玉米×大刍草选系主要性状的配合力及遗传分析
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摘要
将野生近缘属种质的有利基因导入栽培玉米,创制具有特殊及优良性状的新种质,对拓宽现有玉米种质的遗传基础具有十分重要的意义。探明玉米自交系主要性状的配合力效应及其遗传规律,以确定其育种利用潜力。本研究用目前生产上使用的7个骨干自交系为母本,以19个玉米远缘杂交选系为父本,按7×19不完全双列杂交模式配制133个杂交组合,分析了主要性状的配合力效应和遗传参数,同时对各主要性状之间及其配合力表现之间进行了相关分析,并对26个自交系进行了遗传聚类分析。研究结果如下:
1.配合力效应分析表明,不同材料及其不同性状的一般配合力效应表现较复杂。在19个选系中,1147分蘖性和多穗性GCA效应正向最大,多穗性GCA效应正向值较大的还有1193和1169;1183单株产量、穗粗和穗行数GCA效应表现突出,均为正向值最大,其次为1164、1157和1193;而1153和1154株高、生育期和主要农艺性状GCA负向效应值较大。不同组合及其不同性状的SCA效应差异也较大,其中组合K389×1162、156×1193和R08×1168单株产量SCA效应较大;组合156×1147和K389×1164分蘖数和果穗数SCA分别为正向效应最大;组合R08×1156和R08×1167株高等主要农艺性状SCA分别表现明显的负向和正向效应:而组合郑58×1147和郑58×1160生育期SCA效应则分别为正向和负向最大值。
2.遗传参数研究表明,玉米分蘖性和多穗性的加性效应远大于非加性效应,但其狭义遗传力分别仅为48.66%和36.12%,育种上宜在晚代进行选择。株高、叶片数、雄穗和生育期等性状也主要受加性效应影响,且广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高,可在早代选择;而叶面积则受加性和非加性效应共同影响,遗传力相对较低,不宜在早代选择。产量及产量组成性状加性效应远比非加性效应重要,在实践中应注意选用一般配合力效应较高的亲本来配制组合:此类性状中穗粗和穗行数的狭义遗传力最高,达70%以上,而穗长和秃尖长相对较低,低于40%,其余性状居中,界于50%-70%之间,因此在实践中对穗粗和穗行数进行早代选择较为有效。
3.相关性研究表明,分蘖数与单株产量呈显著遗传负相关,对提高籽粒产量不利,而分蘖与株高呈显著遗传正相关,表明选育分蘖玉米可能伴随着植株增高和生物产量增加:果穗数与单株产量相关不显著,说明通过增加果穗数并不一定能显著提高产量:分蘖数与果穗数之间呈极显著正相关,而这2个性状与主要农艺和经济性状之间的相关性比较复杂,因此在玉米育种实践中,应灵活制定和应用相关选择方案。从一般配合力效应相关性来看,单株产量与穗粗、粒深、穗行数和行粒数等经济性状GCA效应之间呈极显著正相关,同时与穗位高、叶面积和叶片数等主要农艺性状GCA效应之间也呈显著正相关,可通过对这些性状一般配合力效应的选择来间接提高单株产量的配合力效应;其余多数农艺经济性状GCA效应与单株产量GCA效应之间相关性不显著,说明这些性状GCA效应与单株产量GCA效应较难同时聚合。
4.遗传聚类分析结果,将19个选系和7个骨干系划分为9个类群。其中,第一类包括骨干系P178、156和选系1160等9个系;第二类包括骨干系698-3、K389和选系1156等5个系,第三类包括选系1169、1191和1195,第四类包括骨干系48-2和R08,第五类包括选系1154、1183及1189;骨干系郑58,选系1153、1193、1147分别单独聚为第六至第九类。各类群自交系各具特点,对玉米育种实践具有一定指导意义。其中,选系1147分蘖和多穗性突出,植株高大,同时其GCA效应值最大,在饲草玉米育种中可能具有较大的应用潜力;1183具有果穗粗大、穗行数多,自身产量高及其GCA高等优点,是一个很好的高产育种潜力亲本;1153生育期较短、植株矮小,株型较好,结实率高,加之其性状GCA表现优良,可在选育早熟、矮杆和紧凑型玉米组合上重点应用。其余选系各具特色,可结合不同育种目标有针对性地加以改良和利用。
New germplasm with specific and excellent characteristics created by introducing favorable genes of exotic germplasm exert great significance on expansion of genetic basis of maize germplasm.For the purpose of identifying breeding potential value of the inbred lines with exotic genes,the combining ability effect of the main characteristics and their genetic regulation should be investigated.133 combinations were obtained according to incomplete diallel cross mode by using 7 wide-used maize inbred lines as female parents,and19 inbred lines derived from distance hybridization as male parents. The combining ability and hereditary parameters for main characteristics were analyzed.Meanwhile, the genetic correlations among the main characteristics as well as their combining abilities were studied. Genetic cluster analysis was performed on the 26 inbred lines at the same time.The results are as following:
1.The combining ability effect analysis indicated that the performance of combining ability was complicated among different inbred lines and their characteristics.Among 19 inbred lines,1147 showed the highest positive GCA effect of tillering and prolificacy,1193 and 1169 showed comparatively higher GCA effect of prolificacy,and 1183 performed outstanding the highest positive GCA effect of yield per plant,ear diameter,Kernels per row,and 1164、1157、1193 higher.1153 showed comparatively high negative GCA effect of plant height,growth period and main gronomic characteristcs.Secondly, different combinations and their characteristcis showed different SCA effects.For example:K389×1162、156×1193 and R08×1168 performed high SCA effect of yield per plant,156×1147 and K389×1164 had the positive maximum SCA of tiller number and ear number,while R08×1156 and R08×1167 performed negative and positive SCA effect of main gronomic characters including plant height respectively,however,ZHENG 58×1147 and ZHENG 58×1160 showed the highest positive and negative SCA effect of growth period respectively.
