煤与瓦斯突出区域危险性的直流电法响应及应用研究
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摘要
煤与瓦斯突出是一种严重的矿井动力灾害，具有明显的区域分布特征。如何进行准确有效的突出区域探测和划分，是区域防突工作的重点和难点，仍需进一步提升技术和装备水平。基于此，本文提出将地球物理勘探方法之一—主动式直流电法技术引入煤与瓦斯突出危险性区域探测中，揭示煤层突出危险要素对煤体电性特征的影响规律与作用机制，研究煤与瓦斯突出演化过程直流电法响应规律，提出直流电法探测煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性的技术思路及判识方法，并进行现场初步应用。
（1）实时测试并分析了不同煤体在单轴压缩、循环加载和分级加载过程中电阻率变化规律，发现对于同一导电特性的煤体而言，电阻率随加载压力的变化趋势是一致的；对于不同导电特性的煤体，发生破坏之前电阻率呈现各自不同的变化规律，破坏后电阻率最终都呈上升趋势。深入研究了煤体单轴压缩全应力-应变过程不同阶段电阻率变化规律，发现以体积应变为标志的扩容现象对电阻率具有重要影响，主要体现在扩容点处电阻率会出现突变现象。
（2）基于煤体瓦斯的吸附/解吸特性，实时测试并分析了瓦斯吸附/解吸过程煤体电阻率变化规律，并针对不同煤样、不同气体压力及不同气体种类，分别研究了煤体电阻率的响应特征，结果表明：不同煤样实验过程中电阻率变化特征也有所不同，因煤体的导电特性的差异，电阻率在气体吸附过程呈上升和下降两种趋势；煤体电阻率在气体吸附阶段与解吸阶段呈相反的变化趋势；气体压力越大，吸附能力越强，煤体电阻率变化幅度就越大。
（3）从微观角度研究了煤的导电机理和导电特性，提出了煤的弱束缚离子导电机理，揭示了煤体导电特性和孔隙裂隙结构的演化是决定其受载过程电阻率变化特征的主要因素；研究了瓦斯对煤体电阻率作用机制，发现含瓦斯煤的力学特性对煤体电阻率具有重要影响，应力和瓦斯对煤体电阻率的作用机制从本质上讲都是煤体导电通道受到外力作用而改变了力学特性，从而影响了电阻率的变化。
（4）建立了煤与瓦斯突出模拟及并行电法测试实验系统，测试研究了煤与瓦斯突出演化过程直流电法的响应规律，结果表明：并行电法对应力、瓦斯的作用以及突出发生前后的差异性都有较好的响应，说明并行电法测试结果能够反映煤与瓦斯突出时-空演化过程。提取了视电阻率值、自然电位和一次场电流作为并行电法特征参数，分析发现特征参数在煤与瓦斯突出演化过程中也有各自的变化规律。对比分析了硬煤和构造软煤视电阻率特征，发现构造软煤视电阻率较低，并具有强非均质性的特点。
（5）提出了直流电法探测煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性的技术思路及判识方法，结合瓦斯地质分析，分别进行了网络并行电法探测回采工作面和掘进工作面区域突出危险性的现场试验，掘进和回采情况也较好的验证了探测结果的可靠性。
研究成果为煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性探测提供了新的技术手段，对于促进煤田地球物理勘探技术的应用和发展具有重要意义，对于其他煤岩动力灾害的区域性探测和评价也具有重要的参考作用。
Coal and gas outburst is a serious dynamic disaster in mine which has the characteristic of obvious regional distribution. It is emphasis and difficulty of regional outburst prevention that how to carry out accurate and effective prediction and division of region of coal and gas outburst. It requires to enhance the level of technology and equipment yet. Based on this point, this thesis puts forward a method of geophysical exploration known as active DC method to predict the danger region of coal and gas outburst, revealing the law and mechanism of role of element of outburst danger for coal electrical characteristic, studying DC response pattern during the evolution process of coal and gas outburst, putting forward technical approach and identifying method of exploring outburst danger region with DC method, and carried out on-site preliminary application.
(1) Real-time test and analysis the change rule of different coal resistivity during the process of uniaxial compression, cyclic loading and hierarchical load. It shows that resistivity along with the change trend of load pressure is consistent for the coal of the same electrical conductivity. For the coal of different electrical conductivity, resistivity presents different change rule before outburst and is on the rise after outburst. Through studying change rule of coal resistivity on different stages of uniaxial compression whole stress-strain process, dilatancy that volumetric strain as a symbol has an important influence on coal resistivity were found, mainly embody resistivity appeared catastrophic phenomenon at dilatancy point.
