南北极大气成分本底特征的分析
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摘要
全球大气中的温室气体、反应性气体以及大气气溶胶不断攀升，已成为影响气候变化的重要因子。由于极地受污染影响极小，因此包括我国在内的一些国家在两极地区都加强了对温室气体等的本底浓度监测和研究。在第四次国际极地年期间，我国南极中山站建立大气本底监测站，并获得了连续资料。利用2008~2010年南极中山站黑碳（BC）、二氧化碳（CO_2）、甲烷（CH_4）、一氧化碳（CO）等在线观测数据和Flask采样分析数据及相关气象资料，对这些要素的本底浓度、季节变化特征及其来源等进行了研究。另外，对2010年7月1日至9月20日，中国第四次北极科考队走航观测的BC、气溶胶散射系数（SC）、臭氧（O_3）和紫外辐射（UVB）数据进行了分析。本文所得结果对提高极地温室气体的测量水平和研究极地温室气体本底特征及其气候效应具有重要参考作用。主要结果如下：
中山站气象资料显示，冬季较长，夏季较短；地面气压以4月最大，10月最小；水汽压全年都较小，且变化不大；全年盛行偏东风（NE~ENE~E~ESE），平均风速大于7m·s~(-1)；影响站区的气流主要来自南极大陆沿岸及北部大洋。
在南到东偏南风的影响下，BC浓度偏高，其原因是受中山站的发电栋和垃圾焚烧炉排放的影响；当风速小于3m·s~(-1)时，BC浓度偏高且不稳定。中山站BC浓度年变化特征为：极夜期间（5~7月）最小，春、夏季较大；其中，5月BC为3.3ng·m~(-3)，是全年的最低值，2月和10月BC分别为10.0ng·m~(-3)和8.7ng·m~(-3)，达极夜期间的2~3倍。其季节变化的特点与其它南极站基本相似，但BC背景浓度值偏大，需加以证实。
中山站CO_2受风向影响较小，东南风（SE）条件下的平均浓度略大；静风（风速≤0.5m·s~(-1)）时对应的CO_2较大。CO_2季节变化的特点是夏末最小，秋、冬季呈缓慢上升，春季达到最大。其变化原因可能是受陆地生态系统的季节变化、南大洋海冰面积变化和大气环流的季节调整的影响。中山站近三年CO_2的变化范围和增长趋势与其它南极站点较为一致，变化范围均在381~388ppm之间，浓度逐年增加，2008~2010年的CO_2年平均增长率为0.44%，基本代表了南极大陆CO_2的增长趋势。
CH_4受风向和风速的影响较小。Flask分析数据与在线资料基本相同，全年峰值出现在9月，平均浓度约为1768.2ppb，显示出CH_4明显的季节变化，即夏、秋季小，春季大。中山站2008~2010年CH_4平均浓度和增长率呈逐年增加，且略高于其它南极站的观测值，仍具有一定代表性。
不同风向对应的CO浓度相差不大；当静风或风速大于21m·s~(-1)时，CO浓度偏大。中山站CO浓度有较明显的季节变化，谷值出现在1~3月，9~10月为全年浓度最高。Flask分析的CO资料与其它南极站相比，年际趋势不明显。需要说明的是中山站2008和2009年CO分析资料与东南极测站是可比的，但2010年显示偏低，其原因可能是实验室的检测问题，需要进一步检测。
对中国第四次北极科学考察走航观测获取的BC、SC、O_3、UVB在线资料进行了分析。空间分布特征为：这些要素随纬度增加而递减，最大值都出现在我国东部海域，最低值在北冰洋。北冰洋的BC浓度约为10.5ng·m~(-3)；白令海和北冰洋的SC平均值分别为4.3Mm-1和1.7Mm-1，SC在76°N以北变化较稳定；白令海的平均O_3含量比北冰洋（15.7ppb）高，但在75oN以北海区O_3有所升高，这一现象可能与海冰密集度和冰上光化学过程有关；UVB辐照度在中低纬地区有显著的日变化，在北冰洋航行期间处于极昼期，其变化幅度较小。
Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, reactive gases and atmosphericaerosols are rising. They have become important factors affecting climate change. The polarregions are affected by minimal contamination, therefore, some countries including Chinastrengthen monitoring and research the background concentrations of greenhouse gas and soon in the polar regions. The atmospheric background monitoring station at the AntarcticZhongshan station was established during the fourth International Polar Year and somecontinuous data are observed. In this thesis, the background concentrations, seasonal cyclesand sources of black carbon (BC), carbon dioxide (CO_2), methane (CH_4) and carbonmonoxide (CO) are investigated by analysing the in-situ measurement, Flask sampling dataand meteorological data from2008to2010at the Zhongshan station. In addition, BC, aerosollight scattering coefficients (SC), tropospheric ozone (O_3) and ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB)are investigated on a cruise ship during the fourth Chinese National Arctic ResearchExpedition from July1to September20,2010. The results of this paper are importantreference to improve the measurement level of polar greenhouse gas, to research thebackground characteristics of polar greenhouse gas and its climate effect. There are somepreliminary conclusions:
