农药雾滴雾化与在玉米植株上的沉积特性研究
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摘要
玉米已是我国第一大粮食作物,但在防治玉米螟、玉米粘虫等虫害时施药方法不规范,极易发生农药过量使用,药液流失、环境污染等负面问题。由此本文针对如何提高农药在玉米植株上农药有效利用率问题,通过借鉴国内外研究理论对药液雾化过程及雾滴在玉米植株上的沉积行为进行探究,主要结论如下：
首先通过分析室内试验数据,以错分样本个数最小为目标,得到判断雾滴粘附-破碎临界点的数学函数,此数学函数以速度为自变量,雾滴粒径大小为因变量确定分割曲线。结合动能定律,建立雾滴粘附-破碎能量模型。
其次通过研究农药雾滴雾化特性及雾滴分布特性探究如何提高表药雾滴在玉米植株上的沉积率,结果显示：乳油溶液使液力式喷头液膜显著减小,边缘破碎加剧,穿孔破碎明显增加,雾滴粒径显著增大,而水分散粒剂溶液与水溶液的雾化过程相似。助剂浓度增大,液膜区长度先减小后增大,雾滴粒径先增加后减小,雾化区发生不同程度的形态变化。助剂对于水分散性粒剂溶液的影响程度更为显著。乳油溶液与助剂可以使射流喷头产生液包气结构的雾滴。喷杆喷雾条件下雾滴体积中径呈现波浪型分布,峰高出现在测试区域的中心。雾滴运动角度分为三类：>90°,=90°,<90°。与水平放置靶标相比,50。靶标放置沉积量减少三分之一。靶标50°放置时测试点之间的沉积量差异显著(P<0.05)。表明靶标角度是雾滴分布特性引起药液沉积分布差异性明显的主要诱导因素。高速摄影研究发现模拟靶标的表面性质、放置角度、雾滴分布特性及其运动轨迹对雾滴沉积状态相互影响雾滴沉积行为。
然后利用扫描电镜研究影响雾滴沉积行为的玉米叶片及叶鞘表面的微观结构,发现玉米叶片正反面具有相似的结构单元。叶片背面无针织状条带,无钩毛,气孔带间距较小,气孔密度较大。玉米叶鞘由钩毛带与气孔带组成,钩毛带约占叶鞘表皮面积的二分之一。与叶片相比,气孔密度较小,钩毛较长,数量较大。实验结果为研究雾滴在玉米叶片上沉积特性提供一定理论基础。
最后根据上述试验得出的科学结论,研究雾滴在玉米叶片上的沉积特性,并于生产实际过程中找到提高农药有效利用的有效途径。
室内高速摄影技术研究玉米叶片上雾滴沉积特性,通过分析高速摄影拍摄视频,发现ST系列喷头产生雾滴易于粘附于玉米叶片表面；玉米叶片的不同部位、雾滴的运动方向对雾滴的沉积状态均有显著影响。经数据统计得到不同运动轨迹雾滴撞击水平放置于50°放置玉米叶片上雾滴粘附-破碎临界临界能量模型,此模型可准确计算雾滴在玉米叶片上粘附-破碎的临界能量范围。通过对各影响因素进行比较,发现无论喷施药液中是否添加助剂、无论雾滴撞击靶标的角度如何,雾滴所具有的能量越高,越容易破碎;雾滴粘附-破碎的临界能量值并不是单一数值,而是存在一定范围：加助剂后,雾滴易于破碎与玉米叶片表面；雾滴运动轨迹及靶标角度对同一雾滴沉积行为的影响取决于其雾滴大小及速度。
室内试验发现助剂加快雾滴铺展,但其铺展速率取决于靶标性质。无论药液中是否添加助剂,靶标的放置角度、喷头类型对沉积率、雾滴覆盖率均有显著的影响。喷头流量增加,靶标和水平面之间夹角增大,药液沉积率降低。助剂可降低叶片表面的药液沉积率。综合药液有效成分含量比较,得出小容量小粒径喷雾过程不仅有利于玉米叶片上药液有效沉积,而且利于农药有效成分在玉米叶片的有效沉积。这与雾滴沉积特性所得结论一致。
田间试验药液沉积率表明：大容量喷雾后上中下层叶片中部药液沉积率与低于小容量喷务;上层叶片沉积率大于中下层。叶片中部药液沉积率大于叶片基部与叶鞘。对于叶片中部,药液沉积率小粒径喷头药液沉积率大都高于大粒径喷头。对于叶片基部及叶鞘,未添加助剂时,药液沉积率并未呈现小粒径喷头药液沉积率低于或者高于大粒径喷头的规律；添加助剂后,药液沉积率小粒径喷头药液沉积率大都低于大粒径喷头。助剂有助于提高叶片基部及叶鞘表面药液沉积率,降低叶片表面农药有效沉积。
为确定玉米冠层中农药有效沉积及有效利用途径,实验对玉米叶片中氯虫苯甲酰胺有效成分的含量进行测试。结果表明农药有效成分含量与玉米植株的高度成正比。无论是否添加助剂,ST110-02喷头的农药有效成分含量高于其他喷头,且添加助剂后高于未添加助剂组。综合室内与田间试验得出,叶片最终有效成分含量不仅与小容量喷雾过程中药液流失较少有关外,与喷施药液中农药有效成分含量有密切关系；虽然助剂降低叶片表面药液沉积率,但在玉米冠层中可通过增加叶片基部及叶鞘表面药液沉积率增加药液在玉米植株内含量。最终确定小容量喷雾、小粒径喷雾及药液中添加助剂更有利于氯虫苯甲酰胺在玉米冠层中有效利用。
Corn is China's first large crops, but its applications are not standardized for prevention and control of corn borer, corn armyworms and other pests, so it is easy to bring chemica loss, excessive pesticide residues, environmental pollution and other negative issues. Thus this paper, focused on how to improve the effective utilization of pesticide in corn, explored spray atomization process and deposition behavior of droplet on corn by learning from existing research.The main conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, mathematical model of droplet adhesion-broken critical point with minimum wrong number of samples was presented by analyzing a large number of laboratory test data. Combination of kinetic laws, droplet adhesion-broken energy model was built
Secondly, atomization characteristics of pesticide and droplets distribution properties were studied to search theory basis for improvement of effective pesticide utilization. The results showed that missible oil solution could make the length of spray film reduced significantly, the edge of spray film broken aggravated, the number of perforation broken increased obviously and the droplets size enlarged significantly compared with tap water and water dispersible granule solution. With the increase