终点预期对运动过程中心率、能量消耗、主观用力感和情感的影响
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摘要
运动过程中运动员把握节奏的方式称为节奏策略。在众多与节奏策略有关的因素中,运动终点预期起着重要作用。研究运动终点预期对于竞技运动中的节奏策略选择和科学健身都有重要意义。
研究目的：第一部分：目的是选取之后实验中所采用的合适的跑台速度和运动持续时间。第二部分：探索在知晓或不知晓跑步持续时间或路程的情况下,被试生理、心理指标的变化。第三部分：探索重复训练过程中,预期的全力短跑次数对生理、心理指标的影响。
研究方法：第一部分：55名男生进行递增负荷至力竭的跑台实验,确定被试的最大心率和最高跑速。第二部分：29名男生以12.5千米／小时的速度进行三次跑台运动。第一次,告知被试要跑14分钟(T-14min),第二次,告知被试要跑3千米(T-3km),第三次,不告知被试要跑多长时间或路程(T-none)。三次的运动量相等。实验前测量被试的运动自我效能。每次跑步过程中,每2分钟监测心率、运动后过量氧耗、耗氧量、主观用力感、愉快感。第三部分：26名男生进行两组50米跑,一组完成5次50米跑(T-5),另一组完成8次50米跑(T-8)。每次50米跑,监测第二部分所述的生理、心理指标。
研究结果：跑台速度定为12.5千米／小时,持续时间定为14分钟。T-3km的心率和耗氧量显著高于T-none (p<.05)。在运动后期,T-3km和T-14min的运动后过量氧耗高于T-none (p<.05)。运动过程中,T-none的心率、耗氧量、主观用力感有低于T-14min和T-3km的趋势,愉快感相反,且在临近终点时T-none的心率和耗氧量较T-3km显著下降(p<.05)。运动后期的主观用力感和愉快感均与运动自我效能和心率显著相关。T-5和T-8的所有指标没有差异,但每种预期下首尾时间点的心率和耗氧量都与相邻的时间点具有显著性差异(p<.05)。
研究结论：终点预期对运动过程中个体的生理、心理指标具有不同程度的影响。耐力运动中,终点明确时倾向于高唤醒、高能耗,低主观用力感和高愉快感,终点不明确时相反。这提示在耐力运动训练或比赛中,为了保存能量,运动员应暂时忘记终点；在健身时,为了更多耗能和减少负面心理体验,个体应从事终点明确的运动。运动自我效能可以作为一个整合指标,代表运动后期的身心状况,反映运动员的意志品质或锻炼者对运动的坚持性。
The pattern athlete used to hold the pace during exercise was called pacing strategy. Among many factors that associated with pacing strategy, endpoint expectation plays an important role. Research on the role endpoint expectation played has important significance in selecting pacing strategy in sports and in taking exercise scientifically.
Objectives:Part 1:The purpose was to select a suitable treadmill speed and exercise duration for subsequent experimental trials. Part 2: The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of knowledge of running length (i. e., duration or distance), or the lack of it (unknown endpoint) on physiological and psychological variables. Part 3:This study investigated the effects of varying the anticipated number of all-out sprints on physiological and psychological variables mentioned in part 2.
Methodology:In part 1,55 male students completed an incremental test until exhaustion to determine maximal heart rate (HRmax), and peak treadmill running speed. In part 2,29 male students performed three bouts of treadmill running at 12.5 km/h. In one trial, subjects were informed that they would run for 14 minutes (T-14min), in the second trial, subjects was told that they would run for 3 km (T-3km), In the third trial, subjects were not told for how long they would be running (T-none). Exercise load of the three running was the same. Exercise self-efficacy was measured before experiment. During each trial, heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (V02), Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and displeasure/pleasure (Feeling) were measured every 2 minutes. In part 3,26 male students completed two trials of repeat 50m sprints. In one trial, subjects were told that they would be performing a set of 5×50m sprints (T-5). In another, they were told to perform a set of 8×50m (T-8). During each 50m run, the same variables mentioned in part 2 were measured.
