含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热传热传质研究
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摘要
含湿岩土蓄/放热过程中,地下传热的衰减不仅影响岩土的蓄/放热能力,而且影响地热能利用系统的性能和经济性。可控间歇技术,能够周期恢复岩土温度,提高岩土传热速率,有效控制地下传热衰减。在此过程中,岩土的热湿耦合传热特性直接影响到间歇的周期控制,进而影响到整个地热能利用系统的一体化控制。因此,含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质的研究对于如何合理地控制岩土间歇蓄放热过程,保证岩土在良好的温度趋势下,充分扩散和传递热量,优化运行地热能利用系统有重要的意义。本文以地热能利用系统为研究平台,从实验研究出发,在总结地下岩土温度变化特性的基础上,基于体积平均理论、Darcy定律及非饱和多孔介质中热湿传递理论,分别建立了考虑衰减内热源的含湿岩土传热传质间歇模型和基于土壤为非饱和多孔介质的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程的数学模型,通过实验和数值模拟方法研究了可控间歇过程岩土热湿耦合传递特性,揭示了岩土传热与间歇特征的关系。其目的在于更深入理解可控间歇过程和地温恢复特性,寻找抑制地下传热衰减的方法,从而为地热能利用系统的运行提供理论依据。
首先,本文改进了现有的地热能利用系统实验台,通过含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热实验,测试分析了岩土间歇放热过程中地温变化规律及其对换热率、热泵机组性能的影响；不同回填材料、不同U型地埋管入口流量及不同大气温度对含湿岩土蓄/放热过程传热传质的影响,指出在整个间歇蓄放热过程中,土壤温度的变化与U型管入口流量,大气温度,土壤导热系数等因素成指数关系。利用此结果,通过非线性回归方法拟合出大连地区,含湿岩土间歇放热过程中浅层地下温度场温度变化关联式。
其次,视地下含湿岩土为饱和多孔介质,对饱和多孔介质间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质进行了理论研究：①考虑饱和多孔介质内渗流,通过修正热边界条件,建立了具有内置变温热源的饱和多孔介质间歇蓄/放热过程三维非稳态传热传质间歇模型,该模型中,引入内置变温热源随时间阶跃变化的特征,以及岩土传热衰减和间歇恢复的特征,区别于无内置热源或内置热源无阶跃变温的饱和多孔介质岩土传热模型。在实验验证该模型的正确性后,基于该模型研究了地下垂直U型埋管与周围含湿岩土之间的热湿耦合传递过程,数值分析了地热能利用系统运行状态下含湿岩土的温度变化规律,以及停歇状态下含湿岩土的温度恢复特性。②基于该模型,数值研究了含湿岩土孔隙率、导热系数和回填土物性参数对含湿岩土温度恢复特性的影响。结果表明,含湿岩土的物性参数对温度恢复过程影响较大,随着岩土导热系数的增大,温度恢复速度加快；随着孔隙率的增大,温度恢复速度减慢；不同的回填材料,如粘土、砂粘土和水泥砂浆中,水泥砂浆使温度恢复速度加快。③数值研究了太阳辐射、大气温度和自然风速对含湿岩土间歇过程温度恢复特性的影响。结果表明,自然环境因素相比于岩土热物性对温度恢复影响较小当考虑太阳对地表辐射时,浅层土壤的传热速率在土壤放热过程中加快,而在土壤蓄热过程减慢,这种现象随太阳辐射吸收率的增大更加明显；随着大气温度的降低,温度恢复速率在岩土放热过程中减慢,而在岩土蓄热过程中加快；随着环境风速等增大,温度恢复速率在岩土放热过程中减慢,而在岩土蓄热过程中加快。
最后,视地下含湿岩土为非饱和多孔介质,对非饱和多孔介质间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质进行了理论研究：①建立基于土壤为非饱和多孔介质假设的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程地下U型管与周围含湿土壤传热传质数学模型,模型中,将含湿岩土视为非饱和多孔介质,多孔介质孔隙中充满水、水蒸汽和空气,同时针对土壤水分的入渗和蒸发运动过程,分别建立了相应的传热传质模型。②对基于无渗流无蒸发的三相热力学平衡状态下的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质进行数值研究,并通过与饱和多孔介质模型、实验模型的对比,得出相对于饱和模型而言,非饱和模型与实验数据吻合更好。③建立基于入渗过程的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质模型,数值研究了土壤入渗过程及其影响因素土壤吸湿率、土壤饱和水力传导系数对含湿岩土间歇蓄放热传热传质的影响。结果表明存在土壤水分入渗时,土壤温度在岩土放热过程中下降较快,在恢复过程中上升较慢,且随着土壤深度的增加,对土壤温度场的影响逐渐减小,并且土壤吸湿率和饱和水力传导系数越大,在放热过程中土壤温度下降越快,恢复越慢。④建立基于蒸发过程的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质模型,数值研究了土壤水分表土蒸发和内部蒸发及各自的影响因素：土壤饱和含湿量、土壤实际含湿量、环境风速、干土层厚度、水汽扩散系数和大气温度对含湿岩土间歇蓄放热过程传热传质的影响。结果表明,在土壤水分蒸发时,土壤的温度在岩土放热过程中下降较快,恢复过程中上升较慢,不同于表土蒸发过程,内部蒸发过程对土壤放热及恢复过程的影响在土壤不同深度影响基本相同。土壤的饱和含湿量、大气风速、水汽扩散系数越大时,土壤温度在岩土放热过程中下降越快,恢复过程上升越慢；土壤的实际含湿量、干土层厚度、大气温度越大时,土壤温度在含湿岩土放热过程中下降越慢,恢复过程上升越快。
