基于区域特色模式的重庆市农村土地整治潜力评价研究
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摘要
农村土地整治是针对农村地区低效利用和不合理利用的土地,通过田、水、路、林、村、房的综合整治,增加有效耕地面积,提高耕地质量,改善农村生产生活条件和生态环境的土地利用活动,是发展现代农业产业、建设社会主义新农村有效手段,是党的十七届三中全会做出的重大决策。深入开展农村土地整治有利于搭建新农村建设和统筹城乡发展的新平台、探寻破解城乡二元结构矛盾和促进区域和谐的有效方法。目前,学术界对农村土地整治潜力评价、整治模式、工程技术等方面进行了较为系统的研究,取得了丰富的研究成果,并制定了土地整治规划编制规程、高标准基本农田建设标准等规程或技术标准,对我国农村土地整治进行了统一要求和规范,为农村土地整治的理论研究和实践开展奠定了坚实基础。但我国地域广阔,地形复杂,区域社会经济差异显著,尤其是是我国西部地区,土地整治模式选择和设计应充分考虑区域特性、社会经济发展水平和需要,表达农民真实意愿,土地整治潜力评价则需依据相应的土地整治模式,充分体现区域特色和空间差异。因此,本研究结合重庆市社会经济发展空间格局,选择具有不同代表性的典型样区实地调查走访并提炼了重庆市现有的农村土地整治模式,采用参与式农村调查评估和二元回归分析法,设计了符合重庆区域发展实际的高标准基本农田建设型、新型农村社区化建设型和土地生态环境安全保护型三种农村土地整治特色模式；并以三种模式为切入点,分别以长寿区、九龙坡区和巫山县为实证区域,采用MSSD潜力评价法开展了基于区域特色重庆市农村土地整治潜力分析和评价。
(1)重庆市区域农村土地整治特色模式设计
重庆市区域发展不平衡,集大城市、大农村、大库区、大山区和民族地区于一体,区情复杂。论文通过对渝北、璧山、巫山、开县等区县典型样区的调查走访,结合不同学者研究成果,提炼了9类重庆市农村土地整治模式：增加耕地型、高山移民型、地票交易型、农林综合开发型、三峡库区移土培肥及配套坡改梯建设型、特色农业先导型、整村推进型、农业产业化发展型和农民联户型等。并以因地制宜、区域特色整治方向、区域社会经济发展关联性、充分尊重农民诉求为原则,以重庆市自然及经济条件、现阶段形势和社会经济发展空间格局为依据,采用参与式农村调查评估方法和Logistic二元回归分析法,以现有土地整治模式为借鉴,设计了适合重庆市不同区域的3类特色土地整治模式：1)高标准基本农田建设型农用地整治模式：适用于有高标准基本农田建设任务的区域,主要是渝西(除南川区)地区9区县、长寿区、涪陵区、垫江县和梁平县；2)新型农村社区化建设型农村建设用地整治模式：适用于城镇化发展水平较高、地势较为平坦、农村发展基础好的区域,主要是都市圈的江北、九龙坡、渝北、巴南等区县城郊乡镇的农村建设和发展；3)生态环境安全保护型生态用地整治模式：适用于山高坡陡、自然灾害多发、生态环境脆弱的渝东北和渝东南地区,如城口县、巫山县、巫溪县等需通过整治保护和改善生态环境。农村土地整治特色模式设计,有利于开展农村土地整治研究,特别是土地整治潜力的研究。以不同区域特色模式为切入点研究农村土地整治潜力,能有效地反应区域土地整治潜力的空间差异,能在一定程度上拓展土地整治潜力分析和评价的思路与方法、丰富和完善土地整治潜力研究的理论。
(2)基于高标准基本农田建设模式的农村土地整治潜力评价
参考重庆市高标准基本农田建设标准(试行),以长寿区为实证,在行政区内划定高标准基本农田建设区域(A型区)与非高标准基本农田建设区域(B型区：分BⅠ、BⅡ、BⅢ型区)。通过对已实施农用地整治的区域抽样调查,按照置信区间确定的低、中、高三种水平值测算并确定A、B型区各行政单元农用地整治数量潜力值；A型区采用质量综合指数评价法、B型区结合农用地分等、历年粮食作物产量统计成果等因素分别计算潜力提升度从而测算质量潜力。长寿区农用地整治数量潜力为2083.10hm2：A型区551.78hm2,占潜力总量的26.49%；B型区1531.32hm2,占潜力总量的73.51%；长寿区农用地整治质量潜力为6102.34t：A型区质量潜力2218.57t,占潜力总量的36.34%；B型区3883.75t,占潜力总量的63.64%。综合潜力分级表明长寿区适宜高标准基本农田建设区域主要集中在二级、三级潜力区,少数集中在一级潜力区。基于高标准基本农田建设模式的农用地整治潜力结构呈现明显的区域类型差异化特征：高标准基本农田建设区域耕地的田坎系数、坡度级别较低、释放耕地潜力有限,农用地整治以质量潜力为主、数量潜力为辅；高标准基本农田建设区域外耕地质量相对较差、田块分布相对零散,农用地整治应采取数量与质量潜力并重策略,在提升耕地质量同时,结合农村集体建设用地整治,增加有效耕地数量,为高标准基本农田建设预留后备耕地资源,以满足耕地占补平衡和农业规模化发展需要。因此,采用分区调查法和耕地潜力分级选择法对有高标准基本农田分布的区域进行潜力评价具有针对性、客观性和可操作性。
(3)基于新型农村社区化模式的农村土地整治潜力评价
以九龙坡区为实证设计了新型农村社区化模式的农村土地整治潜力分析模式。根据城乡协调型、村内整合型、迁村并居型三种新型农村社区建设模式,分别设定为C型、I型和M型农村建设用地整治调查典型样区,采用人均建设用地标准法测算了理论潜力。同时,从影响新型农村社区化建设的内、外部因素影响因子,建立了一套包括4个因素14个指标的农村建设用地整治潜力修正评价指标体系,对研究区农村建设用地整治理论潜力进行修正计算,得到研究区潜力结果。农村建设用地整治理论潜力为504.19hm2：C型区占41.31%,I型区占51.95%,M型区占6.74%,即采用村内整合型农村社区建设模式区域的整治潜力比重最大,采用迁村并居型模式的评价单元整治潜力均值最大；研究区农村建设用地整治修正潜力为445.35hm2；潜力分为五个级别：三级、四级潜力区所占比重最大,五级潜力区比重最小。采用分区调查法和农村建设用地整治潜力分级选择法对农村建设用地整治潜力评价具针对性、客观性,以区域农村建设用地主导功能作为农村社区建设模式划分依据,将不同农村社区化建设模式作为农村建设用地整治潜力调查评价分区划定的依据,能够凸显各评价单元的区域特征和差异,潜力评价结果与区域发展实际相吻合,并构建了农村建设用地的社区服务功能与整治潜力调查评价之间的联动方法。对于通过农村土地整治活动促进新型农村社区化建设具有现实参考价值。
(4)基于生态环境安全保护型模式的生态用地整治潜力评价以三峡库区巫山县为实证,选取水土流失、地质灾害、生态系统生境作为敏感因子开展生态敏感性评价。以乡镇为单元,根据评价结果将巫山县生态敏感性分为不敏感区(0个),轻度敏感区(4个)、中度敏感区(11个)、高度敏感区(9个)、极度敏感区(2个)5级,中度和高度生态敏感性占全县面积的74.945%。将轻、中、高度生态敏感区设定为S型、H型、E型调查区。结合未利用地开发、农村建设用地复垦和退耕还林三种生态用地整治类型,对不同调查区进行有针对性的林地、耕地、园地整治潜力抽样调查,在抽样调查基础上进行生态用地整治潜力水平选择、潜力测算与潜力分级。研究区生态用地整治潜力为1635.72hm2：林地整治潜力864.92hm2,耕地整治潜力379.35hm2,园地整治潜力391.44hm2。林地整治潜力规模大,耕地整治潜力规模相对小；规划设计潜力综合实现度水平随生态敏感性升高而下降,即林地整治潜力比重高,规划设计潜力综合实现度水平低；耕地整治潜力比重低,规划设计潜力综合实现度水平高。林地整治一级潜力区主要集中在生态中度敏感区；耕地整治一级潜力区主要集中在生态轻度敏感区,二级潜力区分布较少；园地整治一级潜力区主要集中在生态轻度敏感区。综合敏感性一级潜力区主要是在轻度敏感区。因此,采用生态敏感度分区法对生态用地整治潜力评价进行调查评价分区的模式,对于生态保护型区域更具特色性和创新性,能够凸显各评价单元的生态敏感性特征和差异,增强潜力评价结果与区域生态安全关联性和互动性。综上所述,本研究结合重庆市地形地貌及社会经济发展空间格局等区域特色,参考和借鉴现有农村土地整治模式,以充分尊重和体现农民的土地整治意愿和诉求为指导思想,采用参与式农村调查评估方法和Logistic二元回归分析法设计了适合研究区区情的高标准基本农田建设型、新型农村社区化建设型、生态环境安全保护型三类区域特色土地整治模式,对区域农村土地整治特色模式的选择和设计提供了方法借鉴和参考；论文以区域土地整治特色模式为切入点,采取差异化典型样区调查方法,通过实证研究,设计了一套包括模式设计(Model design)-调查分区(Survey subarea)-抽样调查(Sampling survey)-差异性潜力测算(Differentpotential calculation)等四大环节的MSSD土地整治潜力分析评价法。该方法凸显了农村土地整治潜力在研究区域内部空间上的差异性,不同区域以不同的特色整治模式为切入点进行分析和评价,并按照研究区域内部潜力水平的差异进行典型样点选择,采取差异化调查和评价方法,结果真实、可靠、准确,因此,MSSD潜力分析评价法是一种有效的土地整治潜力研究方法,在一定程度上丰富和完善了土地整治潜力评价的理论和方法；通过实证分析构建的基于区域特色模式的农村土地整治潜力分析的评价方法和流程,为本轮县级土地整治规划的编制的潜力分析、重点整治区域的划分、重点整治项目安排、开展具有区域特色的农村土地整治活动提供了理论支撑和实证支持。但是,如何将更多的农村土地整治模式融合在一起开展研究、以及构建更多的反应未来发展趋势的潜力评价指标、如何使土地整治潜力评价中典型样区的选择更具有代表性,从而使评价的结果更加真实可靠,这是在后续研究中要注意和研究的问题。