2.The analytical results of genetic parameters indicated that the additive gene effect of tillering and prolificacy was much higher than non-additive gene effect.But narrow heritability of the above characteristics was 48.66%and 36.12%respectively;they should be selected at the late generation. However,characteristics including plant height,leaf number,tassel and growth period were controled by the additive gene effects,and both broad and narrow heritability of which were higher.As a result, they could be selected at the early generation.Comparatively,both additive gene effects and non-additive gene effects dominated the leave area,and its heritability was low.Hence,it was not appropriate to select at the early generation.For the addictive gene effect of yield and its components was far more important than their non-additive gene effect,parents with higher GCA effct should be selected for conducting combination in breeding practice.Among those characters,the heritability for the ear diameter and ear rows were the highest(above 70%),while the ear lengh and barren ear tip length were low comparatively(below 40%),the other characteristics medimum between 50%-70%. Therefore,it is more effective to select ear diameter and ear rows at the early generation.
3.Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly negative correlation between tiller number and yield per plant,which was harmfull for yield increase.However,it was found that tiller number was significantly negative correlation with plant height,which illustrated obtaining the tillering will coupled with increasing of plant height and biomass on maize breeding.Reversely,ear number was not significantly correlated with yield per plant at all,showed that it might not be effective to increase yield by increasing effective ear numbers.Although,tiller number showed a significant correlation with ear number.Both the characteristics showed complicated correlation with major agronomic as well as economic characteristics.As a result,the selection scheme should be planned and performed accordingly.Concerning corralation of general combining ability,yield per plant showed extremely significantly positive GCA correlation with ear diameter,kernel depth,ear rows,kernels per row,and other economic characters,as well as,significantly positive GCA correlation with ear height,leaf area, leaf number,and other agronomic characters.Combining ability effect of yield per plant was able to be elevated indireactly by selecting GCA effects of those charaters.Most GCA effects of other agronomic and economic characters showed insignificant correlation with GCA effect of yield per pant.It was illustrated that GCA effects of those charateristics and yield per plant were not easy to be polymerized.
4.The 19 inbred lines and 7 wide-used elite lines were clusted into 9 groups by genetic cluster analysis.Among them,the firsr group had 9 lines including elite lines P178,156 and inbred lines 1160;The second group had 5 lines including elite line 698-3,K389 and inbred lines 1156;The third group included 3 inbred lines 1169,1191 and 1195;The fourth group included elite lines 48-2 and R08; The fifth group included 3 inbred lines 1154,1183 and 1189;While elite line Zheng58 and inbred lines1153,1193 and 1147 was clusted to the sixth to the ninth groups respectively.Different inred lines of different groups had different advantages,which had directive significance for maize breeding. Among them,inbred line 1147 performed tillering and prolificacy extremely,as well as higher plant height,and the GCA effct of those characters were more higher,so it had more potential value probably for forage maize breeding.1183 had large ear,more ear rows,high yield and high GCA etc,and it was a potential lines for high yield breeding.1153 had a short growth period and plant height,optimal plant-type and high kernel rate.Furthermore,its characters performed much higher GCA effect. Therefor it could be applied on breeding of early,drawf,and compact hybrids.As the other new inbred lines,each with a distinct identity could be improved and utilized appropriately based on the different breeding objective.
