiprovince. In the course of its rapid development, Shaanxi rural tourism has manifested amarked positive impact on certain aspects of provincial politics, economics and culture. At thesame time, rapid development of rural tourism has had significant negative effects on theprovincial political, economic, cultural, natural, social, ecological realms. The negativeimpacts have been increasing at a rate which threatens the long-term sustainability of the ruraltourism program. Shaanxi province has a vast territory, for rural tourism development differsin its ten cities and one district, the different places are experiencing different negative effects.Therefore, we need to find a new comprehensive decision-making approach to thedevelopment of rural tourism, which allows for simultaneous study, planning andimplementation. Adaptive management is particularly well-suited as a method of determining,preserving and developing current, ongoing and future resources which often have competinggoals. Adaptive management is a dynamic, sustainable, systemic management process thatcontinuously measures social, economic, cultural, natural and environmental resources againstdevelopment goals and incorporates a broad range of interested persons’ perspectives. Thus,adaptive management is a scientific and social process that can effectively guidedecision-making that can lead to harmony and unity between the demands of the developmentof human society and the requirements of economic, social, cultural and ecosystemsustainability. Based on this, this paper will combine the dynamics of rapid development ofShaanxi rural tourism and the dynamic management mode of adaptivemanagement, focusingon destinations of rural tourism development in eleven cities and one district of Shaanxiprovince. The methods used in this thesis will combine literature, law and data-gathering,qualitative and quantitative analysis, theory and practice. This paper applies life-cycle tourismdestination theory, the development of rural tourism theory, adaptive management theory,theories of tourism geography, the theory of sustainable development, inputting the differenthumanistic and natural conditions in the noted cities. Under field research，analysis, summary,evaluation, the paper sets up the framework of government administration, self management,product supply and demand management, infrastructure supply and demand management,spatial layout and planning management, personnel management, marketing management andother adaptive managements promotes the comprehensive, healthy and sustainabledevelopment of Shaanxi rural tourism.
This thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter One is the preface which mainly describesthe major research background, basis, purpose and significance of the research, content andtechnical route. It also reviews and values the life-cycle theory of tourism destination, ruraltourism theory, adaptive management theory and relevant research both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two discusses basic concepts and theories. In this part, the life-cycle theory oftourism destination, the development of rural tourism theory, the adaptive management theory and other related theories in tourism geography are raised.
Chapter Three is one of the key parts of the thesis. It focuses on the development processof Shaanxi rural tourism, management mode development patterns, spatial distribution,product development, and the present condition of management, and makes a systematic andcomprehensive analysis of problems existing in the overall demand, supply, effect, humanity,nature, society, social ecology and other aspects, which are foundational to diagnosing theproblems related to the development of rural tourism of eleven cities and one district inShaanxi province. Chapters Four and Five are the core part of this paper. In the fourth chapterthrough the investigation analysis and comprehensive evaluation of tourists behavior,community residents’ perception, attitude, supply system, environmental carrying capacity,the government management of the Rural Tourism of ten cities and one district in Shaanxiprovince, it can be concluded that Xi'an City, Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City,Yangling agricultural hi-tech industries demonstration zone are in the development stage ofthe life cycle of a tourist destination, Xianyang City, Weinan City, Tongchuan City are in thestarting stage and Yanan City and Yulin City are in the exploration stage.
Chapter5diagnoses the problems of the rural tourism destination of ten cities and onedistrict in Shaanxi province which are in different stages of the life cycle of the touristdestination, and puts forth programs developed through the adaptive management process,which includes feedback, monitoring and implementation plans from the aspects of demand,supply, and effect on the environment Through the application of adaptive management, theconditions are continuously monitored and evaluated, and controlling countermeasures areimplemented according to the research results, after which, further adjusting of programsoccurs. Finally, Chapter Five provides results of the adaptive management framework appliedacross Shaanxi province, among cities in different stages of the tourist destination life cycle.
Chapter Six contains a summary of the research, explaining the basic conclusion,innovations, the limitations of the study and future research directions.
Through the model of "theory research and first-tier survey and practical application"，this paper applied the adaptive management framework in the study of rural tourism inShaanxi province. The results indicate that applying the adaptive management approach todecision-making in this context will effectively reduce the negative effects of rural tourismdevelopment and help to prolong the life cycle of rural tourism destinations in ShaanxiProvince. This paper also proposes several new research ideas to enrich and deepen relatedtheoretical research on rural tourism. Finally, the paper also suggests that the adaptivemanagement framework of rural tourism can also provide instruction and reference for themanagement of rural tourism in the northwest region and throughout the whole of China.
引文
①华商网.2013年西安共有蓝天数138天12月份优良天仅10天.http：//news.hsw.cn/system.
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