Under the intermittent regenerative and exothermic process of the moisture soil, the reduction of heat transmission underground affects not only ground thermal energy, but also the performance and economical efficiency of geo-energy directly. Controlled intermittent technology, which could restore the rock temperature cyclically, improve the heat transfer rate of geotechnical, control the attenuation of heat transfer underground effectively. Ground-coupled heat transfer characteristics of heat and moisture affects the intermittent cycle control directly, thereby affecting the entire geothermal energy system integration control. Therefore, the research on the mass and heat transfer of soil places an important significance to the problem of heat transfer reduction, control heat release process reasonably, ensure abundant diffusion and heat delivery with sound temperature trend and optimize the operation of geothermal energy system. Beginning with working features, this paper analyses and summarizes the relationships between changing regularity and geo-variation, on which basis, underground temperature variation is further studied, in addition, math models about the intermittent regenerative and exothermic process of moisture soil based on the assumption that soil is saturated and unsaturated are built according to Volume average theory, Darcy rule and the heat and moisture transfer theory of unsaturated porous media. The models are used to predict and analyze the variation of the soil temperature and influencing factors of geothermal as a means looking forward to restraining reduction, and provide a theoretical basis for the operation of geothermal energy systems.
Firstly, based on the improvement of the existing geothermal energy test system, the intermittent experiment of a vertical Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system is investigated and the corresponding geo-temperature variations are studied. The performance of the GSHP system under intermittent operation and the comparisons of different intermittent modes are presented in the paper. The parameters of soil backfill material, air temperature and inlet volume flow rate, which affect the GHSP performance, are also investigated. Experimental results suggest that, due to the recovery in ground thermal energy in intermittent time, the heat exchange rate and the operation performance coefficient (COP) of the heat pump increases, and the compressor power decreases in the successive working. But an insufficient soil recovery time leads to a rapid decline of the performance parameters and the soil temperature. The temperature transports faster under large soil thermal conductivity conditions and the soil temperature decreases more quickly and recovers more slowly with larger inlet flow rate and lower weather temperature for different soil thermal diffusivities. Through multiple nonlinear regression analysis, a curve formula can be fitted to predict the soil temperature variations under intermittent operation of the ground source heat pump in winter, Dalian. It can be found that the soil temperature increases at an exponential function with recovery time, soil thermal diffusivity, air temperature and soil initial temperature of recovery.
