中国薄荷属（Mentha L.）植物种质资源多样性研究
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摘要
薄荷属(Mentha L.)植物全世界共有30个种,广泛分布在北半球的温带地区,在我国共有12个种。薄荷属植物中的薄荷、椒样薄荷和留兰香是重要的经济植物,被广泛应用于医药、食品、化妆品、香料等工业。
本文从外部形态、花粉形态、分子标记和精油成分四个方面对我国薄荷属植物的多样性进行了研究,将为我国薄荷属植物种质资源的开发利用提供重要的科学依据。
主要结论如下：
1薄荷属植物种质资源形态学多样性研究
对薄荷属植物7个种34份材料的9个形态指标(株高、叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、叶对数、茎厚、分枝数、枝长、节数)进行了方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,薄荷属形态学性状变异很大,变异系数在13.31%-76.29%之间。各形态指标间也存在一定的相关性。主成分分析把9种形态指标归结为4个主成分,3个主成分的累积贡献率达83.32%。通过聚类分析,将7个薄荷属植物分为3个类型。
2薄荷属植物花粉多样性研究
利用扫描电镜对薄荷属的薄荷(M. haplocalyx Briq.)、兴安薄荷(M.dahurica Fisch.)、留兰香(M. spicata Linn.)、皱叶留兰香(M. crispata Schrad.)、假薄荷(M. asiatica Briss.)、灰薄荷(M. vagans Briss.)、欧薄荷(M. longifolia Huds.)、圆叶薄荷(M. rotundifolia Huds.)和唇萼薄荷(M. pulegium Linn.)共9个种的花粉形态进行了观察。结果表明薄荷属植物花粉形态之间存在一定的差异。花粉粒为扁球形或近球形,大小11.25-27.11μm×16.84-27.67μm,外壁具网状纹饰,萌发孔为多沟型,6-8沟,沟长度不等。薄荷属花粉属于单一型花粉,它在唇形科中是比较进化的类群。
3薄荷属种质资源分子多样性研究
3.1薄荷属种质资源的ISSR分析
采用ISSR标记技术对我国薄荷属植物7个种34个居群进行了遗传多样性分析。10个ISSR引物共扩增出68条带,其中59条多态性条带,多态位点百分率为86.7%。Nei's基因多样性指数为0.3457,Shannon's信息指数为0.5166,居群间的遗传分化指数0.7564。在总的遗传变异中,75.64%的遗传变异存在于薄荷居群间,24.36%的变异存在于居群内。通过UPGMA聚类,将34个薄荷居群分为三类。研究表明薄荷属种质资源存在丰富的遗传多样性。
3.2薄荷种质资源的SRAP分析
采用SRAP标记技术对我国15个薄荷居群进行了遗传多样性分析。11对SRAP引物共扩增出124条带,其中115条多态性条带,多态位点百分率为92.7%。Nei's基因多样性指数为0.2948,Shannon's信息指数为0.4512,居群间的遗传分化指数0.6598。在总的遗传变异中,65.98%的遗传变异存在于薄荷居群间,34.02%的变异存在于居群内。不同居群之间的遗传距离介于0.0287-0.5577之间,其中浙江杭州和安徽太和居群之间的遗传距离最小,西藏芒康和云南西双版纳居群之间的遗传距离最大。通过UPGMA聚类,将15个薄荷居群分为三类,其中西藏芒康居群单独聚为一类。研究表明薄荷种质资源存在丰富的遗传变异。
4薄荷属植物精油多样性研究
对15个薄荷居群及薄荷属植物薄荷、椒样薄荷、留兰香、皱叶留兰香、灰薄荷、兴安薄荷、圆叶薄荷和假薄荷8个种的精油进行提取分离和分析。研究发现,15个薄荷居群精油的出油率和薄荷醇含量差异较大。其中出油率的变化范围0.31%-1.43%,薄荷醇含量的变化范围为31.25%～83.61%。通过GC-MS分析,从8个薄荷属植物中鉴定出51种化学成分,分别占各自精油的98.8%、99.3%、94.9%、97.1%、94.2%、98.4%、95.6%和95.4%。单萜氧化物在薄荷属植物精油中含量最高。通过主成分析提取了5个主成分,其累积贡献率为86%。主成分分析散点图和聚类分析都将薄荷属8个植物分为三类,分别为薄荷醇化学型、香芹酮化学型和辣薄荷烯酮氧化物化学型。
The genus Mentha (Labiatae) comprises approximately30species distributed in the temperate zone of northern hemisphere. In China,12species have already been recorded. M haplocalyx Briq., M. spicata L. and M piperita L. are important economic plants, and they are widely used in the Pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics and perfume industries. The morphological characters, pollen morphology, molecular markers and essential oil of Mentha L. were reported in this study. It will provide an important scientific basis for development and utilization of Mentha germplasm resource in China.