1.配合力效应分析表明,不同材料及其不同性状的一般配合力效应表现较复杂。在19个选系中,1147分蘖性和多穗性GCA效应正向最大,多穗性GCA效应正向值较大的还有1193和1169;1183单株产量、穗粗和穗行数GCA效应表现突出,均为正向值最大,其次为1164、1157和1193;而1153和1154株高、生育期和主要农艺性状GCA负向效应值较大。不同组合及其不同性状的SCA效应差异也较大,其中组合K389×1162、156×1193和R08×1168单株产量SCA效应较大;组合156×1147和K389×1164分蘖数和果穗数SCA分别为正向效应最大;组合R08×1156和R08×1167株高等主要农艺性状SCA分别表现明显的负向和正向效应:而组合郑58×1147和郑58×1160生育期SCA效应则分别为正向和负向最大值。
2.遗传参数研究表明,玉米分蘖性和多穗性的加性效应远大于非加性效应,但其狭义遗传力分别仅为48.66%和36.12%,育种上宜在晚代进行选择。株高、叶片数、雄穗和生育期等性状也主要受加性效应影响,且广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高,可在早代选择;而叶面积则受加性和非加性效应共同影响,遗传力相对较低,不宜在早代选择。产量及产量组成性状加性效应远比非加性效应重要,在实践中应注意选用一般配合力效应较高的亲本来配制组合:此类性状中穗粗和穗行数的狭义遗传力最高,达70%以上,而穗长和秃尖长相对较低,低于40%,其余性状居中,界于50%-70%之间,因此在实践中对穗粗和穗行数进行早代选择较为有效。
3.相关性研究表明,分蘖数与单株产量呈显著遗传负相关,对提高籽粒产量不利,而分蘖与株高呈显著遗传正相关,表明选育分蘖玉米可能伴随着植株增高和生物产量增加:果穗数与单株产量相关不显著,说明通过增加果穗数并不一定能显著提高产量:分蘖数与果穗数之间呈极显著正相关,而这2个性状与主要农艺和经济性状之间的相关性比较复杂,因此在玉米育种实践中,应灵活制定和应用相关选择方案。从一般配合力效应相关性来看,单株产量与穗粗、粒深、穗行数和行粒数等经济性状GCA效应之间呈极显著正相关,同时与穗位高、叶面积和叶片数等主要农艺性状GCA效应之间也呈显著正相关,可通过对这些性状一般配合力效应的选择来间接提高单株产量的配合力效应;其余多数农艺经济性状GCA效应与单株产量GCA效应之间相关性不显著,说明这些性状GCA效应与单株产量GCA效应较难同时聚合。
4.遗传聚类分析结果,将19个选系和7个骨干系划分为9个类群。其中,第一类包括骨干系P178、156和选系1160等9个系;第二类包括骨干系698-3、K389和选系1156等5个系,第三类包括选系1169、1191和1195,第四类包括骨干系48-2和R08,第五类包括选系1154、1183及1189;骨干系郑58,选系1153、1193、1147分别单独聚为第六至第九类。各类群自交系各具特点,对玉米育种实践具有一定指导意义。其中,选系1147分蘖和多穗性突出,植株高大,同时其GCA效应值最大,在饲草玉米育种中可能具有较大的应用潜力;1183具有果穗粗大、穗行数多,自身产量高及其GCA高等优点,是一个很好的高产育种潜力亲本;1153生育期较短、植株矮小,株型较好,结实率高,加之其性状GCA表现优良,可在选育早熟、矮杆和紧凑型玉米组合上重点应用。其余选系各具特色,可结合不同育种目标有针对性地加以改良和利用。
New germplasm with specific and excellent characteristics created by introducing favorable genes of exotic germplasm exert great significance on expansion of genetic basis of maize germplasm.For the purpose of identifying breeding potential value of the inbred lines with exotic genes,the combining ability effect of the main characteristics and their genetic regulation should be investigated.133 combinations were obtained according to incomplete diallel cross mode by using 7 wide-used maize inbred lines as female parents,and19 inbred lines derived from distance hybridization as male parents. The combining ability and hereditary parameters for main characteristics were analyzed.Meanwhile, the genetic correlations among the main characteristics as well as their combining abilities were studied. Genetic cluster analysis was performed on the 26 inbred lines at the same time.The results are as following:
1.The combining ability effect analysis indicated that the performance of combining ability was complicated among different inbred lines and their characteristics.Among 19 inbred lines,1147 showed the highest positive GCA effect of tillering and prolificacy,1193 and 1169 showed comparatively higher GCA effect of prolificacy,and 1183 performed outstanding the highest positive GCA effect of yield per plant,ear diameter,Kernels per row,and 1164、1157、1193 higher.1153 showed comparatively high negative GCA effect of plant height,growth period and main gronomic characteristcs.Secondly, different combinations and their characteristcis showed different SCA effects.For example:K389×1162、156×1193 and R08×1168 performed high SCA effect of yield per plant,156×1147 and K389×1164 had the positive maximum SCA of tiller number and ear number,while R08×1156 and R08×1167 performed negative and positive SCA effect of main gronomic characters including plant height respectively,however,ZHENG 58×1147 and ZHENG 58×1160 showed the highest positive and negative SCA effect of growth period respectively.