of adjuvant concentration, the length of spray film area were all decreased first and then increased; the structure of atomization sheet occurred morphological changes to varying degrees; the droplet size were all increased first and then decreased. Adjuvant had more effect on atomization progress of water dispersible granule solution. Missible oil and adjuvant solution allowed air induction nozzle to produce liquid droplets entertaining gas. The diameters of droplet changed wavily along with boom sprayer, and peak appeared in the center of the test area for ST and IDK serie nozzles. The impact angle between droplets and the target fell into three types:<90°,=90°,>90°. Compared with horizontal target, the deposition of50°target was decreased by one third that was determined by movement of droplet. By variance analysis, it was found that when the target was placed at an angle of50°, the deposition amounts changed significantly between the seven test points. Thus it indicated that the target angle was main induction factor for droplet distribution characteristics causing distinct differences on liquid deposition. The study with high-speed camera found that droplet deposition state significantly affected by simulation target surface properties, placement angle, and movement direction of droplet.
Thirdly, microscopic surface structure of maize leaves and leaf sheaths affecting droplet deposition behavior was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the corn leaves sides have similar structural units. The back of the blade had no knitting bands and hook hair, and the space of stomata bands was smaller, the stomatal density was larger. The structure of corn leaf sheath was composed of epidermal hook hair bands and stomata bands. Compared with leaves, it had smaller stomatal density, and longer hook hair with larger number. The results supplied a certain theoretic basis for droplet deposition behavior.
Finally, according to the above scientific conclusion from experimental study, the verification of correctness for above theory in production process was performed to find an effective way to improve effective pesticide utilization of actual production.
By laboratory test to study the factors affecting droplet deposition behavior deposited on corn leaves, the result displayed that nozzle type, different parts of the corn leaves and the movement direction of the droplet significantly affected the state of droplet deposition. After statistical analysis, droplet adhesion-broken critical curves were got for different trajectories droplet impacting with corn leaves horizontally and50°degree placed. According to droplet adheres-broken critical energy model, the droplet adheres-broken critical energy range on the corn leaf were could accurately displayed. After analysis for all factor affecting droplet deposition,it was found that droplet with higher energy was more easily broken regardless of whether adding spray additives and angle of target; critical energy value of droplet adhesion-broken was not a single value, but possessing certain range. Critical energy range of the same droplet affected by ajuvant, droplet trajectory and target angle depended on its droplet size and speed.