There main results are as follows:
1. Morphological diversity of Mentha L.
The9morphological characters(plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf pairs, stem thickness, branch number, branch length, node number) of34population of Mentha L. including7species were studied by variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and clustering analysis. The results showed that the morphological characters vary greatly among the populations of Mentha L., and the coefficient of variation (CV) was from13.31%to76.29%. There are some correlations between morphological characters. According to PCA, the9morphological characters were summed up to4main characters. The7species were divided into3groups by clustering analysis.
2. Pollen diversity of Mentha L.
The pollen morphology of9species of Mentha genus, including M. haplocalyx Briq., M. dahurica Fisch., M. spicata Linn., M. crispata Schrad., M. asiatica Briss., M. vagans Briss., M. longifolia Huds., M. rotundifolia Huds. and M. pulegium Linn., were studied through the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that pollen grains are oblate or subspheroidal in shape and12.73-26.14μm×19.18-26.53μm in size. They have6-8colpi with different length, and exine ornamentation is reticulate. The pollen morphology of Mentha is stenopalynous, and it is evolutional type in Lamiaceae.
3. Molecular marker of Mentha L.
3.1ISSR analysis of Mentha L.
The genetic diversity of34population of Mentha L. including7species were analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR) markers. A total of68bands were amplified by10ISSR primers, in which59bands were polymorphic(86.7%). Nei's genetic diversity index, Shannon's information index and gene flow were0.3457,0.5166and0.7564, respectively.75.64%of genetic variation existed among populations, and24.36%of genetic variation existed within populations. The34populations were divided into3groups by clustering analysis. The study reveals that there is a high level of genetic diversity in Mentha L.
3.2SRAP analysis of M. haplocalyx Briq.
The genetic diversity of15populations of M. haplocalyx Briq. in China were analyzed using Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism(SRAP) markers. A total of124bands were amplified by11pairs of SRAP primers, in which115bands were polymorphic(92.7%). Nei's genetic diversity index, Shannon's information index and gene flow were0.2948,0.4512and0.6598, respectively.65.98%of genetic variation existed among populations, and34.02%of genetic variation existed within populations. Nei's genetic distance between populations ranged from0.0287to0.5577. The least genetic distance was observed between Hangzhou and Taihe population, and the highest genetic distance was observed between Mangkuang and Xishangbanna population. The15populations were divided into3groups by clustering analysis. The study reveals that there is a high level of genetic diversity among the populations of M. haplocalyx Briq.,
4. Chemical components of essential oil in Mentha L.
The essential oils obtained from15population of M. haplocalyx Briq. and8species of Mentha L., including M. haplocalyx Briq., M. piperita L., M. spicata L., M. vagans Boriss., M. dahurica Fisch., M. crispata Schrad., M. rotundifolia Huds. and M. asiatica Briss. by hydrodistillation were analyzed. The results showed that the oil yields and content of menthol vary greatly among15population of M. haplocalyx Briq.. The oil yields ranged from0.31%to1.43%, and the content of menthol ranged from31.25%to83.61%. Fifty-one compounds were identified which represented98.8%,99.3%,94.9%,97.1%,94.2%,98.4%,95.4%and95.4%of the total oil, respectively.4principal components which accumulation contribution rate amount to86.0%were extracted to reflect most of the information by principal components analysis. The eight Mentha species were divided into 3types by clustering analysis, and they belong to menthol chemotype, carvone chemotype and piperitenone oxide chemotype, respectively.
