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白皮松群落结构与生产力研究
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摘要
白皮松(Pinus bungeana Zucc.)为松科松属植物,是中国特有温性针叶树种,是东亚唯一的三针松。白皮松树姿优美,色彩鲜艳,是优良的绿化和观赏树种。白皮松在历史上分布较广,但是由于人类活动的加剧和对能源的需求增加、滥砍滥伐严重,原生的森林群落已经不存在,现有的白皮松林主要是天然次生林。主要分布在山西中南部、河南西部、陕西秦岭山麓、甘肃南部、四川北部、湖北西部、河南等地。
     本研究通过对白皮松群落的结构、物种及区系组成、白皮松适生的立地条件,生物学特性、生长过程等方面进行深入的研究,分析了不同地域、不同林型的白皮松的生产力状况,并对白皮松群落主要物种的生态位宽度、白皮松及其主要伴生物种的分布格局进行了初步研究。以期为当地白皮松林的保护、经营管理提供一定的借鉴。基于生态调查数据,通过分析得出了以下结论:
     白皮松群落的垂直结构较为明显,可以分为乔、灌、草三个层次。白皮松群落的物种组成较为简单,共出现种子植物65种。群落内植物以北温带植物占优势,其他旧世界分布和世界分布者也占有一定的比例,大多具有高纬度分布的特点。白皮松群落物种的生活型谱分析表明,群落物种以高位芽为主,这和暖温带森林气候条件下发育的群落组成非常一致,反映了暖温带季风区夏季炎热多雨,冬季寒冷而漫长的区域特点。同时也说明白皮松群落内植物对于环境资源的利用还远未达到充分的程度。
     白皮松个体生长具有先胸径、次树高,再材积速生的生长特征。地域不同、林分组成不同、立地条件不同的白皮松林间的生产力差异较大。大多白皮松林下的白皮松的自然更新情况良好,其他伴生树种的更新较差。白皮松林将在很长的一段时间内维持现有的林分结构。乔木层优势物种白皮松、辽东栎、紫椴;灌木层优势物种华北紫丁香、虎榛子、陕西荚(艹迷)、三裂叶绣线菊的生态位宽度较大。具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间的生态位重叠较大。白皮松群落中各种群对资源的利用呈现一定的共享趋势。灌木层物种生态位宽度值要高于乔木层物种,说明了和灌木层相比,乔木层树种在利用资源及适应环境的能力方面特化程度较高。在更新层-演替层-主林层三个层次,白皮松分别呈现聚集、聚集、随机的分布格局,而其他树种均呈现出聚集分布的格局。这与白皮松群落结构、白皮松的生物学特性以及样地环境条件的异质性有关。
Pinus bungeana is a specie of pine genus of Pinaceae family. It's a endemic plant in china and the exclusive three needle leaves pine in eastasia. Pinus bungeana has beautiful slim and colors, is a kind of fine tree specie of forestation.
    Pinus bungeana has been widely distributed in china at one time, because of human activity and over cutting from strength to strength and the steep demand to the nature resources,the virgin forest of Pinus bungeana disappeared.Now the natural distribution covers of pinus bungeana forest form the north of Shanxi province, the east of Henan province, the piedmont of Qingling mountain of shannxi province,to the south of Gansu province, the north of Sichuan province and the west of Hubei province.
    The main purpose of this study is by doing a research of the structure,physiognomy, species and floristic composition of Pinus bungeana community. The suitable site conditions, biologicalcharacters, the growth function,etc,then analysising the productivity of different pinus bungeana forests in different areas, In this study, I also analysed the niche and distribution patterns of dominant species in Pinus Bungeana Communities,which could provide the scientific basis for decision-making on good protection and management in local area.Based on the datas of field investigation, then give some conclusions:
    The vertical structure of pinus bungeana community is simply and can be divided into three synusiums: the tree ,shrub and herbage layer. The commnuity is composed of 65 vascular plant species . Based on the analysis of the floristic elements at family, the result show that in the Pinus bungeana communithy the temperate elements dominates; some species belong to the cosmopolitan and old world genera , the most of these species have the characteristics of high latitude distribution.
    The comparative analyse on life form spectrum of pinus bungeana community showed that the Megaphanerophytes plants are the dominance elements in the community, its consistent in the composition of the community which developed in warm temperate forest climate condition. The phenomena reflect the climate characters of warm temperate monsoon climate area which has abundance rainfall summer and long cold winter. It also indicated that the plants in pinus bungeana communiuty hadn't used the environment and resources completely. The pinus bungeana's annual growth characteristics show: The grow order from fast to slow is the diameter at breast,the height,then the growth of volume.The Pinus bungeana forests can maintain existing structure of community in the future. The niche breadths of Pinus Bungeana Zucc and Quercus liaotungensis koidz ,the main dominant species in tree layer , and those of Viburnum shensianum Maxim, Ostryopsis davidana Decne, Sringa oblata Lindl. and Spiraea trilobaba L has been measured. The niche overlaps among the species with the same or similar environment requirements were great, while those between the species with broad niche breadth and other species were much greater. The natural resources were shared by populations in Pinus Bungeana community. The niche breadths of species in shurb layer are widely than tree layer, compared with the species in shurb layer, the species of tree layer had higher specialization ability to use resource and adapt environment. The spatial patterns of pinus bungeana population at different vertical layer , exhibits Negative binomial , Negative binomial and Poising dispersion, the other associated tree specices conform to aggregated distribution. It's related to the biological characteristics of pinus bungeana, structure of pinus bungeana community and heterogenicity of environment in plots.
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