Adjuvant could speed up the rate of pesticide spread on maize leaves and leaf sheathes, but the rate ultimately depended on the properties of target. The angle of targets placed, nozzle types had significant effect on the deposition rate and droplet coverage. For the same serie nozzles, the bigger the nozzle type was, the lower the deposition rate was; the bigger the angle of targets placed was, the lower the deposition rate was. After adding assistant reagent, the deposition quantity reduced significantly on the horizontal surface of the leaves, and the droplet coverage mostly increased in a certain degree on the surface of the leaves, while on the surface of the leaf sheath was just the opposite. Integrated comparison of liquid deposition rate, spray process with small flow rate and small particle size was not only conducive to the effective deposition of pesticide on corn leaves, and conducive to effective deposition of pesticide active ingredients on the leaves. This was consistent with conclusion from drolet deposition behavior.
After field trials, deposition rate and droplets coverage varied with the size of the droplets and the flow of nozzles, and the overall trend of deposition was:the bigger the nozzle type was, the lower the deposition rate was; the deposition rate decreased from the upper layers to to lower layers; the deposition rate was bigger on the central region of the leaves than on the base regions of leaf, than on the leaf sheathes; adjuvant could significantly decrease deposition rate on the central region of the leaves and increase deposition rate on the base regions of leaf and leaf sheathes, the increment was proportion to the flow rate of nozzle and the droplet size. Small flow rate with small dropletsize spray should be applied for improvement of the pesticide deposit and total effective deposition of pesticide active ingredients on the central part of leaves; small flow rate with big droplet size spray should be applied for improvement of the pesticide deposit and total effective deposition of pesticide active ingredients on base regions of leaf and sheath.
In order to determine the acess of effective pesticide depositon and utilization, active ingredient content of chlorantraniliprole in corn leaves was tested, and the results revealed that active ingredient content of pesticide was proportional to the height of corn plant. Whether adding adjuvant, active ingredient content of pesticide sprayed by ST110-02nozzle was more than other nozzles. And it was also higher than that without additives groups. In conclusion, final active ingredient content of leaves was not only related to liquid loss of small spray, but also to closely related to the concentration of pesticide active ingredient of spray liquid; adjvant decreased deposition rate of on the central part of leaves, but active ingredient content of leaves could be improved by increasement of deposition rate on on base regions of leaf and sheath. Thus spray with a small capacity and smaller droplet was the effective access for pesticide utility.
首先通过分析室内试验数据,以错分样本个数最小为目标,得到判断雾滴粘附-破碎临界点的数学函数,此数学函数以速度为自变量,雾滴粒径大小为因变量确定分割曲线。结合动能定律,建立雾滴粘附-破碎能量模型。
其次通过研究农药雾滴雾化特性及雾滴分布特性探究如何提高表药雾滴在玉米植株上的沉积率,结果显示：乳油溶液使液力式喷头液膜显著减小,边缘破碎加剧,穿孔破碎明显增加,雾滴粒径显著增大,而水分散粒剂溶液与水溶液的雾化过程相似。助剂浓度增大,液膜区长度先减小后增大,雾滴粒径先增加后减小,雾化区发生不同程度的形态变化。助剂对于水分散性粒剂溶液的影响程度更为显著。乳油溶液与助剂可以使射流喷头产生液包气结构的雾滴。喷杆喷雾条件下雾滴体积中径呈现波浪型分布,峰高出现在测试区域的中心。雾滴运动角度分为三类：>90°,=90°,<90°。与水平放置靶标相比,50。靶标放置沉积量减少三分之一。靶标50°放置时测试点之间的沉积量差异显著(P<0.05)。表明靶标角度是雾滴分布特性引起药液沉积分布差异性明显的主要诱导因素。高速摄影研究发现模拟靶标的表面性质、放置角度、雾滴分布特性及其运动轨迹对雾滴沉积状态相互影响雾滴沉积行为。
然后利用扫描电镜研究影响雾滴沉积行为的玉米叶片及叶鞘表面的微观结构,发现玉米叶片正反面具有相似的结构单元。叶片背面无针织状条带,无钩毛,气孔带间距较小,气孔密度较大。玉米叶鞘由钩毛带与气孔带组成,钩毛带约占叶鞘表皮面积的二分之一。与叶片相比,气孔密度较小,钩毛较长,数量较大。实验结果为研究雾滴在玉米叶片上沉积特性提供一定理论基础。