本文从外部形态、花粉形态、分子标记和精油成分四个方面对我国薄荷属植物的多样性进行了研究,将为我国薄荷属植物种质资源的开发利用提供重要的科学依据。
主要结论如下：
1薄荷属植物种质资源形态学多样性研究
对薄荷属植物7个种34份材料的9个形态指标(株高、叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、叶对数、茎厚、分枝数、枝长、节数)进行了方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,薄荷属形态学性状变异很大,变异系数在13.31%-76.29%之间。各形态指标间也存在一定的相关性。主成分分析把9种形态指标归结为4个主成分,3个主成分的累积贡献率达83.32%。通过聚类分析,将7个薄荷属植物分为3个类型。
2薄荷属植物花粉多样性研究
利用扫描电镜对薄荷属的薄荷(M. haplocalyx Briq.)、兴安薄荷(M.dahurica Fisch.)、留兰香(M. spicata Linn.)、皱叶留兰香(M. crispata Schrad.)、假薄荷(M. asiatica Briss.)、灰薄荷(M. vagans Briss.)、欧薄荷(M. longifolia Huds.)、圆叶薄荷(M. rotundifolia Huds.)和唇萼薄荷(M. pulegium Linn.)共9个种的花粉形态进行了观察。结果表明薄荷属植物花粉形态之间存在一定的差异。花粉粒为扁球形或近球形,大小11.25-27.11μm×16.84-27.67μm,外壁具网状纹饰,萌发孔为多沟型,6-8沟,沟长度不等。薄荷属花粉属于单一型花粉,它在唇形科中是比较进化的类群。
3薄荷属种质资源分子多样性研究
3.1薄荷属种质资源的ISSR分析
采用ISSR标记技术对我国薄荷属植物7个种34个居群进行了遗传多样性分析。10个ISSR引物共扩增出68条带,其中59条多态性条带,多态位点百分率为86.7%。Nei's基因多样性指数为0.3457,Shannon's信息指数为0.5166,居群间的遗传分化指数0.7564。在总的遗传变异中,75.64%的遗传变异存在于薄荷居群间,24.36%的变异存在于居群内。通过UPGMA聚类,将34个薄荷居群分为三类。研究表明薄荷属种质资源存在丰富的遗传多样性。
3.2薄荷种质资源的SRAP分析
采用SRAP标记技术对我国15个薄荷居群进行了遗传多样性分析。11对SRAP引物共扩增出124条带,其中115条多态性条带,多态位点百分率为92.7%。Nei's基因多样性指数为0.2948,Shannon's信息指数为0.4512,居群间的遗传分化指数0.6598。在总的遗传变异中,65.98%的遗传变异存在于薄荷居群间,34.02%的变异存在于居群内。不同居群之间的遗传距离介于0.0287-0.5577之间,其中浙江杭州和安徽太和居群之间的遗传距离最小,西藏芒康和云南西双版纳居群之间的遗传距离最大。通过UPGMA聚类,将15个薄荷居群分为三类,其中西藏芒康居群单独聚为一类。研究表明薄荷种质资源存在丰富的遗传变异。
4薄荷属植物精油多样性研究
对15个薄荷居群及薄荷属植物薄荷、椒样薄荷、留兰香、皱叶留兰香、灰薄荷、兴安薄荷、圆叶薄荷和假薄荷8个种的精油进行提取分离和分析。研究发现,15个薄荷居群精油的出油率和薄荷醇含量差异较大。其中出油率的变化范围0.31%-1.43%,薄荷醇含量的变化范围为31.25%～83.61%。通过GC-MS分析,从8个薄荷属植物中鉴定出51种化学成分,分别占各自精油的98.8%、99.3%、94.9%、97.1%、94.2%、98.4%、95.6%和95.4%。单萜氧化物在薄荷属植物精油中含量最高。通过主成分析提取了5个主成分,其累积贡献率为86%。主成分分析散点图和聚类分析都将薄荷属8个植物分为三类,分别为薄荷醇化学型、香芹酮化学型和辣薄荷烯酮氧化物化学型。
The genus Mentha (Labiatae) comprises approximately30species distributed in the temperate zone of northern hemisphere. In China,12species have already been recorded. M haplocalyx Briq., M. spicata L. and M piperita L. are important economic plants, and they are widely used in the Pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics and perfume industries. The morphological characters, pollen morphology, molecular markers and essential oil of Mentha L. were reported in this study. It will provide an important scientific basis for development and utilization of Mentha germplasm resource in China.