Rural land rearrangement is through integrated remediation of field, water, road, forest, village, housing for the inefficient use and irrational use of land in rural areas. It is a kind of land use activity that increases effective cultivated area, improve the quality of cultivated land, and improve rural production and living conditions and ecological environment. It is an effective medium of developing modern agriculture industry, the construction of the new socialist rural, and it is also a major decision of the third Plenum of the17th Communist Party of China Central Committee. Further develop the rural land rearrangement is good for form the new platform between new rural construction and balance urban and rural development, and an effective method for break the dual structure in urban and rural and promote regional harmonious. At present, the academic has made extensive research and formulated the unified requirements and specification of our country by made the rules of land renovation planning procedures, high-standard basic farmland construction standards or technical standards through a more systematic study of rural land consolidation, potential regulation mode, engineering technology and other aspects which has made a solid foundation for theory and practice study of rural land consolidation. But our country is vast, complex terrain, regional social and economic differences, especially in the western region of China, land consolidation mode selection and design should take full account of the regional characteristics, social economy level of development and the need of farmers, the true will of expression, evaluation of land consolidation potential is required on the basis of the corresponding land consolidation pattern to fully reflects the regional characteristics and spatial differences. Therefore, this study combined with the spatial pattern of social and economic development in Chongqing city, the typical plots of different representative field which was chose to survey and refine the Chongqing existing rural land consolidation mode, using participatory rural assessment and two regression analysis, designing of three kinds of rural land consolidation mode:the character of high standard basic farmland construction, the new rural community construction and land-ecological environment security protection according to Chongqing regional development, and which was taken as the breakthrough point, Changshou District, Jiulongpo District and Wushan County were made as a demonstration area respectively, using the MSSD potential evaluation method to carry out the evaluation and analysis of rural land consolidation potential based on regional characteristic in Chongqing city.
(1)Dominate rural land rearrangement mode design of Chongqing.
Chongqing has experienced an imbalanced regional development as it is comprised of a set of large cities, rural areas, mountainous areas and various ethnic inhabitants in one complex. After field investigation and observation in Yubei, Bishan, Wushan and Kaixian counties, an in-depth analysis has undertaken. In addition incorporating the different scholar's research results, the data has been summarized. At this stage Chongqing has carried out nine main types of land regulation studies namely increase in arable land, Alpine immigrants, Land-ticket transactions, comprehensive development of hill or mountain agriculture and forestry, soil fertility in the three gorges dam and the supporting slope modified ladder construction along steep slopes to prepare suitable land for cultivation, pilot study for hill or mountain agriculture, promoting overall development of village farmers, and enhancing agricultural and industrial development and organizing and empowering farmers etc. Suitable treatment measures paying particular attention to the current local and regional situations such as the socio-economic development, gender issues, and full respect to farmers'demand and the degree of people's participation were carried out as the principle. Rural investigation assessment method and Logistic Binary regression analysis for the current Spatial pattern of economic development and natural environment conditions of Chongqing were applied. The already existing land management of Chongqing has been used as a reference. Based on them, following four types of land management are designed:1) Developing high standard