Secondly, the moisture soil was considered as a saturated porous media and the corresponding heat and mass transfer within the saturated porous media during the process of intermittent heat releases were researched. a) Considering the percolation in saturated porous media, a three-dimensional unsteady model was proposed to predict the process of intermittent heat and mass transfer within the saturated porous media under the condition of attenuation heat source through amending the heat boundary condition. This model is validated by experimental results. And then, the model was used to predict the heat and moisture transfer between underground vertical U-shaped buried tubes and the surrounding moisture soil, both the temperature changing regularities of moisture soil with geothermal energy as well as the temperature recover characteristics without geothermal energy were obtained. b) Moreover, the effects of thermal conductivity, porosity, backfill material on the soil recovery process were analyzed. Based on the simulation results, it can be found that the influence of properties of moisture soil was important:the soil temperature recovers more quickly when the ground heat conductivity increases, the soil porosity decreases and the backfill material is cement mortar. c) In addition, the effects of solar radiation, air temperature and wind velocity on soil temperature recover behaviors were studied as well. The results show that the influences were less. Considering surface radiation, the heat exchange within sallow soil can be improved during soil heat release but be reduced during soil heat storage, and this phenomenon can become notable with the increasing of solar absorption coefficient. Under the heating mode, the soil temperature recovers more quickly when the air temperature increases and the wind reduces, while the reversed situation can be found in the cooling mode.
Finally, the moisture soil was considered as an unsaturated porous media and the corresponding heat and mass transfer were researched as well. a) A heat and mass transfer model was established to describe the transfer between underground U-shaped tubes and surrounding moisture soil during the process of intermittent heat release, where the moisture soil was taken as the unsaturated porous media with water, water steam and air filled within its porosities. In order to predict the water infiltration and water evaporation within soil, the corresponding heat and mass transfer models needed to be built too. b) Under the condition of three-phase thermal-dynamic equilibrium, the water infiltration and water evaporation are ignored, and the heat and mass process of moisture soil are also simulated. The obtained data are compared with the ones using saturated porous media model and it can be said that the results based on the unsaturated porous media model was more close to the experiment data. c) The infiltration is taken into account in the heat and mass transfer model. The influence of the infiltration and its factors:soil moisture rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on the heat and mass transfer under the intermittent regenerative and exothermic process. The results show that, the soil temperature decreases quickly in the process of exothermic and increases slowly in the recovery process when thinking about infiltration, and with the depth of soil, the effect tapers off. When the soil moisture rate and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity become larger, the soil temperature decreases quickly in the process of exothermic and increases slowly in the recovery process. d) Based on taking into account the evaporation, the effect of surface evaporation, inter evaporation and their factors, such as the rate of soil moisture, soil moisture content, dry soil layer thickness, water vapor diffusion coefficient, and so on on the temperature characteristics are also numerical studied. The results show that evaporation of moisture has a greater impact on the rock temperature underground, the soil temperature falls faster and rises more slowly under the intermittent exothermic process. The difference between them is that the impact of soil surface evaporation process decreases with the depth of the soil, but the effect of soil internal evaporation is the same at different depths in soil. When the soil saturated moisture content, wind velocity and water vapor diffusion coefficient increase, the soil temperature falls faster and rises more slowly under the intermittent exothermic process. The opposite results can be obtained while the soil actual moisture content, dry soil layer thickness and air temperature increase.