Meteorological data of Zhongshan station show that winter is longer than summer. Themaximum and minimum of surface pressure at the Zhongshan station appear in April andOctober, respectively. Vapor pressures are small and little change in the whole year. Easterlywind (NE~ENE~E~ESE) is prevalent in the station area throughout the year. The averagewind speed is over7m·s~(-1). The airflow affecting the station is most from the mainland coastand north sea.
Under the influence of south to east-southeast air flow, BC concentrations are higher,because of the generation building and garbage incinerator emissions of the Zhongshanstation. When the wind speed is less than3m·s~(-1), the BC concentration is high and unstable.The seasonal variation characteristics are that the minimum of BC concentration occurredduring the polar night (May to July), and the maximum occurred in the spring and summer.The minimum is3.3ng·m~(-3)in May, and the maximum are10.0ng·m~(-3)and8.7ng·m~(-3)inFebruary and October, respectively, which are2~3times of the minimum. This seasonal variation is similar to other stations in the Antarctic, but BC background concentration largerthan other Antarctic stations. It needs to be confirmed.
CO_2is less affected by wind direction at Zhongshan station. The average concentrationunder the southeast wind (SE direction) is slightly larger. CO_2is larger in calm wind (windspeed≤0.5m·s~(-1)). There are obvious seasonal variations. The minimum concentrations appearin late summer, rising slowly in autumn and winter. And the maximum appear in spring. Thecause of this seasonal variation may be impacted by the seasonal variation of terrestrialecosystems and the Southern Ocean sea ice area and the seasonal adjustment of theatmospheric circulation. The consistent range and growth trends are between Flask data ofCO_2at Zhongshan and other Antarctic stations in the last three years. The CO_2values arebetween381~388ppm and the concentrations increase year by year. CO_2average annualgrowth rate is0.44%from2008to2010. It’s on behalf of the Antarctic CO_2growth trend.
CH_4is less affected by wind direction and speed. The Flask sample data and in-situobservations are nearly the same. The peak of the year occurred in September, the monthlyaverage concentration is about1768.2ppb. It shows that there are obvious seasonal variations.The minimum concentrations appear in summer and autumn, maximum appear in spring.The average concentrations and growth rates of Zhongshan increase year by year from2008~2010, which are slightly higher than the observations of the other Antarctic stations. Ingeneral, the CH_4at Zhongshan station is representative.
The average CO concentrations under different wind directions are little difference.When calm wind or wind speed greater than21m·s~(-1), the CO concentration is large. COconcentrations show obvious seasonal variation. The bottom occurred in January to Marchand the peak occurred in September and October. Compared with other Antarctic stations, theinterannual trend of Flask data at Zhongshan station is not obvious. The CO Flask data in2008and2009that can be comparable between Zhongshan station and other east Antarcticstations. But the values are low in2010. The reason may be that a problem of laboratorytesting, and it needs futher detection.
