奥斯汀言语行为理论研究
摘要
奥斯汀是日常语言学派的杰出代表。他倾其一生从事语言哲学研究,主要取得以下成果。首先,奥斯汀提出了“语言现象学”,这是奥斯汀从事语言哲学研究的新方法论,也被看成是分析语言的新技术。其次,奥斯汀在此方法论的基础上,提出了言语行为理论。他认为施事式话语具有普遍性,在说出话语的同时,也就完成了某种行为。言语行为理论的提出和发展分为两个阶段。第一个阶段,奥斯汀主要对施事式话语和记述式话语做了区分。在第二个阶段,奥斯汀否定了两种话语的区分界限,提出言语行为理论三分说。一个完整的言语行为蕴含三种行为,分别是以言表意的行为、以言行事的行为和以言取效的行为。
言语行为理论的提出,带动了认识论和语言哲学的发展,从新的视角论述了世界和语言的关系问题,为话语评价提供了新标准,丰富了意义理论的研究内容。
奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论,为塞尔研究间接言语行为理论提供了理论基础。塞尔在奥斯汀研究的基础上,进一步丰富和完善了言语行为理论,使其更加系统化和科学化。此外,奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论,为哈特法律研究提供参考,促使哈特创立了新分析法学派。
Austin is a distinguished representative of daily linguistic school. He spent his lifetime on the study of linguistic philosophy and obtained some achievements as follows. For one thing, he offered the new technology which is the new methodology for the analysis of language, called linguistic phenomenology. For another, on the basis of linguistic phenomenology, Austin put forward speech act theory. According to speech act theory, the performative utterance generally exists. Saying something is doing something. The development of speech act theory was divided into two phases. In the first stage, he discussed the differences between the performative utterance and the constative utterance. In the second stage, he negated the differences of these two kinds of utterances and proposed three kind of speech act theory. A complete speech act includes three behaviors, that is locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
Speech act theory promotes the development of epistemology and linguistic philosophy, explores the relationship between the world and language from a new perspective and provides a new standard for discourse evaluation and enriches the content of semantic theory.
Speech act theory proposed by Austin provides theoretical basis for Searle’s indirect speech act theory. On the basis of Austin’s research, Searle enriches and perfects speech act theory, making it more systematic and scientific. In addition, Austin’s speech act theory lay the references for Hart’s research of legal and create a new analysis school.
言语行为理论的提出,带动了认识论和语言哲学的发展,从新的视角论述了世界和语言的关系问题,为话语评价提供了新标准,丰富了意义理论的研究内容。
奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论,为塞尔研究间接言语行为理论提供了理论基础。塞尔在奥斯汀研究的基础上,进一步丰富和完善了言语行为理论,使其更加系统化和科学化。此外,奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论,为哈特法律研究提供参考,促使哈特创立了新分析法学派。
Austin is a distinguished representative of daily linguistic school. He spent his lifetime on the study of linguistic philosophy and obtained some achievements as follows. For one thing, he offered the new technology which is the new methodology for the analysis of language, called linguistic phenomenology. For another, on the basis of linguistic phenomenology, Austin put forward speech act theory. According to speech act theory, the performative utterance generally exists. Saying something is doing something. The development of speech act theory was divided into two phases. In the first stage, he discussed the differences between the performative utterance and the constative utterance. In the second stage, he negated the differences of these two kinds of utterances and proposed three kind of speech act theory. A complete speech act includes three behaviors, that is locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
Speech act theory promotes the development of epistemology and linguistic philosophy, explores the relationship between the world and language from a new perspective and provides a new standard for discourse evaluation and enriches the content of semantic theory.
Speech act theory proposed by Austin provides theoretical basis for Searle’s indirect speech act theory. On the basis of Austin’s research, Searle enriches and perfects speech act theory, making it more systematic and scientific. In addition, Austin’s speech act theory lay the references for Hart’s research of legal and create a new analysis school.
引文
[1]江怡.西方哲学史(学术版)[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2004.
[2] J.L.Austin How to Do Things with Word[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2008.
[3]涂纪亮.分析哲学及其在美国的发展[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987.
[4]杨玉成.奥斯汀:语言现象学与哲学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002.
[5] [美] A.P.马蒂尼奇.语言哲学[C].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[6]涂纪亮主编.语言哲学名著选辑[C].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1988.
[7]徐友渔等.语言与哲学[M].北京:生活·新知·三联书店,1988.
[8] John R.Searle.语词和意义:言语行为理论研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.
[9]涂纪亮.英美语言哲学概论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[10]谌洪果.通过语言体察法律现象:哈特与日常语言分析哲学[J].比较法研究,2006(4).