basic farmland pattern:Based on this pattern, every region has high standard basic farmland construction task, that include9major areas located in Yuxi County exceptNanchuan, include Changshou District, Fuling District, Dianjiang County and Liangping County.2) Establishing new rural community and improving rural land pattern:The rate of urbanization is high and preparing suitable land for rural development is among the current priorities. This pattern is mainly used to rural reconstructions and development in Jiangbei District, Jiulongpo District, Yubei District, Banan District etc.3) Sustainable environmental management:The ecological environment of the north eastern and southeastern parts of Chongqing including Chengkou, Wushan, Wuxi County etc., having steep mountainous landscape is vulnerable to environmental deterioration. It has been realized that land rearrangement for environmental protection and improvement is essential. The feature model of rural land remediation is designed, to conduct a study on the regional characteristics of rural land management activities especially pertinent to land potential. Analysis of rural land under different dominate land rearrangement models, potential evaluation techniques, it can reflects the land consolidation potential of region spatial difference and also can development ideas and methods of land consolidation potential analysis and evaluation in a certain extent and enrich and perfect the theory of land consolidation potential.
(2) Rural land rearrangement potential evaluation based on high standard basic farmland construction mode.
Reference to a high standard of basic farmland in Chongqing city construction standards (test-practice),with Changshou district as an example, accordingly the district was designated as areas "A" which stand for the high standard basic farmland areas and "B" for non high standard basic farmland areas respectively where "B" is further subdivided into BⅠ, BⅡ and BⅢ areal investigations. The agricultural land rearrangement potential of the administrative units of A-type and B-type is calculated and confirmed according to the3level value of low, medium and high of the confidence interval through the sample investigations for the areas which have carried out land management. The land rearrangement quality potential is calculated through comprehensive quality evaluation index approach for areas "A" and "B" along with agricultural land, food crop production statistics for the calendar year and other factors were measured. The result showed that Changshou district has a total agricultural land area of2083.10hm2, where the A-type area amounted approximately to551.78hm2(26.49%) and B-type area accounted for1531.32hm2(73.51%). The agricultural land quality management of Changshou amounted to6102.34T, out of which "A-type" and "B-type" areas were calculated to be2218.57T (36.34%) and3883.75T (63.64%) respectively. The results have indicated that Changshou requires an integrated, appropriate and high standard construction of basic farmlands mainly in relation to secondary and tertiary potential area and a few in first potential areas. The potential structure of agricultural land consolidation has obvious regional differentiation characteristics based on high standard farmland construction mode. It was basically due to the high standards arable land of low ridge coefficient, and low slope level. Therefore, the potential of releasing arable land is limited, the agricultural land arrangement present structural characteristic of mainly potential mining of quality and secondarily potential mining of quantity. The region beyond the high standard basic farmland constructive area has relatively poor and widely scattered land. Regulation of agricultural land both in terms of quantity and quality should at the same time be combined, increase in the size of effective arable land and reserve farmland resources for high standard basic farmland in order to meet the dynamic demands for cultivated land and overall agricultural development. Therefore, by using partition (zoning) investigation and potentials of cultivated land classification method to evaluate the potential of the high standard basic farmland area is more targeted, objective and operable.