(2) Based on gas adsorption and desorption characteristics, real-time test and analysis variation regularities of coal resistivity during gas adsorption/desorption process and study the response characteristic of the coal resistivity according to different coal, different gas pressure and different gas species. The results show that variation characteristics of resistivity of different coal are different. Because of difference of coal conductive properties, resistivity presents two trends of rise and fall during gas adsorption phase. Coal resistivity presents the opposite trend during gas adsorption phase and desorption phase, and with gas pressure become bigger, the adsorption capacity become larger, the change range of coal resistivity also become bigger.
(3) Analyzed conductive mechanism and conductive characteristics of coal from microcosmic angle, putting forward conductive mechanism of weak bound ion, revealing the evolution of conductive characteristics of coal and pore and fissure structure is main factor for change characteristics of coal resistivity. Based on theprinciple of mechanical properties of coal containing gas, mechanism of gas for coalresistivity was studied, The mechanical properties of coal containing gas has essentialinfluence to the coal resistivity was found. From the essence, the change ofmechanical properties of coal containing gas is the mechanism of stress and gas forcoal resistivity.
(4) Established coal and gas outburst simulation experiment system and parallelelectrical method testing system，studying DC response pattern in the evolutionprocess of outburst. The result shows parallel electrical method has a good responsefor the role of stress and gas and difference during outburst process.It suggests thatparallel electrical method can reflect time-space evolution process of coal and gasoutburst. Apparent resistivity value, spontaneous potential and a field current ascharacteristic parameters of parallel electrical method to analyze and characteristicparameters have own change rule during evolution process of coal and gas outburstwas found. Comparison and analysis characteristics of apparent resistivity of hardcoal and soft coal were carried out. Apparent resistivity of soft coal is lower and softcoal has the characteristics of strong heterogeneity.
(5) Put forward the technical approache and identifying method of exploringoutburst danger region with DC method. Combined with gas geology analysis, wecarried out field test of detection of working surface by network parallel electricalmethod and regional outburst of drivage roadway, the case of working surface anddrivage roadway also verified the detection results.
The research results provide a new technical means for coal and gas outburstregional prevention, and have an important significance to promote the applicationand development of coalfield geophysical prospecting technology. Also, it has animportant reference role for prevention of other rock or coal dynamical disasters.
（1）实时测试并分析了不同煤体在单轴压缩、循环加载和分级加载过程中电阻率变化规律，发现对于同一导电特性的煤体而言，电阻率随加载压力的变化趋势是一致的；对于不同导电特性的煤体，发生破坏之前电阻率呈现各自不同的变化规律，破坏后电阻率最终都呈上升趋势。深入研究了煤体单轴压缩全应力-应变过程不同阶段电阻率变化规律，发现以体积应变为标志的扩容现象对电阻率具有重要影响，主要体现在扩容点处电阻率会出现突变现象。
（2）基于煤体瓦斯的吸附/解吸特性，实时测试并分析了瓦斯吸附/解吸过程煤体电阻率变化规律，并针对不同煤样、不同气体压力及不同气体种类，分别研究了煤体电阻率的响应特征，结果表明：不同煤样实验过程中电阻率变化特征也有所不同，因煤体的导电特性的差异，电阻率在气体吸附过程呈上升和下降两种趋势；煤体电阻率在气体吸附阶段与解吸阶段呈相反的变化趋势；气体压力越大，吸附能力越强，煤体电阻率变化幅度就越大。
（3）从微观角度研究了煤的导电机理和导电特性，提出了煤的弱束缚离子导电机理，揭示了煤体导电特性和孔隙裂隙结构的演化是决定其受载过程电阻率变化特征的主要因素；研究了瓦斯对煤体电阻率作用机制，发现含瓦斯煤的力学特性对煤体电阻率具有重要影响，应力和瓦斯对煤体电阻率的作用机制从本质上讲都是煤体导电通道受到外力作用而改变了力学特性，从而影响了电阻率的变化。
（4）建立了煤与瓦斯突出模拟及并行电法测试实验系统，测试研究了煤与瓦斯突出演化过程直流电法的响应规律，结果表明：并行电法对应力、瓦斯的作用以及突出发生前后的差异性都有较好的响应，说明并行电法测试结果能够反映煤与瓦斯突出时-空演化过程。提取了视电阻率值、自然电位和一次场电流作为并行电法特征参数，分析发现特征参数在煤与瓦斯突出演化过程中也有各自的变化规律。对比分析了硬煤和构造软煤视电阻率特征，发现构造软煤视电阻率较低，并具有强非均质性的特点。
（5）提出了直流电法探测煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性的技术思路及判识方法，结合瓦斯地质分析，分别进行了网络并行电法探测回采工作面和掘进工作面区域突出危险性的现场试验，掘进和回采情况也较好的验证了探测结果的可靠性。
研究成果为煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性探测提供了新的技术手段，对于促进煤田地球物理勘探技术的应用和发展具有重要意义，对于其他煤岩动力灾害的区域性探测和评价也具有重要的参考作用。