[11]沈映涵.解读描述社会学——哈特法律理论中描述性方法研究的前提分析[J].法制与社会发展,2007(5).
[12] John R.Searle.言语行为:语言哲学论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.
[13] John R.Searle.语言心灵社会[C].上海:上海译文出版社,2001.
[14] [英]哈特.法律的概念[C].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.
[15]王路.走进分析哲学[M].上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999.
[16]陈嘉映.语言哲学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
[17]涂纪亮.现代西方语言哲学比较研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1996.
[18]赵敦华.当代英美哲学举要[M].北京:当代中国出版社,1997.
[19]刘放桐.当代西方哲学[M].北京:人民出版社,1981.
[20]张庆熊等.二十世纪英美哲学[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
[21]江怡.分析哲学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
[22][法]米哈伊尔·苏波特尼克.言语行为哲学——语言的精神衬托与日常性[C].天津:天津人民出版社,2003.
[23]倪波等.言语行为理论与俄语语句聚合体[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998.
[24]顾曰国.奥斯汀言语行为理论:诠释与借鉴[J].外语教学研究,1989(1).
[25]李富周.奥斯汀言语行为理论的哲学背景[J].中山大学研究生学刊,2002(4).
[26]孙淑芳.从西方语言哲学的发展看言语行为理论的起源[J].外语学刊,1998(2).
[27]涂纪亮.维特根斯坦后期哲学思想研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[28]杜任之,涂纪亮主编.当代英美哲学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.
[29]刘润清.西方语言学流派[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998.
[30]邱仁宗主编.二十世纪西方哲学名著导读[M].长沙:湖南出版社,1991.
[31]洪谦.当代西方哲学论著选辑[C].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[32]俞吾金主编.二十世纪哲学经典文本(英美哲学卷)[C].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999.
[33]欧阳康主编.当代英美著名哲学家学术自述[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
[34]杜任之,涂纪亮主编.当代英美哲学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.
[35]邹铁军.现代西方哲学——20世纪西方哲学述评[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1991.
[36]谷春德.西方法律思想史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[2] J.L.Austin How to Do Things with Word[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2008.
[3]涂纪亮.分析哲学及其在美国的发展[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987.
[4]杨玉成.奥斯汀:语言现象学与哲学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002.
[5] [美] A.P.马蒂尼奇.语言哲学[C].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[6]涂纪亮主编.语言哲学名著选辑[C].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1988.
[7]徐友渔等.语言与哲学[M].北京:生活·新知·三联书店,1988.
[8] John R.Searle.语词和意义:言语行为理论研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.
[9]涂纪亮.英美语言哲学概论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[10]谌洪果.通过语言体察法律现象:哈特与日常语言分析哲学[J].比较法研究,2006(4).
[11]沈映涵.解读描述社会学——哈特法律理论中描述性方法研究的前提分析[J].法制与社会发展,2007(5).
[12] John R.Searle.言语行为:语言哲学论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.
[13] John R.Searle.语言心灵社会[C].上海:上海译文出版社,2001.
[14] [英]哈特.法律的概念[C].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.
[15]王路.走进分析哲学[M].上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999.
[16]陈嘉映.语言哲学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
[17]涂纪亮.现代西方语言哲学比较研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1996.
[18]赵敦华.当代英美哲学举要[M].北京:当代中国出版社,1997.
[19]刘放桐.当代西方哲学[M].北京:人民出版社,1981.
[20]张庆熊等.二十世纪英美哲学[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
[21]江怡.分析哲学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
[22][法]米哈伊尔·苏波特尼克.言语行为哲学——语言的精神衬托与日常性[C].天津:天津人民出版社,2003.
[23]倪波等.言语行为理论与俄语语句聚合体[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998.
[24]顾曰国.奥斯汀言语行为理论:诠释与借鉴[J].外语教学研究,1989(1).
[25]李富周.奥斯汀言语行为理论的哲学背景[J].中山大学研究生学刊,2002(4).
[26]孙淑芳.从西方语言哲学的发展看言语行为理论的起源[J].外语学刊,1998(2).
[27]涂纪亮.维特根斯坦后期哲学思想研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[28]杜任之,涂纪亮主编.当代英美哲学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.
[29]刘润清.西方语言学流派[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998.
[30]邱仁宗主编.二十世纪西方哲学名著导读[M].长沙:湖南出版社,1991.
[31]洪谦.当代西方哲学论著选辑[C].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[32]俞吾金主编.二十世纪哲学经典文本(英美哲学卷)[C].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999.
[33]欧阳康主编.当代英美著名哲学家学术自述[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
[34]杜任之,涂纪亮主编.当代英美哲学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.
[35]邹铁军.现代西方哲学——20世纪西方哲学述评[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1991.
[36]谷春德.西方法律思想史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.