BC, SC, O_3, and UVB decrease with increasing latitude, which are observed on thecruise ship during the fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The maximumappear in the eastern waters of China, with minimum record in the Arctic Ocean. The averageBC is about10.5ng·m~(-3)in the Arctic Ocean. The average SC is4.3Mm-1and1.7Mm-1in theBering Sea and Arctic Ocean, respectively. The change of SC is stable in the north of76°N.The average O_3concentration in the Bering Sea is higher than that in the Arctic Ocean(15.7ppb). However, O_3concentrations increase in the north of75oN area. It’s possible thatthis phenomenon is related to the sea ice density and photochemical processes. UVB has aclear diurnal cycle in the middle and low latitudes. Its amplitude is small with weak intensity in the Arctic Ocean due to the polar day effect during the cruise.
中山站气象资料显示，冬季较长，夏季较短；地面气压以4月最大，10月最小；水汽压全年都较小，且变化不大；全年盛行偏东风（NE~ENE~E~ESE），平均风速大于7m·s~(-1)；影响站区的气流主要来自南极大陆沿岸及北部大洋。
在南到东偏南风的影响下，BC浓度偏高，其原因是受中山站的发电栋和垃圾焚烧炉排放的影响；当风速小于3m·s~(-1)时，BC浓度偏高且不稳定。中山站BC浓度年变化特征为：极夜期间（5~7月）最小，春、夏季较大；其中，5月BC为3.3ng·m~(-3)，是全年的最低值，2月和10月BC分别为10.0ng·m~(-3)和8.7ng·m~(-3)，达极夜期间的2~3倍。其季节变化的特点与其它南极站基本相似，但BC背景浓度值偏大，需加以证实。
中山站CO_2受风向影响较小，东南风（SE）条件下的平均浓度略大；静风（风速≤0.5m·s~(-1)）时对应的CO_2较大。CO_2季节变化的特点是夏末最小，秋、冬季呈缓慢上升，春季达到最大。其变化原因可能是受陆地生态系统的季节变化、南大洋海冰面积变化和大气环流的季节调整的影响。中山站近三年CO_2的变化范围和增长趋势与其它南极站点较为一致，变化范围均在381~388ppm之间，浓度逐年增加，2008~2010年的CO_2年平均增长率为0.44%，基本代表了南极大陆CO_2的增长趋势。
CH_4受风向和风速的影响较小。Flask分析数据与在线资料基本相同，全年峰值出现在9月，平均浓度约为1768.2ppb，显示出CH_4明显的季节变化，即夏、秋季小，春季大。中山站2008~2010年CH_4平均浓度和增长率呈逐年增加，且略高于其它南极站的观测值，仍具有一定代表性。
不同风向对应的CO浓度相差不大；当静风或风速大于21m·s~(-1)时，CO浓度偏大。中山站CO浓度有较明显的季节变化，谷值出现在1~3月，9~10月为全年浓度最高。Flask分析的CO资料与其它南极站相比，年际趋势不明显。需要说明的是中山站2008和2009年CO分析资料与东南极测站是可比的，但2010年显示偏低，其原因可能是实验室的检测问题，需要进一步检测。
对中国第四次北极科学考察走航观测获取的BC、SC、O_3、UVB在线资料进行了分析。空间分布特征为：这些要素随纬度增加而递减，最大值都出现在我国东部海域，最低值在北冰洋。北冰洋的BC浓度约为10.5ng·m~(-3)；白令海和北冰洋的SC平均值分别为4.3Mm-1和1.7Mm-1，SC在76°N以北变化较稳定；白令海的平均O_3含量比北冰洋（15.7ppb）高，但在75oN以北海区O_3有所升高，这一现象可能与海冰密集度和冰上光化学过程有关；UVB辐照度在中低纬地区有显著的日变化，在北冰洋航行期间处于极昼期，其变化幅度较小。
Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, reactive gases and atmosphericaerosols are rising. They have become important factors affecting climate change. The polarregions are affected by minimal contamination, therefore, some countries including Chinastrengthen monitoring and research the background concentrations of greenhouse gas and soon in the polar regions. The atmospheric background monitoring station at the AntarcticZhongshan station was established during the fourth International Polar Year and somecontinuous data are observed. In this thesis, the background concentrations, seasonal cyclesand sources of black carbon (BC), carbon dioxide (CO_2), methane (CH_4) and carbonmonoxide (CO) are investigated by analysing the in-situ measurement, Flask sampling dataand meteorological data from2008to2010at the Zhongshan station. In addition, BC, aerosollight scattering coefficients (SC), tropospheric ozone (O_3) and ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB)are investigated on a cruise ship during the fourth Chinese National Arctic ResearchExpedition from July1to September20,2010. The results of this paper are importantreference to improve the measurement level of polar greenhouse gas, to research thebackground characteristics of polar greenhouse gas and its climate effect. There are somepreliminary conclusions:
Meteorological data of Zhongshan station show that winter is longer than summer. Themaximum and minimum of surface pressure at the Zhongshan station appear in April andOctober, respectively. Vapor pressures are small and little change in the whole year. Easterlywind (NE~ENE~E~ESE) is prevalent in the station area throughout the year. The averagewind speed is over7m·s~(-1). The airflow affecting the station is most from the mainland coastand north sea.