(3) Potential evaluation of rural land rearrangement based on new rural community:
A new community-based rural land management potential analysis mode has been designed in Jiulongpo District. The theoretical potential was calculate by per capita construction land standards in the typical investigation partition that was named as C, I and M-type, which was divided into Urban-Rural Coordination, Village Integration and Village Relocation types according to rural community building model. At the same time, the potential evaluation revised indexes systems of rural construction land rearrangement was established which including4factors of the14indicators according to the factors that effects new rural community construction of inner and external, it is used for calculating the potential of land rearrangement of Jiulongpo District. The research area accounted for504.19hm2out of which the areas for "C-type""I-type" and "M-type" accounted for41.31%,51.95%and6.74%respectively. The proportion of evaluation unit individual potential of rural community construction area adopting Village Integration type is maximum, the evaluation unit individual potential mean value of rural community construction area adopting Village Relocation type is maximum. The revised potential of the rural construction land in the research area is445.35hm2. The management potential of rural construction land in the study area is divided into five levels, where the third-level and forth-level accounted for the largest proportion while the fifth shared the least potential. The potential evaluation for the rural construction land rearrangement by utilizing partition investigation and potential selected classification for rural construction land arrangement would be more targeted and objective, the rural community construction type was classified according to the dominate function of regional rural community construction land, the potential investigation and evaluation partition of the rural construction land arrangement would be classified according to the different modes of rural construction. It makes the regional characteristics and differences of each evaluation unit prominent, the potential evaluation results coincide with the fact of the regional development, the linkage method between the community service function of rural construction land and the investigation and evaluation for the potential. Based on the results, it has been deduced that rural land management has practical importance in promoting the development of new rural communities.
(4) Potential analysis of rural land rearrangement for ecological environment protection
Taking the Three-Gorges Reservoir Region with special focus at Wushan County as study, the ecological sensitivity appraisal has been assessed by choosing soil erosion, geological disaster and ecosystem habitat as susceptibility factor. Each town was taken as a unit; the ecological sensitivity of Wushan was divided into5levels that is non-sensitive area (0), slight-sensitive area (4), moderate-sensitive area (11), highly-sensitive area (9), and extremely sensitive area (2). The moderate and highly ecological sensitivity for the county approximated to74.945%. It has been agreed for the slight, highly and extremely ecological sensitive area to be set at S, H and E investigation areas. Combined with the ecological land management's such as unutilized land development, Rural construction land reclamation and returning farmland to forests, the potential of ecological land rearrangement has been calculated, classified and selected based on the results of the sample investigation for rearrangement potential of the forest land, cultivated land and garden plot in different areas. The findings indicated that the potential of ecological land calculated to be1635.72hm2, of which forest land accounts for864.92hm2, cultivated land improvement for379.35hm2and garden plot potential reached391.44hm2. Forest land potential accounted for larger portion while arable land regulation potential was found out to be relatively small. The integrated planning design potential integrated in relation to ecological sensitivity showed a rise and fall across different periods. The comprehensive implementation level of the plan is low based on the high potential of forest land management while the level of the plan is high based on the high potential of cultivated land arrangement. The woodland improvement levels in the potential area were mainly concentrated in moderate-sensitive areas. The primary potential area of cultivated land was mainly concentrated in slight sensitive area. There was little secondary potential area. The primary potential area of garden plot was mainly concentrated in slight sensitive area. The primary potential of comprehensive sensitivity was mainly concentrated in slight sensitive ecological area. Potential analysis of visible partition method for ecologically sensitive ecological investigation and evaluation present lots of characteristic and innovation for ecological protected area and the characteristics and differences of the ecological sensitivity of each evaluation unit, it helps improve the relevance and interaction between the potential evaluation result and the regional ecological security.
In summary, this study combined with Chongqing city landscape and social economic development of spatial pattern of regional characteristics, reference and draw the existing rural land regulation mode, in order to fully respect and embody the farmer's land remediation will and aspirations as the guiding ideology, using participatory rural assessment method and Logistic two regression analysis to design the high-standard basic farmland construction type, suitable for the study of regional conditions of the new rural community construction, ecological environment protection type three kinds of regional land consolidation pattern, provides a method for reference and selection and design of regional rural land consolidation mode and characteristics; The paper take the regional land consolidation characteristic pattern as the breakthrough point, adopt different survey methods of typical the sample area, through empirical research, has established a set of model design (Model design)-(Survey subarea)-on partition of sample survey (Sampling survey)-measuring difference potential (Different potential calculation) analysis of land consolidation potential MSSD four step method. The method highlights the differences in the internal space of the land consolidation potential of rural areas, different regions with different characteristics of the rectification model as the starting point for analysis and evaluation, and according to the difference of the potential level of the study area were the typical choice, adopt different survey and evaluation method, true, reliable, accurate results, therefore, MSSD potential analysis is an effective method of land consolidation potential, enrich and perfect the theories and methods of evaluation of land consolidation potential in a certain extent; Through empirical analysis based on the construction of the evaluation method and flow analysis of the potential of rural land consolidation area characteristic pattern, analysis, making land renovation planning of the potential key regional division, the focus of remediation project arrangements, provide theoretical support and empirical support for the activities of rural land consolidation with regional characteristics. But, how to take more pattern of rural land remediation together to carry out research, as well as the construction of the future development trend of the more reactive potential evaluation index, how to make the typical region evaluation of land consolidation potential in the choice of more representative, which makes the evaluation results more reliable, it is necessary to pay attention to and study in the following research problem.
