登封地域民间传统武术村少林武术现状调查研究
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摘要
河南嵩山具有悠久的历史,灿烂的文化,近半个世纪,作为民族传统体育的少林武术在登封地区得到了飞速的发展。少林寺因隋朝末年十三棍僧救唐王和电影《少林寺》的拍摄而闻名,使天下爱武之人纷纷涌入登封,使登封的少林武术名声鹊起。如今,无论任何季节来到登封,都会为遍布大街小巷的练武群体而震撼。据登封市体育局的数据显示,目前共有正规武术馆校50多家,常年在校学员多达5万多人,号称世界上最大的“武林部落”和“硬汉集中地”。
武术不仅是我国国民强身健体的重要方式,也是中华绚烂文化的重要组成部分,作为中华民族宝贵文化遗产的武术,其魅力不仅在于其内容丰富,体用兼备,而且它蕴含着深厚的哲理思想,富有鲜明的民族特色和文化内涵。登封少林武术传承历史悠久,群众基础深厚,在民间广为流传。
改革开放以来,登封地域民间少林武术出现了传承危机,就传承而言,传承发展相对落后,拳种流失速度快于传承速度,少林武术在民间传承内容整体在萎缩,尤其是越来越多的传统武术名家与世长辞,令人痛心,而他们的去世致使一些拳种断代失传,后继无人,甚至个别拳种已经到了失传的状况。从表面上看,失传的只是一些拳种,而实际上,民间传统武术消亡是民族文化的巨大损失,其中最重要的损失是老拳师遗传下来的可以促进武术文化多样性和弘扬、培育思想道德水平的民族精神。面对这一严峻形势,迫使我们对登封地域民间少林武术现状的调查研究工作刻不容缓。这不仅关系着民间少林武术自身的可持续发展,也关系着全民健身运动的进一步深化和民间传统武术非物质文化遗产的有效保护。
本文采用文献法、专家访谈法、实地考察法等方法,对登封地域现存武术村的老拳师进行了深度访谈,就少林武术在武术村的形成、传承内容、武术特点进行了全面了解。从调查的结果看,登封地域民间传统武术虽然有令人值得欣慰的成绩但总体来看还存在着一些问题,如传承空间、环境、文化形式严峻,传承现状不容乐观；武术村组织结构障碍因素制约其壮大和发展；武术村发展缺乏创收渠道,资金短缺阻碍了其规模化发展；武术村发展缺乏资源整合力度,人才资源相对短缺；武术村发展缺乏现代传媒技术支持,现代网络技术应用力度不够；拳法谱系过于保守,缺乏交流,技法体系过于单一。通过深入的分析和研究,提出了登封地域民间少林武术发展的策略,如整合和利用各种资源,进行文化遗产保护；多方位开拓资金筹集渠道,加大政策支持力度；实施人才强武战略,着力培养后备人才；加大武术发展战略研究,重视传统武术项目与现代竞技体育协同发展研究；建立健全组织网络,多渠道宣传与推广；打破传统传承模式,重构多元技法体系；充分利用登封武术文化底蕴,着力打造武术村文化产业。
Over the last50years, Shaolin Wushu, as a kind of traditional national sports, has developed rapidly in Songshan area of Dengfeng, where has a long history and famous for Shaolin Wushu. Now, whenever you come here, you will be surprised by the sight that a large number of people are practicing Wushu around the streets. According to figures released by the sports bureau of Dengfeng, there are over50Wushu schools where there are more than50,000students in Dengfeng, which is known as the world's largest concentration of wulin tribe and tough guy.
Traditional Wushu is not only a way for Chinese to build their body, but also a significant part of Chinese culture. As a precious cultural heritage of Chinese, its charm lies not only in its rich content, with both ability and political integrity, and it also contains a profound philosophy thought, full of distinctive national characteristics and cultural connotation. Dengfeng shaolin martial arts tradition has a long history and mass base. In recent years, the inherence problem of Shaolin Wushu has not got a unified view by scholars.
Since the reform and opening, development of Shaolin Wushu has been at risk among people. In terms of inheritance, its developments are relatively backward, and its contents are declining in folk. Especially, more and more traditional folk martial arts masters died with the lost of some kinds of boxing. In fact, it is not only the lost of some kind of boxing, but also the lost of the national spirit can promote cultural diversity and carry forward the martial arts. This situation required a study on on present situation of Shaolin Wushu in traditional Wushu village in DengFeng, which is not only helpful to the sustainable development of Shaolin Wushu, but also helpful to the protection of traditional folk martial arts.
This article adopts literature method, expert interview method, on-the-spot investigation method to study the form, content and characteristics of Shaolin Wushu. It is found that even though Shaolin Wushu achieves high grades, there are still some problems. For example, present situation of its inheritance is not optimistic. The organization structure of Wushu village obstacles its growth and development. Deveopment of Wushu village is in lack of revenue sources, which hinders its large-scale development. Deveopment of Wushu village lacks modern media technology support. Application of modern network technology is not strong enough. Boxing system is too conservative, lack of communication, and technique system is too single. Through in-depth analysis and research, it is suggested that various resources can be integrated and utilized to protect the cultural heritage; develops all-round found-raising channels and strengthens policy support; implements the strategy of talent strong arms, focuses on the cultivation of talented person; attaches great importance to the coordinated development of traditional wushu and modern competitive sports; sets up a sound network for multi-channel propaganda and promotion; breaks the traditional inheritance patterns, refactors multivariate technique system; makes full use of the martial arts culture in dengfeng to build culture industry of Wushu village.