Under the influence of south to east-southeast air flow, BC concentrations are higher,because of the generation building and garbage incinerator emissions of the Zhongshanstation. When the wind speed is less than3m·s~(-1), the BC concentration is high and unstable.The seasonal variation characteristics are that the minimum of BC concentration occurredduring the polar night (May to July), and the maximum occurred in the spring and summer.The minimum is3.3ng·m~(-3)in May, and the maximum are10.0ng·m~(-3)and8.7ng·m~(-3)inFebruary and October, respectively, which are2~3times of the minimum. This seasonal variation is similar to other stations in the Antarctic, but BC background concentration largerthan other Antarctic stations. It needs to be confirmed.
CO_2is less affected by wind direction at Zhongshan station. The average concentrationunder the southeast wind (SE direction) is slightly larger. CO_2is larger in calm wind (windspeed≤0.5m·s~(-1)). There are obvious seasonal variations. The minimum concentrations appearin late summer, rising slowly in autumn and winter. And the maximum appear in spring. Thecause of this seasonal variation may be impacted by the seasonal variation of terrestrialecosystems and the Southern Ocean sea ice area and the seasonal adjustment of theatmospheric circulation. The consistent range and growth trends are between Flask data ofCO_2at Zhongshan and other Antarctic stations in the last three years. The CO_2values arebetween381~388ppm and the concentrations increase year by year. CO_2average annualgrowth rate is0.44%from2008to2010. It’s on behalf of the Antarctic CO_2growth trend.
CH_4is less affected by wind direction and speed. The Flask sample data and in-situobservations are nearly the same. The peak of the year occurred in September, the monthlyaverage concentration is about1768.2ppb. It shows that there are obvious seasonal variations.The minimum concentrations appear in summer and autumn, maximum appear in spring.The average concentrations and growth rates of Zhongshan increase year by year from2008~2010, which are slightly higher than the observations of the other Antarctic stations. Ingeneral, the CH_4at Zhongshan station is representative.
The average CO concentrations under different wind directions are little difference.When calm wind or wind speed greater than21m·s~(-1), the CO concentration is large. COconcentrations show obvious seasonal variation. The bottom occurred in January to Marchand the peak occurred in September and October. Compared with other Antarctic stations, theinterannual trend of Flask data at Zhongshan station is not obvious. The CO Flask data in2008and2009that can be comparable between Zhongshan station and other east Antarcticstations. But the values are low in2010. The reason may be that a problem of laboratorytesting, and it needs futher detection.
BC, SC, O_3, and UVB decrease with increasing latitude, which are observed on thecruise ship during the fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The maximumappear in the eastern waters of China, with minimum record in the Arctic Ocean. The averageBC is about10.5ng·m~(-3)in the Arctic Ocean. The average SC is4.3Mm-1and1.7Mm-1in theBering Sea and Arctic Ocean, respectively. The change of SC is stable in the north of76°N.The average O_3concentration in the Bering Sea is higher than that in the Arctic Ocean(15.7ppb). However, O_3concentrations increase in the north of75oN area. It’s possible thatthis phenomenon is related to the sea ice density and photochemical processes. UVB has aclear diurnal cycle in the middle and low latitudes. Its amplitude is small with weak intensity in the Arctic Ocean due to the polar day effect during the cruise.
引文
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