(1)重庆市区域农村土地整治特色模式设计
重庆市区域发展不平衡,集大城市、大农村、大库区、大山区和民族地区于一体,区情复杂。论文通过对渝北、璧山、巫山、开县等区县典型样区的调查走访,结合不同学者研究成果,提炼了9类重庆市农村土地整治模式：增加耕地型、高山移民型、地票交易型、农林综合开发型、三峡库区移土培肥及配套坡改梯建设型、特色农业先导型、整村推进型、农业产业化发展型和农民联户型等。并以因地制宜、区域特色整治方向、区域社会经济发展关联性、充分尊重农民诉求为原则,以重庆市自然及经济条件、现阶段形势和社会经济发展空间格局为依据,采用参与式农村调查评估方法和Logistic二元回归分析法,以现有土地整治模式为借鉴,设计了适合重庆市不同区域的3类特色土地整治模式：1)高标准基本农田建设型农用地整治模式：适用于有高标准基本农田建设任务的区域,主要是渝西(除南川区)地区9区县、长寿区、涪陵区、垫江县和梁平县；2)新型农村社区化建设型农村建设用地整治模式：适用于城镇化发展水平较高、地势较为平坦、农村发展基础好的区域,主要是都市圈的江北、九龙坡、渝北、巴南等区县城郊乡镇的农村建设和发展；3)生态环境安全保护型生态用地整治模式：适用于山高坡陡、自然灾害多发、生态环境脆弱的渝东北和渝东南地区,如城口县、巫山县、巫溪县等需通过整治保护和改善生态环境。农村土地整治特色模式设计,有利于开展农村土地整治研究,特别是土地整治潜力的研究。以不同区域特色模式为切入点研究农村土地整治潜力,能有效地反应区域土地整治潜力的空间差异,能在一定程度上拓展土地整治潜力分析和评价的思路与方法、丰富和完善土地整治潜力研究的理论。
(2)基于高标准基本农田建设模式的农村土地整治潜力评价
参考重庆市高标准基本农田建设标准(试行),以长寿区为实证,在行政区内划定高标准基本农田建设区域(A型区)与非高标准基本农田建设区域(B型区：分BⅠ、BⅡ、BⅢ型区)。通过对已实施农用地整治的区域抽样调查,按照置信区间确定的低、中、高三种水平值测算并确定A、B型区各行政单元农用地整治数量潜力值；A型区采用质量综合指数评价法、B型区结合农用地分等、历年粮食作物产量统计成果等因素分别计算潜力提升度从而测算质量潜力。长寿区农用地整治数量潜力为2083.10hm2：A型区551.78hm2,占潜力总量的26.49%；B型区1531.32hm2,占潜力总量的73.51%；长寿区农用地整治质量潜力为6102.34t：A型区质量潜力2218.57t,占潜力总量的36.34%；B型区3883.75t,占潜力总量的63.64%。综合潜力分级表明长寿区适宜高标准基本农田建设区域主要集中在二级、三级潜力区,少数集中在一级潜力区。基于高标准基本农田建设模式的农用地整治潜力结构呈现明显的区域类型差异化特征：高标准基本农田建设区域耕地的田坎系数、坡度级别较低、释放耕地潜力有限,农用地整治以质量潜力为主、数量潜力为辅；高标准基本农田建设区域外耕地质量相对较差、田块分布相对零散,农用地整治应采取数量与质量潜力并重策略,在提升耕地质量同时,结合农村集体建设用地整治,增加有效耕地数量,为高标准基本农田建设预留后备耕地资源,以满足耕地占补平衡和农业规模化发展需要。因此,采用分区调查法和耕地潜力分级选择法对有高标准基本农田分布的区域进行潜力评价具有针对性、客观性和可操作性。
(3)基于新型农村社区化模式的农村土地整治潜力评价
以九龙坡区为实证设计了新型农村社区化模式的农村土地整治潜力分析模式。根据城乡协调型、村内整合型、迁村并居型三种新型农村社区建设模式,分别设定为C型、I型和M型农村建设用地整治调查典型样区,采用人均建设用地标准法测算了理论潜力。同时,从影响新型农村社区化建设的内、外部因素影响因子,建立了一套包括4个因素14个指标的农村建设用地整治潜力修正评价指标体系,对研究区农村建设用地整治理论潜力进行修正计算,得到研究区潜力结果。农村建设用地整治理论潜力为504.19hm2：C型区占41.31%,I型区占51.95%,M型区占6.74%,即采用村内整合型农村社区建设模式区域的整治潜力比重最大,采用迁村并居型模式的评价单元整治潜力均值最大；研究区农村建设用地整治修正潜力为445.35hm2；潜力分为五个级别：三级、四级潜力区所占比重最大,五级潜力区比重最小。采用分区调查法和农村建设用地整治潜力分级选择法对农村建设用地整治潜力评价具针对性、客观性,以区域农村建设用地主导功能作为农村社区建设模式划分依据,将不同农村社区化建设模式作为农村建设用地整治潜力调查评价分区划定的依据,能够凸显各评价单元的区域特征和差异,潜力评价结果与区域发展实际相吻合,并构建了农村建设用地的社区服务功能与整治潜力调查评价之间的联动方法。对于通过农村土地整治活动促进新型农村社区化建设具有现实参考价值。
(4)基于生态环境安全保护型模式的生态用地整治潜力评价以三峡库区巫山县为实证,选取水土流失、地质灾害、生态系统生境作为敏感因子开展生态敏感性评价。以乡镇为单元,根据评价结果将巫山县生态敏感性分为不敏感区(0个),轻度敏感区(4个)、中度敏感区(11个)、高度敏感区(9个)、极度敏感区(2个)5级,中度和高度生态敏感性占全县面积的74.945%。将轻、中、高度生态敏感区设定为S型、H型、E型调查区。结合未利用地开发、农村建设用地复垦和退耕还林三种生态用地整治类型,对不同调查区进行有针对性的林地、耕地、园地整治潜力抽样调查,在抽样调查基础上进行生态用地整治潜力水平选择、潜力测算与潜力分级。研究区生态用地整治潜力为1635.72hm2：林地整治潜力864.92hm2,耕地整治潜力379.35hm2,园地整治潜力391.44hm2。林地整治潜力规模大,耕地整治潜力规模相对小；规划设计潜力综合实现度水平随生态敏感性升高而下降,即林地整治潜力比重高,规划设计潜力综合实现度水平低；耕地整治潜力比重低,规划设计潜力综合实现度水平高。林地整治一级潜力区主要集中在生态中度敏感区；耕地整治一级潜力区主要集中在生态轻度敏感区,二级潜力区分布较少；园地整治一级潜力区主要集中在生态轻度敏感区。综合敏感性一级潜力区主要是在轻度敏感区。因此,采用生态敏感度分区法对生态用地整治潜力评价进行调查评价分区的模式,对于生态保护型区域更具特色性和创新性,能够凸显各评价单元的生态敏感性特征和差异,增强潜力评价结果与区域生态安全关联性和互动性。综上所述,本研究结合重庆市地形地貌及社会经济发展空间格局等区域特色,参考和借鉴现有农村土地整治模式,以充分尊重和体现农民的土地整治意愿和诉求为指导思想,采用参与式农村调查评估方法和Logistic二元回归分析法设计了适合研究区区情的高标准基本农田建设型、新型农村社区化建设型、生态环境安全保护型三类区域特色土地整治模式,对区域农村土地整治特色模式的选择和设计提供了方法借鉴和参考；论文以区域土地整治特色模式为切入点,采取差异化典型样区调查方法,通过实证研究,设计了一套包括模式设计(Model design)-调查分区(Survey subarea)-抽样调查(Sampling survey)-差异性潜力测算(Differentpotential calculation)等四大环节的MSSD土地整治潜力分析评价法。该方法凸显了农村土地整治潜力在研究区域内部空间上的差异性,不同区域以不同的特色整治模式为切入点进行分析和评价,并按照研究区域内部潜力水平的差异进行典型样点选择,采取差异化调查和评价方法,结果真实、可靠、准确,因此,MSSD潜力分析评价法是一种有效的土地整治潜力研究方法,在一定程度上丰富和完善了土地整治潜力评价的理论和方法；通过实证分析构建的基于区域特色模式的农村土地整治潜力分析的评价方法和流程,为本轮县级土地整治规划的编制的潜力分析、重点整治区域的划分、重点整治项目安排、开展具有区域特色的农村土地整治活动提供了理论支撑和实证支持。但是,如何将更多的农村土地整治模式融合在一起开展研究、以及构建更多的反应未来发展趋势的潜力评价指标、如何使土地整治潜力评价中典型样区的选择更具有代表性,从而使评价的结果更加真实可靠,这是在后续研究中要注意和研究的问题。