首先,本文改进了现有的地热能利用系统实验台,通过含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热实验,测试分析了岩土间歇放热过程中地温变化规律及其对换热率、热泵机组性能的影响；不同回填材料、不同U型地埋管入口流量及不同大气温度对含湿岩土蓄/放热过程传热传质的影响,指出在整个间歇蓄放热过程中,土壤温度的变化与U型管入口流量,大气温度,土壤导热系数等因素成指数关系。利用此结果,通过非线性回归方法拟合出大连地区,含湿岩土间歇放热过程中浅层地下温度场温度变化关联式。
其次,视地下含湿岩土为饱和多孔介质,对饱和多孔介质间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质进行了理论研究：①考虑饱和多孔介质内渗流,通过修正热边界条件,建立了具有内置变温热源的饱和多孔介质间歇蓄/放热过程三维非稳态传热传质间歇模型,该模型中,引入内置变温热源随时间阶跃变化的特征,以及岩土传热衰减和间歇恢复的特征,区别于无内置热源或内置热源无阶跃变温的饱和多孔介质岩土传热模型。在实验验证该模型的正确性后,基于该模型研究了地下垂直U型埋管与周围含湿岩土之间的热湿耦合传递过程,数值分析了地热能利用系统运行状态下含湿岩土的温度变化规律,以及停歇状态下含湿岩土的温度恢复特性。②基于该模型,数值研究了含湿岩土孔隙率、导热系数和回填土物性参数对含湿岩土温度恢复特性的影响。结果表明,含湿岩土的物性参数对温度恢复过程影响较大,随着岩土导热系数的增大,温度恢复速度加快；随着孔隙率的增大,温度恢复速度减慢；不同的回填材料,如粘土、砂粘土和水泥砂浆中,水泥砂浆使温度恢复速度加快。③数值研究了太阳辐射、大气温度和自然风速对含湿岩土间歇过程温度恢复特性的影响。结果表明,自然环境因素相比于岩土热物性对温度恢复影响较小当考虑太阳对地表辐射时,浅层土壤的传热速率在土壤放热过程中加快,而在土壤蓄热过程减慢,这种现象随太阳辐射吸收率的增大更加明显；随着大气温度的降低,温度恢复速率在岩土放热过程中减慢,而在岩土蓄热过程中加快；随着环境风速等增大,温度恢复速率在岩土放热过程中减慢,而在岩土蓄热过程中加快。
最后,视地下含湿岩土为非饱和多孔介质,对非饱和多孔介质间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质进行了理论研究：①建立基于土壤为非饱和多孔介质假设的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程地下U型管与周围含湿土壤传热传质数学模型,模型中,将含湿岩土视为非饱和多孔介质,多孔介质孔隙中充满水、水蒸汽和空气,同时针对土壤水分的入渗和蒸发运动过程,分别建立了相应的传热传质模型。②对基于无渗流无蒸发的三相热力学平衡状态下的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质进行数值研究,并通过与饱和多孔介质模型、实验模型的对比,得出相对于饱和模型而言,非饱和模型与实验数据吻合更好。③建立基于入渗过程的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质模型,数值研究了土壤入渗过程及其影响因素土壤吸湿率、土壤饱和水力传导系数对含湿岩土间歇蓄放热传热传质的影响。结果表明存在土壤水分入渗时,土壤温度在岩土放热过程中下降较快,在恢复过程中上升较慢,且随着土壤深度的增加,对土壤温度场的影响逐渐减小,并且土壤吸湿率和饱和水力传导系数越大,在放热过程中土壤温度下降越快,恢复越慢。④建立基于蒸发过程的含湿岩土间歇蓄/放热过程传热传质模型,数值研究了土壤水分表土蒸发和内部蒸发及各自的影响因素：土壤饱和含湿量、土壤实际含湿量、环境风速、干土层厚度、水汽扩散系数和大气温度对含湿岩土间歇蓄放热过程传热传质的影响。结果表明,在土壤水分蒸发时,土壤的温度在岩土放热过程中下降较快,恢复过程中上升较慢,不同于表土蒸发过程,内部蒸发过程对土壤放热及恢复过程的影响在土壤不同深度影响基本相同。土壤的饱和含湿量、大气风速、水汽扩散系数越大时,土壤温度在岩土放热过程中下降越快,恢复过程上升越慢；土壤的实际含湿量、干土层厚度、大气温度越大时,土壤温度在含湿岩土放热过程中下降越慢,恢复过程上升越快。
Under the intermittent regenerative and exothermic process of the moisture soil, the reduction of heat transmission underground affects not only ground thermal energy, but also the performance and economical efficiency of geo-energy directly. Controlled intermittent technology, which could restore the rock temperature cyclically, improve the heat transfer rate of geotechnical, control the attenuation of heat transfer underground effectively. Ground-coupled heat transfer characteristics of heat and moisture affects the intermittent cycle control directly, thereby affecting the entire geothermal energy system integration control. Therefore, the research on the mass and heat transfer of soil places an important significance to the problem of heat transfer reduction, control heat release process reasonably, ensure abundant diffusion and heat delivery with sound temperature trend and optimize the operation of geothermal energy system. Beginning with working features, this paper analyses and summarizes the relationships between changing regularity and geo-variation, on which basis, underground temperature variation is further studied, in addition, math models about the intermittent regenerative and exothermic process of moisture soil based on the assumption that soil is saturated and unsaturated are built according to Volume average theory, Darcy rule and the heat and moisture transfer theory of unsaturated porous media. The models are used to predict and analyze the variation of the soil temperature and influencing factors of geothermal as a means looking forward to restraining reduction, and provide a theoretical basis for the operation of geothermal energy systems.