There main results are as follows:
1. Morphological diversity of Mentha L.
The9morphological characters(plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf pairs, stem thickness, branch number, branch length, node number) of34population of Mentha L. including7species were studied by variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and clustering analysis. The results showed that the morphological characters vary greatly among the populations of Mentha L., and the coefficient of variation (CV) was from13.31%to76.29%. There are some correlations between morphological characters. According to PCA, the9morphological characters were summed up to4main characters. The7species were divided into3groups by clustering analysis.
2. Pollen diversity of Mentha L.
The pollen morphology of9species of Mentha genus, including M. haplocalyx Briq., M. dahurica Fisch., M. spicata Linn., M. crispata Schrad., M. asiatica Briss., M. vagans Briss., M. longifolia Huds., M. rotundifolia Huds. and M. pulegium Linn., were studied through the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that pollen grains are oblate or subspheroidal in shape and12.73-26.14μm×19.18-26.53μm in size. They have6-8colpi with different length, and exine ornamentation is reticulate. The pollen morphology of Mentha is stenopalynous, and it is evolutional type in Lamiaceae.
3. Molecular marker of Mentha L.
3.1ISSR analysis of Mentha L.
The genetic diversity of34population of Mentha L. including7species were analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR) markers. A total of68bands were amplified by10ISSR primers, in which59bands were polymorphic(86.7%). Nei's genetic diversity index, Shannon's information index and gene flow were0.3457,0.5166and0.7564, respectively.75.64%of genetic variation existed among populations, and24.36%of genetic variation existed within populations. The34populations were divided into3groups by clustering analysis. The study reveals that there is a high level of genetic diversity in Mentha L.
3.2SRAP analysis of M. haplocalyx Briq.
The genetic diversity of15populations of M. haplocalyx Briq. in China were analyzed using Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism(SRAP) markers. A total of124bands were amplified by11pairs of SRAP primers, in which115bands were polymorphic(92.7%). Nei's genetic diversity index, Shannon's information index and gene flow were0.2948,0.4512and0.6598, respectively.65.98%of genetic variation existed among populations, and34.02%of genetic variation existed within populations. Nei's genetic distance between populations ranged from0.0287to0.5577. The least genetic distance was observed between Hangzhou and Taihe population, and the highest genetic distance was observed between Mangkuang and Xishangbanna population. The15populations were divided into3groups by clustering analysis. The study reveals that there is a high level of genetic diversity among the populations of M. haplocalyx Briq.,
4. Chemical components of essential oil in Mentha L.
The essential oils obtained from15population of M. haplocalyx Briq. and8species of Mentha L., including M. haplocalyx Briq., M. piperita L., M. spicata L., M. vagans Boriss., M. dahurica Fisch., M. crispata Schrad., M. rotundifolia Huds. and M. asiatica Briss. by hydrodistillation were analyzed. The results showed that the oil yields and content of menthol vary greatly among15population of M. haplocalyx Briq.. The oil yields ranged from0.31%to1.43%, and the content of menthol ranged from31.25%to83.61%. Fifty-one compounds were identified which represented98.8%,99.3%,94.9%,97.1%,94.2%,98.4%,95.4%and95.4%of the total oil, respectively.4principal components which accumulation contribution rate amount to86.0%were extracted to reflect most of the information by principal components analysis. The eight Mentha species were divided into 3types by clustering analysis, and they belong to menthol chemotype, carvone chemotype and piperitenone oxide chemotype, respectively.
引文
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