Rural land rearrangement is through integrated remediation of field, water, road, forest, village, housing for the inefficient use and irrational use of land in rural areas. It is a kind of land use activity that increases effective cultivated area, improve the quality of cultivated land, and improve rural production and living conditions and ecological environment. It is an effective medium of developing modern agriculture industry, the construction of the new socialist rural, and it is also a major decision of the third Plenum of the17th Communist Party of China Central Committee. Further develop the rural land rearrangement is good for form the new platform between new rural construction and balance urban and rural development, and an effective method for break the dual structure in urban and rural and promote regional harmonious. At present, the academic has made extensive research and formulated the unified requirements and specification of our country by made the rules of land renovation planning procedures, high-standard basic farmland construction standards or technical standards through a more systematic study of rural land consolidation, potential regulation mode, engineering technology and other aspects which has made a solid foundation for theory and practice study of rural land consolidation. But our country is vast, complex terrain, regional social and economic differences, especially in the western region of China, land consolidation mode selection and design should take full account of the regional characteristics, social economy level of development and the need of farmers, the true will of expression, evaluation of land consolidation potential is required on the basis of the corresponding land consolidation pattern to fully reflects the regional characteristics and spatial differences. Therefore, this study combined with the spatial pattern of social and economic development in Chongqing city, the typical plots of different representative field which was chose to survey and refine the Chongqing existing rural land consolidation mode, using participatory rural assessment and two regression analysis, designing of three kinds of rural land consolidation mode:the character of high standard basic farmland construction, the new rural community construction and land-ecological environment security protection according to Chongqing regional development, and which was taken as the breakthrough point, Changshou District, Jiulongpo District and Wushan County were made as a demonstration area respectively, using the MSSD potential evaluation method to carry out the evaluation and analysis of rural land consolidation potential based on regional characteristic in Chongqing city.