Results:The suitable treadmill speed was selected as 12.5km/h, and the exercise duration was 14 minutes. HR and V02 of T-3km was significantly higher than those of T-none (p<.05); at the later stage of exercise, EPOC of T-3km and T-14min was significantly higher than those during T-none (p<.05). During exercise, it had a trend that HR, V02 and RPE of T-none were lower than those of T-14min and T-3km, Feeling was reverse, HR and V02 of T-none was significantly lower than those of T-3km (p<.05) when exercise was close to its end. RPE and Feeling during the later stage of exercise were significently correlated with exercise self-efficacy and HR. All variables had no difference between T-5 and T-8, but HR and V02 significantly changed than those of the time point adjacent at the first and last time point under each conditions. (p<.05)
Conclusion:Endpoint expectation has effects on physiological and psychological index in varying degrees. When the end of exercise was specific, the individual tend to experience higher arousal, higher energy expenditure, lower RPE, higher Feeling during endurance exercise than when the end of exercise was indefinite. This suggested that althletes should forget the end of exercise temporarily in order to save energy during endurance exercise or competition; as for keep fit, in order to consume more energy and have less negetive psychological experience, the individual should pursue exercise with specific end. Exercise self-efficacy can be looked as an integrated index to represent physiological and psychological status at later period of exercise, reflecting volitional characteristics of athletes or adhercnce to exercise of individuals who attend exercise.
研究目的：第一部分：目的是选取之后实验中所采用的合适的跑台速度和运动持续时间。第二部分：探索在知晓或不知晓跑步持续时间或路程的情况下,被试生理、心理指标的变化。第三部分：探索重复训练过程中,预期的全力短跑次数对生理、心理指标的影响。
研究方法：第一部分：55名男生进行递增负荷至力竭的跑台实验,确定被试的最大心率和最高跑速。第二部分：29名男生以12.5千米／小时的速度进行三次跑台运动。第一次,告知被试要跑14分钟(T-14min),第二次,告知被试要跑3千米(T-3km),第三次,不告知被试要跑多长时间或路程(T-none)。三次的运动量相等。实验前测量被试的运动自我效能。每次跑步过程中,每2分钟监测心率、运动后过量氧耗、耗氧量、主观用力感、愉快感。第三部分：26名男生进行两组50米跑,一组完成5次50米跑(T-5),另一组完成8次50米跑(T-8)。每次50米跑,监测第二部分所述的生理、心理指标。
研究结果：跑台速度定为12.5千米／小时,持续时间定为14分钟。T-3km的心率和耗氧量显著高于T-none (p<.05)。在运动后期,T-3km和T-14min的运动后过量氧耗高于T-none (p<.05)。运动过程中,T-none的心率、耗氧量、主观用力感有低于T-14min和T-3km的趋势,愉快感相反,且在临近终点时T-none的心率和耗氧量较T-3km显著下降(p<.05)。运动后期的主观用力感和愉快感均与运动自我效能和心率显著相关。T-5和T-8的所有指标没有差异,但每种预期下首尾时间点的心率和耗氧量都与相邻的时间点具有显著性差异(p<.05)。
研究结论：终点预期对运动过程中个体的生理、心理指标具有不同程度的影响。耐力运动中,终点明确时倾向于高唤醒、高能耗,低主观用力感和高愉快感,终点不明确时相反。这提示在耐力运动训练或比赛中,为了保存能量,运动员应暂时忘记终点；在健身时,为了更多耗能和减少负面心理体验,个体应从事终点明确的运动。运动自我效能可以作为一个整合指标,代表运动后期的身心状况,反映运动员的意志品质或锻炼者对运动的坚持性。
The pattern athlete used to hold the pace during exercise was called pacing strategy. Among many factors that associated with pacing strategy, endpoint expectation plays an important role. Research on the role endpoint expectation played has important significance in selecting pacing strategy in sports and in taking exercise scientifically.