最后根据上述试验得出的科学结论,研究雾滴在玉米叶片上的沉积特性,并于生产实际过程中找到提高农药有效利用的有效途径。
室内高速摄影技术研究玉米叶片上雾滴沉积特性,通过分析高速摄影拍摄视频,发现ST系列喷头产生雾滴易于粘附于玉米叶片表面；玉米叶片的不同部位、雾滴的运动方向对雾滴的沉积状态均有显著影响。经数据统计得到不同运动轨迹雾滴撞击水平放置于50°放置玉米叶片上雾滴粘附-破碎临界临界能量模型,此模型可准确计算雾滴在玉米叶片上粘附-破碎的临界能量范围。通过对各影响因素进行比较,发现无论喷施药液中是否添加助剂、无论雾滴撞击靶标的角度如何,雾滴所具有的能量越高,越容易破碎;雾滴粘附-破碎的临界能量值并不是单一数值,而是存在一定范围：加助剂后,雾滴易于破碎与玉米叶片表面；雾滴运动轨迹及靶标角度对同一雾滴沉积行为的影响取决于其雾滴大小及速度。
室内试验发现助剂加快雾滴铺展,但其铺展速率取决于靶标性质。无论药液中是否添加助剂,靶标的放置角度、喷头类型对沉积率、雾滴覆盖率均有显著的影响。喷头流量增加,靶标和水平面之间夹角增大,药液沉积率降低。助剂可降低叶片表面的药液沉积率。综合药液有效成分含量比较,得出小容量小粒径喷雾过程不仅有利于玉米叶片上药液有效沉积,而且利于农药有效成分在玉米叶片的有效沉积。这与雾滴沉积特性所得结论一致。
田间试验药液沉积率表明：大容量喷雾后上中下层叶片中部药液沉积率与低于小容量喷务;上层叶片沉积率大于中下层。叶片中部药液沉积率大于叶片基部与叶鞘。对于叶片中部,药液沉积率小粒径喷头药液沉积率大都高于大粒径喷头。对于叶片基部及叶鞘,未添加助剂时,药液沉积率并未呈现小粒径喷头药液沉积率低于或者高于大粒径喷头的规律；添加助剂后,药液沉积率小粒径喷头药液沉积率大都低于大粒径喷头。助剂有助于提高叶片基部及叶鞘表面药液沉积率,降低叶片表面农药有效沉积。
为确定玉米冠层中农药有效沉积及有效利用途径,实验对玉米叶片中氯虫苯甲酰胺有效成分的含量进行测试。结果表明农药有效成分含量与玉米植株的高度成正比。无论是否添加助剂,ST110-02喷头的农药有效成分含量高于其他喷头,且添加助剂后高于未添加助剂组。综合室内与田间试验得出,叶片最终有效成分含量不仅与小容量喷雾过程中药液流失较少有关外,与喷施药液中农药有效成分含量有密切关系；虽然助剂降低叶片表面药液沉积率,但在玉米冠层中可通过增加叶片基部及叶鞘表面药液沉积率增加药液在玉米植株内含量。最终确定小容量喷雾、小粒径喷雾及药液中添加助剂更有利于氯虫苯甲酰胺在玉米冠层中有效利用。
Corn is China's first large crops, but its applications are not standardized for prevention and control of corn borer, corn armyworms and other pests, so it is easy to bring chemica loss, excessive pesticide residues, environmental pollution and other negative issues. Thus this paper, focused on how to improve the effective utilization of pesticide in corn, explored spray atomization process and deposition behavior of droplet on corn by learning from existing research.The main conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, mathematical model of droplet adhesion-broken critical point with minimum wrong number of samples was presented by analyzing a large number of laboratory test data. Combination of kinetic laws, droplet adhesion-broken energy model was built
Secondly, atomization characteristics of pesticide and droplets distribution properties were studied to search theory basis for improvement of effective pesticide utilization. The results showed that missible oil solution could make the length of spray film reduced significantly, the edge of spray film broken aggravated, the number of perforation broken increased obviously and the droplets size enlarged significantly compared with tap water and water dispersible granule solution. With the increase of adjuvant concentration, the length of spray film area were all decreased first and then increased; the structure of atomization sheet occurred morphological changes to varying degrees; the droplet size were all increased first and then decreased. Adjuvant had more effect on atomization progress of water dispersible granule solution. Missible oil and adjuvant solution allowed air induction nozzle to produce liquid droplets entertaining gas. The diameters of droplet changed wavily along with boom sprayer, and peak appeared in the center of the test area for ST and IDK serie nozzles. The impact angle between droplets and the target fell into three types:<90°,=90°,>90°. Compared with horizontal target, the deposition of50°target was decreased by one third that was determined by movement of droplet. By variance analysis, it was found that when the target was placed at an angle of50°, the deposition amounts changed significantly between the seven test points. Thus it indicated that the target angle was main induction factor for droplet distribution characteristics causing distinct differences on liquid deposition. The study with high-speed camera found that droplet deposition state significantly affected by simulation target surface properties, placement angle, and movement direction of droplet.