(1)Dominate rural land rearrangement mode design of Chongqing.
Chongqing has experienced an imbalanced regional development as it is comprised of a set of large cities, rural areas, mountainous areas and various ethnic inhabitants in one complex. After field investigation and observation in Yubei, Bishan, Wushan and Kaixian counties, an in-depth analysis has undertaken. In addition incorporating the different scholar's research results, the data has been summarized. At this stage Chongqing has carried out nine main types of land regulation studies namely increase in arable land, Alpine immigrants, Land-ticket transactions, comprehensive development of hill or mountain agriculture and forestry, soil fertility in the three gorges dam and the supporting slope modified ladder construction along steep slopes to prepare suitable land for cultivation, pilot study for hill or mountain agriculture, promoting overall development of village farmers, and enhancing agricultural and industrial development and organizing and empowering farmers etc. Suitable treatment measures paying particular attention to the current local and regional situations such as the socio-economic development, gender issues, and full respect to farmers'demand and the degree of people's participation were carried out as the principle. Rural investigation assessment method and Logistic Binary regression analysis for the current Spatial pattern of economic development and natural environment conditions of Chongqing were applied. The already existing land management of Chongqing has been used as a reference. Based on them, following four types of land management are designed:1) Developing high standard basic farmland pattern:Based on this pattern, every region has high standard basic farmland construction task, that include9major areas located in Yuxi County exceptNanchuan, include Changshou District, Fuling District, Dianjiang County and Liangping County.2) Establishing new rural community and improving rural land pattern:The rate of urbanization is high and preparing suitable land for rural development is among the current priorities. This pattern is mainly used to rural reconstructions and development in Jiangbei District, Jiulongpo District, Yubei District, Banan District etc.3) Sustainable environmental management:The ecological environment of the north eastern and southeastern parts of Chongqing including Chengkou, Wushan, Wuxi County etc., having steep mountainous landscape is vulnerable to environmental deterioration. It has been realized that land rearrangement for environmental protection and improvement is essential. The feature model of rural land remediation is designed, to conduct a study on the regional characteristics of rural land management activities especially pertinent to land potential. Analysis of rural land under different dominate land rearrangement models, potential evaluation techniques, it can reflects the land consolidation potential of region spatial difference and also can development ideas and methods of land consolidation potential analysis and evaluation in a certain extent and enrich and perfect the theory of land consolidation potential.
(2) Rural land rearrangement potential evaluation based on high standard basic farmland construction mode.
Reference to a high standard of basic farmland in Chongqing city construction standards (test-practice),with Changshou district as an example, accordingly the district was designated as areas "A" which stand for the high standard basic farmland areas and "B" for non high standard basic farmland areas respectively where "B" is further subdivided into BⅠ, BⅡ and BⅢ areal investigations. The agricultural land rearrangement potential of the administrative units of A-type and B-type is calculated and confirmed according to the3level value of low, medium and high of the confidence interval through the sample investigations for the areas which have carried out land management. The land rearrangement quality potential is calculated through comprehensive quality evaluation index approach for areas "A" and "B" along with agricultural land, food crop production statistics for the calendar year and other factors were measured. The result showed that Changshou district has a total agricultural land area of2083.10hm2, where the A-type area amounted approximately to551.78hm2(26.49%) and B-type area accounted for1531.32hm2(73.51%). The agricultural land quality management of Changshou amounted to6102.34T, out of which "A-type" and "B-type" areas were calculated to be2218.57T (36.34%) and3883.75T (63.64%) respectively. The results have indicated that Changshou requires an integrated, appropriate and high standard construction of basic farmlands mainly in relation to secondary and tertiary potential area and a few in first potential areas. The potential structure of agricultural land consolidation has obvious regional differentiation characteristics based on high standard farmland construction mode. It was basically due to the high standards arable land of low ridge coefficient, and low slope level. Therefore, the potential of releasing arable land is limited, the agricultural land arrangement present structural characteristic of mainly potential mining of quality and secondarily potential mining of quantity. The region beyond the high standard basic farmland constructive area has relatively poor and widely scattered land. Regulation of agricultural land both in terms of quantity and quality should at the same time be combined, increase in the size of effective arable land and reserve farmland resources for high standard basic farmland in order to meet the dynamic demands for cultivated land and overall agricultural development. Therefore, by using partition (zoning) investigation and potentials of cultivated land classification method to evaluate the potential of the high standard basic farmland area is more targeted, objective and operable.