武术不仅是我国国民强身健体的重要方式,也是中华绚烂文化的重要组成部分,作为中华民族宝贵文化遗产的武术,其魅力不仅在于其内容丰富,体用兼备,而且它蕴含着深厚的哲理思想,富有鲜明的民族特色和文化内涵。登封少林武术传承历史悠久,群众基础深厚,在民间广为流传。
改革开放以来,登封地域民间少林武术出现了传承危机,就传承而言,传承发展相对落后,拳种流失速度快于传承速度,少林武术在民间传承内容整体在萎缩,尤其是越来越多的传统武术名家与世长辞,令人痛心,而他们的去世致使一些拳种断代失传,后继无人,甚至个别拳种已经到了失传的状况。从表面上看,失传的只是一些拳种,而实际上,民间传统武术消亡是民族文化的巨大损失,其中最重要的损失是老拳师遗传下来的可以促进武术文化多样性和弘扬、培育思想道德水平的民族精神。面对这一严峻形势,迫使我们对登封地域民间少林武术现状的调查研究工作刻不容缓。这不仅关系着民间少林武术自身的可持续发展,也关系着全民健身运动的进一步深化和民间传统武术非物质文化遗产的有效保护。
本文采用文献法、专家访谈法、实地考察法等方法,对登封地域现存武术村的老拳师进行了深度访谈,就少林武术在武术村的形成、传承内容、武术特点进行了全面了解。从调查的结果看,登封地域民间传统武术虽然有令人值得欣慰的成绩但总体来看还存在着一些问题,如传承空间、环境、文化形式严峻,传承现状不容乐观；武术村组织结构障碍因素制约其壮大和发展；武术村发展缺乏创收渠道,资金短缺阻碍了其规模化发展；武术村发展缺乏资源整合力度,人才资源相对短缺；武术村发展缺乏现代传媒技术支持,现代网络技术应用力度不够；拳法谱系过于保守,缺乏交流,技法体系过于单一。通过深入的分析和研究,提出了登封地域民间少林武术发展的策略,如整合和利用各种资源,进行文化遗产保护；多方位开拓资金筹集渠道,加大政策支持力度；实施人才强武战略,着力培养后备人才；加大武术发展战略研究,重视传统武术项目与现代竞技体育协同发展研究；建立健全组织网络,多渠道宣传与推广；打破传统传承模式,重构多元技法体系；充分利用登封武术文化底蕴,着力打造武术村文化产业。
Over the last50years, Shaolin Wushu, as a kind of traditional national sports, has developed rapidly in Songshan area of Dengfeng, where has a long history and famous for Shaolin Wushu. Now, whenever you come here, you will be surprised by the sight that a large number of people are practicing Wushu around the streets. According to figures released by the sports bureau of Dengfeng, there are over50Wushu schools where there are more than50,000students in Dengfeng, which is known as the world's largest concentration of wulin tribe and tough guy.
Traditional Wushu is not only a way for Chinese to build their body, but also a significant part of Chinese culture. As a precious cultural heritage of Chinese, its charm lies not only in its rich content, with both ability and political integrity, and it also contains a profound philosophy thought, full of distinctive national characteristics and cultural connotation. Dengfeng shaolin martial arts tradition has a long history and mass base. In recent years, the inherence problem of Shaolin Wushu has not got a unified view by scholars.
Since the reform and opening, development of Shaolin Wushu has been at risk among people. In terms of inheritance, its developments are relatively backward, and its contents are declining in folk. Especially, more and more traditional folk martial arts masters died with the lost of some kinds of boxing. In fact, it is not only the lost of some kind of boxing, but also the lost of the national spirit can promote cultural diversity and carry forward the martial arts. This situation required a study on on present situation of Shaolin Wushu in traditional Wushu village in DengFeng, which is not only helpful to the sustainable development of Shaolin Wushu, but also helpful to the protection of traditional folk martial arts.
This article adopts literature method, expert interview method, on-the-spot investigation method to study the form, content and characteristics of Shaolin Wushu. It is found that even though Shaolin Wushu achieves high grades, there are still some problems. For example, present situation of its inheritance is not optimistic. The organization structure of Wushu village obstacles its growth and development. Deveopment of Wushu village is in lack of revenue sources, which hinders its large-scale development. Deveopment of Wushu village lacks modern media technology support. Application of modern network technology is not strong enough. Boxing system is too conservative, lack of communication, and technique system is too single. Through in-depth analysis and research, it is suggested that various resources can be integrated and utilized to protect the cultural heritage; develops all-round found-raising channels and strengthens policy support; implements the strategy of talent strong arms, focuses on the cultivation of talented person; attaches great importance to the coordinated development of traditional wushu and modern competitive sports; sets up a sound network for multi-channel propaganda and promotion; breaks the traditional inheritance patterns, refactors multivariate technique system; makes full use of the martial arts culture in dengfeng to build culture industry of Wushu village.
引文
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[6]王大中,杜志红,陈鹏.体育传播——运动、媒介与社会[M].北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2006.175-183
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