Objectives:Part 1:The purpose was to select a suitable treadmill speed and exercise duration for subsequent experimental trials. Part 2: The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of knowledge of running length (i. e., duration or distance), or the lack of it (unknown endpoint) on physiological and psychological variables. Part 3:This study investigated the effects of varying the anticipated number of all-out sprints on physiological and psychological variables mentioned in part 2.
Methodology:In part 1,55 male students completed an incremental test until exhaustion to determine maximal heart rate (HRmax), and peak treadmill running speed. In part 2,29 male students performed three bouts of treadmill running at 12.5 km/h. In one trial, subjects were informed that they would run for 14 minutes (T-14min), in the second trial, subjects was told that they would run for 3 km (T-3km), In the third trial, subjects were not told for how long they would be running (T-none). Exercise load of the three running was the same. Exercise self-efficacy was measured before experiment. During each trial, heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (V02), Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and displeasure/pleasure (Feeling) were measured every 2 minutes. In part 3,26 male students completed two trials of repeat 50m sprints. In one trial, subjects were told that they would be performing a set of 5×50m sprints (T-5). In another, they were told to perform a set of 8×50m (T-8). During each 50m run, the same variables mentioned in part 2 were measured.
Results:The suitable treadmill speed was selected as 12.5km/h, and the exercise duration was 14 minutes. HR and V02 of T-3km was significantly higher than those of T-none (p<.05); at the later stage of exercise, EPOC of T-3km and T-14min was significantly higher than those during T-none (p<.05). During exercise, it had a trend that HR, V02 and RPE of T-none were lower than those of T-14min and T-3km, Feeling was reverse, HR and V02 of T-none was significantly lower than those of T-3km (p<.05) when exercise was close to its end. RPE and Feeling during the later stage of exercise were significently correlated with exercise self-efficacy and HR. All variables had no difference between T-5 and T-8, but HR and V02 significantly changed than those of the time point adjacent at the first and last time point under each conditions. (p<.05)
Conclusion:Endpoint expectation has effects on physiological and psychological index in varying degrees. When the end of exercise was specific, the individual tend to experience higher arousal, higher energy expenditure, lower RPE, higher Feeling during endurance exercise than when the end of exercise was indefinite. This suggested that althletes should forget the end of exercise temporarily in order to save energy during endurance exercise or competition; as for keep fit, in order to consume more energy and have less negetive psychological experience, the individual should pursue exercise with specific end. Exercise self-efficacy can be looked as an integrated index to represent physiological and psychological status at later period of exercise, reflecting volitional characteristics of athletes or adhercnce to exercise of individuals who attend exercise.
引文
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St Clair Gibson, A.,& Noakes, T. D. (2004). Evidence for complex system integration and dynamic neural regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment during exercise in humans. British Medical Journal,38(6),797.
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史妙,王宁,王锦琰,＆罗非.(2009).疼痛的心理学相关研究进展.中华护理杂志,44(6), 574-576.
李胜光,刘瀛瀛,王锦琰,＆罗非.(2009).预期调节痛觉的脑机制.中国疼痛医学杂志,15(4),243-247.
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张含荑,&罗非.(2005).痛觉预期的神经生理研究进展.生理科学进展,36(4),329-332.
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St Clair Gibson, A., Baden, D. A., Lambert, M. I., Lambert, E. V, Harley, Y. X., Hampson, D., et al. (2003). The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue. Sports Med,33(3),167-176.
St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, E. V., Rauch, L. H., Tucker, R., Baden, D. A., Foster, C, et al. (2006). The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sports Med,36(8),705-722.
St Clair Gibson, A.,& Noakes, T. D. (2004). Evidence for complex system integration and dynamic neural regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment during exercise in humans. British Medical Journal,38(6),797.
Sufka, K. J.,& Price, D. D. (2002.). Gate Control Theory Reconsidered. Brain and Mind,3,277-290.