Thirdly, microscopic surface structure of maize leaves and leaf sheaths affecting droplet deposition behavior was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the corn leaves sides have similar structural units. The back of the blade had no knitting bands and hook hair, and the space of stomata bands was smaller, the stomatal density was larger. The structure of corn leaf sheath was composed of epidermal hook hair bands and stomata bands. Compared with leaves, it had smaller stomatal density, and longer hook hair with larger number. The results supplied a certain theoretic basis for droplet deposition behavior.
Finally, according to the above scientific conclusion from experimental study, the verification of correctness for above theory in production process was performed to find an effective way to improve effective pesticide utilization of actual production.
By laboratory test to study the factors affecting droplet deposition behavior deposited on corn leaves, the result displayed that nozzle type, different parts of the corn leaves and the movement direction of the droplet significantly affected the state of droplet deposition. After statistical analysis, droplet adhesion-broken critical curves were got for different trajectories droplet impacting with corn leaves horizontally and50°degree placed. According to droplet adheres-broken critical energy model, the droplet adheres-broken critical energy range on the corn leaf were could accurately displayed. After analysis for all factor affecting droplet deposition,it was found that droplet with higher energy was more easily broken regardless of whether adding spray additives and angle of target; critical energy value of droplet adhesion-broken was not a single value, but possessing certain range. Critical energy range of the same droplet affected by ajuvant, droplet trajectory and target angle depended on its droplet size and speed.
Adjuvant could speed up the rate of pesticide spread on maize leaves and leaf sheathes, but the rate ultimately depended on the properties of target. The angle of targets placed, nozzle types had significant effect on the deposition rate and droplet coverage. For the same serie nozzles, the bigger the nozzle type was, the lower the deposition rate was; the bigger the angle of targets placed was, the lower the deposition rate was. After adding assistant reagent, the deposition quantity reduced significantly on the horizontal surface of the leaves, and the droplet coverage mostly increased in a certain degree on the surface of the leaves, while on the surface of the leaf sheath was just the opposite. Integrated comparison of liquid deposition rate, spray process with small flow rate and small particle size was not only conducive to the effective deposition of pesticide on corn leaves, and conducive to effective deposition of pesticide active ingredients on the leaves. This was consistent with conclusion from drolet deposition behavior.
After field trials, deposition rate and droplets coverage varied with the size of the droplets and the flow of nozzles, and the overall trend of deposition was:the bigger the nozzle type was, the lower the deposition rate was; the deposition rate decreased from the upper layers to to lower layers; the deposition rate was bigger on the central region of the leaves than on the base regions of leaf, than on the leaf sheathes; adjuvant could significantly decrease deposition rate on the central region of the leaves and increase deposition rate on the base regions of leaf and leaf sheathes, the increment was proportion to the flow rate of nozzle and the droplet size. Small flow rate with small dropletsize spray should be applied for improvement of the pesticide deposit and total effective deposition of pesticide active ingredients on the central part of leaves; small flow rate with big droplet size spray should be applied for improvement of the pesticide deposit and total effective deposition of pesticide active ingredients on base regions of leaf and sheath.
In order to determine the acess of effective pesticide depositon and utilization, active ingredient content of chlorantraniliprole in corn leaves was tested, and the results revealed that active ingredient content of pesticide was proportional to the height of corn plant. Whether adding adjuvant, active ingredient content of pesticide sprayed by ST110-02nozzle was more than other nozzles. And it was also higher than that without additives groups. In conclusion, final active ingredient content of leaves was not only related to liquid loss of small spray, but also to closely related to the concentration of pesticide active ingredient of spray liquid; adjvant decreased deposition rate of on the central part of leaves, but active ingredient content of leaves could be improved by increasement of deposition rate on on base regions of leaf and sheath. Thus spray with a small capacity and smaller droplet was the effective access for pesticide utility.
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