2.The analytical results of genetic parameters indicated that the additive gene effect of tillering and prolificacy was much higher than non-additive gene effect.But narrow heritability of the above characteristics was 48.66%and 36.12%respectively;they should be selected at the late generation. However,characteristics including plant height,leaf number,tassel and growth period were controled by the additive gene effects,and both broad and narrow heritability of which were higher.As a result, they could be selected at the early generation.Comparatively,both additive gene effects and non-additive gene effects dominated the leave area,and its heritability was low.Hence,it was not appropriate to select at the early generation.For the addictive gene effect of yield and its components was far more important than their non-additive gene effect,parents with higher GCA effct should be selected for conducting combination in breeding practice.Among those characters,the heritability for the ear diameter and ear rows were the highest(above 70%),while the ear lengh and barren ear tip length were low comparatively(below 40%),the other characteristics medimum between 50%-70%. Therefore,it is more effective to select ear diameter and ear rows at the early generation.
3.Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly negative correlation between tiller number and yield per plant,which was harmfull for yield increase.However,it was found that tiller number was significantly negative correlation with plant height,which illustrated obtaining the tillering will coupled with increasing of plant height and biomass on maize breeding.Reversely,ear number was not significantly correlated with yield per plant at all,showed that it might not be effective to increase yield by increasing effective ear numbers.Although,tiller number showed a significant correlation with ear number.Both the characteristics showed complicated correlation with major agronomic as well as economic characteristics.As a result,the selection scheme should be planned and performed accordingly.Concerning corralation of general combining ability,yield per plant showed extremely significantly positive GCA correlation with ear diameter,kernel depth,ear rows,kernels per row,and other economic characters,as well as,significantly positive GCA correlation with ear height,leaf area, leaf number,and other agronomic characters.Combining ability effect of yield per plant was able to be elevated indireactly by selecting GCA effects of those charaters.Most GCA effects of other agronomic and economic characters showed insignificant correlation with GCA effect of yield per pant.It was illustrated that GCA effects of those charateristics and yield per plant were not easy to be polymerized.
4.The 19 inbred lines and 7 wide-used elite lines were clusted into 9 groups by genetic cluster analysis.Among them,the firsr group had 9 lines including elite lines P178,156 and inbred lines 1160;The second group had 5 lines including elite line 698-3,K389 and inbred lines 1156;The third group included 3 inbred lines 1169,1191 and 1195;The fourth group included elite lines 48-2 and R08; The fifth group included 3 inbred lines 1154,1183 and 1189;While elite line Zheng58 and inbred lines1153,1193 and 1147 was clusted to the sixth to the ninth groups respectively.Different inred lines of different groups had different advantages,which had directive significance for maize breeding. Among them,inbred line 1147 performed tillering and prolificacy extremely,as well as higher plant height,and the GCA effct of those characters were more higher,so it had more potential value probably for forage maize breeding.1183 had large ear,more ear rows,high yield and high GCA etc,and it was a potential lines for high yield breeding.1153 had a short growth period and plant height,optimal plant-type and high kernel rate.Furthermore,its characters performed much higher GCA effect. Therefor it could be applied on breeding of early,drawf,and compact hybrids.As the other new inbred lines,each with a distinct identity could be improved and utilized appropriately based on the different breeding objective.
引文
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