Swart, J., Lamberts, R. P., Lambert, M. I., Lambert, E. V., Woolrich, R. W., Johnston, S., et al. (2009). Exercising with reserve:exercise regulation by perceived exertion in relation to duration of exercise and knowledge of endpoint. British Medical Journal,43(10),775.
Swart, J., Lamberts, R. P., Lambert, M. I., St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, E. V., Skowno, J., et al. (2009). Exercising with reserve:evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance. British journal of sports medicine,43(10),782.
Szmedra, L.,& Bacharach, D. W. (1998). Effect of music on perceived exertion, plasma lactate, norepinephrine and cardiovascular hemodynamics during treadmill running. Int J Sports Med, 19(1),32-37.
Taylor, J. L.,& Gandevia, S. C. (2008). A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology,104(2),542.
Tenenbaum, G., Fogarty, G., Stewart, E., Calcagnini, N., Kirker, B., Thorn, G., et al. (1999). Perceived discomfort in running:Scale development and theoretical considerations. Journal of Sport Sciences,17,183-196.
Tucker, R., Kayser, B., Rae, E., Raunch, L., Bosch, A.,& Noakes, T. (2007). Hyperoxia improves 20 km cycling time trial performance by increasing muscle activation levels while perceived exertion stays the same. Eur J Appl Physiol,101(6),771-781.
Tucker, R., Marle, T., Lambert, E. V.,& Noakes, T. D. (2006). The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. J Physiol,574(Pt 3),905-915.
Tucker, R.,& Noakes, T. D. (2009). The physiological regulation of pacing strategy during exercise:a critical review. British Medical Journal,43(6), el.
Ulmer, H. V. (1996). Concept of an extracellular regulation of muscular metabolic rate during heavy exercise in humans by psychophysiological feedback. Experientia,52(5),416-420.
Utter, A. C, Nieman, D. C., Dumke, C. L., McAnulty, S. R., Kang, J.,& McAnulty, L. S. (2007). Ratings of perceived exertion during intermittent and continuous exercise. Percept Mot Skills, 104(3 Pt 2),1079-1087.
Walster, B.,& Aronson, E. (1967). Effect of expectancy of task duration on the experience of fatigue. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,3(1),41-46.
Weir, J. P., Beck, T. W., Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Noakes, T. D., St Clair Gibson, A., et al. (2006). Is fatigue all in your head? A critical review of the central governor model* Commentary. British Medical Journal,40(7),573.
Whitmarsh, B. G.,& Alderman, R. B. (1993). Role of psychological skills training in increasing athletic pain tolerance. The Sport Psycholog ist,7,388-399.
Wittekind, A. L., Micklewright, D.,& Beneke, R. (2009). Teleoanticipation in all-out short duration cycling. British Medical Journal.
Wood, M. M., McCarthy, P. E.,& Cotes, J. E. (1971). Perception of airway resistance in relation to breathlessness on exertion in chronic lung disease. Scand JRespir Dis Suppl,77,98-102.
王锦琰,&罗非.(2006).疼痛心理学的发展及其临床和社会意义.中国疼痛医学杂志,12(4),238-243.
史妙,王宁,王锦琰,＆罗非.(2009).疼痛的心理学相关研究进展.中华护理杂志,44(6), 574-576.
李胜光,刘瀛瀛,王锦琰,＆罗非.(2009).预期调节痛觉的脑机制.中国疼痛医学杂志,15(4),243-247.
高建江.(1992).班杜拉论自我效能的形成和发展.心理科学(6),39-43.
傅浩坚,&杨锡让.(2000).对“氧债”概念的质疑：北京：北京体育大学出版社.
冯美云(主编).(1999).运动生物化学(全国体育院校通用教材)北京：人民体育出版社.
刘风雨(译),&罗非(校).(2007).安慰剂的镇痛作用.中国疼痛医学杂志,13(3),129.
吴增强.(2001).自我效能：一种积极的自我信念.心理科学,24(4),499.
张含荑,&罗非.(2005).痛觉预期的神经生理研究进展.生理科学进展,36(4),329-332.
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