Firstly, based on the improvement of the existing geothermal energy test system, the intermittent experiment of a vertical Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system is investigated and the corresponding geo-temperature variations are studied. The performance of the GSHP system under intermittent operation and the comparisons of different intermittent modes are presented in the paper. The parameters of soil backfill material, air temperature and inlet volume flow rate, which affect the GHSP performance, are also investigated. Experimental results suggest that, due to the recovery in ground thermal energy in intermittent time, the heat exchange rate and the operation performance coefficient (COP) of the heat pump increases, and the compressor power decreases in the successive working. But an insufficient soil recovery time leads to a rapid decline of the performance parameters and the soil temperature. The temperature transports faster under large soil thermal conductivity conditions and the soil temperature decreases more quickly and recovers more slowly with larger inlet flow rate and lower weather temperature for different soil thermal diffusivities. Through multiple nonlinear regression analysis, a curve formula can be fitted to predict the soil temperature variations under intermittent operation of the ground source heat pump in winter, Dalian. It can be found that the soil temperature increases at an exponential function with recovery time, soil thermal diffusivity, air temperature and soil initial temperature of recovery.
Secondly, the moisture soil was considered as a saturated porous media and the corresponding heat and mass transfer within the saturated porous media during the process of intermittent heat releases were researched. a) Considering the percolation in saturated porous media, a three-dimensional unsteady model was proposed to predict the process of intermittent heat and mass transfer within the saturated porous media under the condition of attenuation heat source through amending the heat boundary condition. This model is validated by experimental results. And then, the model was used to predict the heat and moisture transfer between underground vertical U-shaped buried tubes and the surrounding moisture soil, both the temperature changing regularities of moisture soil with geothermal energy as well as the temperature recover characteristics without geothermal energy were obtained. b) Moreover, the effects of thermal conductivity, porosity, backfill material on the soil recovery process were analyzed. Based on the simulation results, it can be found that the influence of properties of moisture soil was important:the soil temperature recovers more quickly when the ground heat conductivity increases, the soil porosity decreases and the backfill material is cement mortar. c) In addition, the effects of solar radiation, air temperature and wind velocity on soil temperature recover behaviors were studied as well. The results show that the influences were less. Considering surface radiation, the heat exchange within sallow soil can be improved during soil heat release but be reduced during soil heat storage, and this phenomenon can become notable with the increasing of solar absorption coefficient. Under the heating mode, the soil temperature recovers more quickly when the air temperature increases and the wind reduces, while the reversed situation can be found in the cooling mode.
Finally, the moisture soil was considered as an unsaturated porous media and the corresponding heat and mass transfer were researched as well. a) A heat and mass transfer model was established to describe the transfer between underground U-shaped tubes and surrounding moisture soil during the process of intermittent heat release, where the moisture soil was taken as the unsaturated porous media with water, water steam and air filled within its porosities. In order to predict the water infiltration and water evaporation within soil, the corresponding heat and mass transfer models needed to be built too. b) Under the condition of three-phase thermal-dynamic equilibrium, the water infiltration and water evaporation are ignored, and the heat and mass process of moisture soil are also simulated. The obtained data are compared with the ones using saturated porous media model and it can be said that the results based on the unsaturated porous media model was more close to the experiment data. c) The infiltration is taken into account in the heat and mass transfer model. The influence of the infiltration and its factors:soil moisture rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on the heat and mass transfer under the intermittent regenerative and exothermic process. The results show that, the soil temperature decreases quickly in the process of exothermic and increases slowly in the recovery process when thinking about infiltration, and with the depth of soil, the effect tapers off. When the soil moisture rate and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity become larger, the soil temperature decreases quickly in the process of exothermic and increases slowly in the recovery process. d) Based on taking into account the evaporation, the effect of surface evaporation, inter evaporation and their factors, such as the rate of soil moisture, soil moisture content, dry soil layer thickness, water vapor diffusion coefficient, and so on on the temperature characteristics are also numerical studied. The results show that evaporation of moisture has a greater impact on the rock temperature underground, the soil temperature falls faster and rises more slowly under the intermittent exothermic process. The difference between them is that the impact of soil surface evaporation process decreases with the depth of the soil, but the effect of soil internal evaporation is the same at different depths in soil. When the soil saturated moisture content, wind velocity and water vapor diffusion coefficient increase, the soil temperature falls faster and rises more slowly under the intermittent exothermic process. The opposite results can be obtained while the soil actual moisture content, dry soil layer thickness and air temperature increase.
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