Coal and gas outburst is a serious dynamic disaster in mine which has the characteristic of obvious regional distribution. It is emphasis and difficulty of regional outburst prevention that how to carry out accurate and effective prediction and division of region of coal and gas outburst. It requires to enhance the level of technology and equipment yet. Based on this point, this thesis puts forward a method of geophysical exploration known as active DC method to predict the danger region of coal and gas outburst, revealing the law and mechanism of role of element of outburst danger for coal electrical characteristic, studying DC response pattern during the evolution process of coal and gas outburst, putting forward technical approach and identifying method of exploring outburst danger region with DC method, and carried out on-site preliminary application.
(1) Real-time test and analysis the change rule of different coal resistivity during the process of uniaxial compression, cyclic loading and hierarchical load. It shows that resistivity along with the change trend of load pressure is consistent for the coal of the same electrical conductivity. For the coal of different electrical conductivity, resistivity presents different change rule before outburst and is on the rise after outburst. Through studying change rule of coal resistivity on different stages of uniaxial compression whole stress-strain process, dilatancy that volumetric strain as a symbol has an important influence on coal resistivity were found, mainly embody resistivity appeared catastrophic phenomenon at dilatancy point.
(2) Based on gas adsorption and desorption characteristics, real-time test and analysis variation regularities of coal resistivity during gas adsorption/desorption process and study the response characteristic of the coal resistivity according to different coal, different gas pressure and different gas species. The results show that variation characteristics of resistivity of different coal are different. Because of difference of coal conductive properties, resistivity presents two trends of rise and fall during gas adsorption phase. Coal resistivity presents the opposite trend during gas adsorption phase and desorption phase, and with gas pressure become bigger, the adsorption capacity become larger, the change range of coal resistivity also become bigger.
(3) Analyzed conductive mechanism and conductive characteristics of coal from microcosmic angle, putting forward conductive mechanism of weak bound ion, revealing the evolution of conductive characteristics of coal and pore and fissure structure is main factor for change characteristics of coal resistivity. Based on theprinciple of mechanical properties of coal containing gas, mechanism of gas for coalresistivity was studied, The mechanical properties of coal containing gas has essentialinfluence to the coal resistivity was found. From the essence, the change ofmechanical properties of coal containing gas is the mechanism of stress and gas forcoal resistivity.
(4) Established coal and gas outburst simulation experiment system and parallelelectrical method testing system，studying DC response pattern in the evolutionprocess of outburst. The result shows parallel electrical method has a good responsefor the role of stress and gas and difference during outburst process.It suggests thatparallel electrical method can reflect time-space evolution process of coal and gasoutburst. Apparent resistivity value, spontaneous potential and a field current ascharacteristic parameters of parallel electrical method to analyze and characteristicparameters have own change rule during evolution process of coal and gas outburstwas found. Comparison and analysis characteristics of apparent resistivity of hardcoal and soft coal were carried out. Apparent resistivity of soft coal is lower and softcoal has the characteristics of strong heterogeneity.
(5) Put forward the technical approache and identifying method of exploringoutburst danger region with DC method. Combined with gas geology analysis, wecarried out field test of detection of working surface by network parallel electricalmethod and regional outburst of drivage roadway, the case of working surface anddrivage roadway also verified the detection results.
The research results provide a new technical means for coal and gas outburstregional prevention, and have an important significance to promote the applicationand development of coalfield geophysical prospecting technology. Also, it has animportant reference role for prevention of other rock or coal dynamical disasters.
引文
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