(3) Potential evaluation of rural land rearrangement based on new rural community:
A new community-based rural land management potential analysis mode has been designed in Jiulongpo District. The theoretical potential was calculate by per capita construction land standards in the typical investigation partition that was named as C, I and M-type, which was divided into Urban-Rural Coordination, Village Integration and Village Relocation types according to rural community building model. At the same time, the potential evaluation revised indexes systems of rural construction land rearrangement was established which including4factors of the14indicators according to the factors that effects new rural community construction of inner and external, it is used for calculating the potential of land rearrangement of Jiulongpo District. The research area accounted for504.19hm2out of which the areas for "C-type""I-type" and "M-type" accounted for41.31%,51.95%and6.74%respectively. The proportion of evaluation unit individual potential of rural community construction area adopting Village Integration type is maximum, the evaluation unit individual potential mean value of rural community construction area adopting Village Relocation type is maximum. The revised potential of the rural construction land in the research area is445.35hm2. The management potential of rural construction land in the study area is divided into five levels, where the third-level and forth-level accounted for the largest proportion while the fifth shared the least potential. The potential evaluation for the rural construction land rearrangement by utilizing partition investigation and potential selected classification for rural construction land arrangement would be more targeted and objective, the rural community construction type was classified according to the dominate function of regional rural community construction land, the potential investigation and evaluation partition of the rural construction land arrangement would be classified according to the different modes of rural construction. It makes the regional characteristics and differences of each evaluation unit prominent, the potential evaluation results coincide with the fact of the regional development, the linkage method between the community service function of rural construction land and the investigation and evaluation for the potential. Based on the results, it has been deduced that rural land management has practical importance in promoting the development of new rural communities.
(4) Potential analysis of rural land rearrangement for ecological environment protection
Taking the Three-Gorges Reservoir Region with special focus at Wushan County as study, the ecological sensitivity appraisal has been assessed by choosing soil erosion, geological disaster and ecosystem habitat as susceptibility factor. Each town was taken as a unit; the ecological sensitivity of Wushan was divided into5levels that is non-sensitive area (0), slight-sensitive area (4), moderate-sensitive area (11), highly-sensitive area (9), and extremely sensitive area (2). The moderate and highly ecological sensitivity for the county approximated to74.945%. It has been agreed for the slight, highly and extremely ecological sensitive area to be set at S, H and E investigation areas. Combined with the ecological land management's such as unutilized land development, Rural construction land reclamation and returning farmland to forests, the potential of ecological land rearrangement has been calculated, classified and selected based on the results of the sample investigation for rearrangement potential of the forest land, cultivated land and garden plot in different areas. The findings indicated that the potential of ecological land calculated to be1635.72hm2, of which forest land accounts for864.92hm2, cultivated land improvement for379.35hm2and garden plot potential reached391.44hm2. Forest land potential accounted for larger portion while arable land regulation potential was found out to be relatively small. The integrated planning design potential integrated in relation to ecological sensitivity showed a rise and fall across different periods. The comprehensive implementation level of the plan is low based on the high potential of forest land management while the level of the plan is high based on the high potential of cultivated land arrangement. The woodland improvement levels in the potential area were mainly concentrated in moderate-sensitive areas. The primary potential area of cultivated land was mainly concentrated in slight sensitive area. There was little secondary potential area. The primary potential area of garden plot was mainly concentrated in slight sensitive area. The primary potential of comprehensive sensitivity was mainly concentrated in slight sensitive ecological area. Potential analysis of visible partition method for ecologically sensitive ecological investigation and evaluation present lots of characteristic and innovation for ecological protected area and the characteristics and differences of the ecological sensitivity of each evaluation unit, it helps improve the relevance and interaction between the potential evaluation result and the regional ecological security.
In summary, this study combined with Chongqing city landscape and social economic development of spatial pattern of regional characteristics, reference and draw the existing rural land regulation mode, in order to fully respect and embody the farmer's land remediation will and aspirations as the guiding ideology, using participatory rural assessment method and Logistic two regression analysis to design the high-standard basic farmland construction type, suitable for the study of regional conditions of the new rural community construction, ecological environment protection type three kinds of regional land consolidation pattern, provides a method for reference and selection and design of regional rural land consolidation mode and characteristics; The paper take the regional land consolidation characteristic pattern as the breakthrough point, adopt different survey methods of typical the sample area, through empirical research, has established a set of model design (Model design)-(Survey subarea)-on partition of sample survey (Sampling survey)-measuring difference potential (Different potential calculation) analysis of land consolidation potential MSSD four step method. The method highlights the differences in the internal space of the land consolidation potential of rural areas, different regions with different characteristics of the rectification model as the starting point for analysis and evaluation, and according to the difference of the potential level of the study area were the typical choice, adopt different survey and evaluation method, true, reliable, accurate results, therefore, MSSD potential analysis is an effective method of land consolidation potential, enrich and perfect the theories and methods of evaluation of land consolidation potential in a certain extent; Through empirical analysis based on the construction of the evaluation method and flow analysis of the potential of rural land consolidation area characteristic pattern, analysis, making land renovation planning of the potential key regional division, the focus of remediation project arrangements, provide theoretical support and empirical support for the activities of rural land consolidation with regional characteristics. But, how to take more pattern of rural land remediation together to carry out research, as well as the construction of the future development trend of the more reactive potential evaluation index, how to make the typical region evaluation of land consolidation potential in the choice of more representative, which makes the evaluation results more reliable, it is necessary to pay attention to and study in the following research problem.
引文
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