用户名: 密码: 验证码:
国家公园的旅游规制研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
自然遗产是大自然馈赠给人类最珍贵的自然财富,维系自然遗产的可持续性是人类文明进程的重大责任。在世界一些主要国家实践的自然遗产管理的国家公园模式是一种有效的模式,值得中国借鉴。自然遗产资源的公共物品属性和中国社会的制度安排,决定了旅游规制问题研究的紧迫性。中国经济社会发展正处在转型发展期。因此,进一步揭示国家公园模式与实现公民游憩权的相关关系,总结国家公园旅游规制发育发展的基本规律和基本经验,探讨中国自然遗产地实现统一的国家公园模式的可行性,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。
     国家公园是为人类福祉与享受而划定的具有国家意义的公众自然遗产公园,它的建构、运营与维系均有坚实的理论基础。围绕“公民游憩权”,政治学和福利经济学领域先后出现了“福利主义游憩观”和“新自由主义游憩观”。福利主义游憩观是以公共游憩供给为根本价值追求与逻辑出发点,主张为保证公民基本游憩权,应不断增加和保障对公众的公共休闲游憩供给;新自由主义游憩观则更加推崇响应多样化游憩需求的市场化游憩供给。实质上,无论是福利主义游憩观,还是新自由主义游憩观,关注的焦点依然是公共游憩供给与社会政策的关联关系。作为一种公共社会福利政策的实施载体,国家公园是公民游憩权空间供给的重要保障和平台。
     在倡导推进生态文明的新历史时期,国家公园建构有着明确的政治伦理指向。人类关系伦理已经从强调“人与人”关系的社会契约论,上升到强调“人与自然”关系的“大自然权利”理论,国家公园正是通过人为建构自然保护空间来保障大自然权利实现。彰显公共性为目标的公共哲学,是生态环境维护和公共游憩进入公共政策领域的理论依据,明确地将国家公园纳入了公共政策的领域。生态政治理论强调政治与生态保护的相关性,在理论上确定了生态保护的政治价值和生态文明的合理性,为国家公园的创设提供了理论土壤。资源经济学的自然资本论和环境生态学的生态服务理论,它们迎合了政治伦理取向,构成了国家公园营运的理论基础。有关市场失灵、政府规制及制度伦理以及可持续发展理论则是国家公园旅游规制的基本依据,并且支撑着旅游规制成为维系自然遗产地可持续性的重要理论工具。
     自19世纪70年代国家公园理念产生以来,其在尊重“大自然权利”、彰显“公民游憩权”、激发国民凝聚力等方面的积极意义被越来越多的国家所接受,在全球掀起了一场国家公园运动,有150多个国家和地区建立了各种类型的国家公园。解读国家公园理念产生的历史过程发现,人类对于自然空间的生态保护与自然游憩需求是其发展的内在动力,而国家公园理念能得以维系的助力则在于各国政府对国家公园及相关保护地的政策支持。全球范围内,自然保护地呈现总量增长的趋势和多样化的类型分布格局。国家公园的空间扩散与发展呈现出萌芽期、发展期和繁荣期三个特征鲜明的阶段。由于国情和地区发展水平的不同,国家公园发端的驱动力类型有着明显的差异,出现了以美国和加拿大为代表的民族认同感驱动型、以英国和德国为代表的自然游憩驱动型、以澳大利亚与日本为代表的景观环境保护驱动型、以东非和南非为代表的野生动物保护驱动型的分异。
     国家公园的发育、发展和空间分布受经济发展水平、环境关注度、旅游发展水平和公益化价值取向等多重因素的影响。旅游发展价值取向的分析表明,全球旅游行政管理有着双轨化的特征,一方面,为保障旅游市场化的有序进行,保持对旅游全行业的推动和监督作用(主要面向普通景区);另一方面,各国政府逐渐意识到自身的社会和环境责任,关注焦点向遗产类景区转移,角色定位亦向保护者和规制者转变,公益化价值取向日益彰显。基于公益化的价值取向,国家公园成为政府公共服务职能的有效作为空间,有着坚实的实践基础和光明的发展前景。
     国家公园的旅游规制属于自然遗产旅游规制的范畴。国家公园的公共品特性决定了旅游规制可以减少外部不经济性、减轻替代效应与交叉补贴、消除信息不对称等负面影响。本质上,国家公园的旅游规制是以维护公民权为要务的保护性规制,是强调政府积极作用的直接旅游规制,是以社会性规制为主的综合性规制,是规制加强而非规制放松。一些西方国家和IUCN等国际组织在关注国家公园建设的经验总结基础上,形成了从管理与治理两个层面解读国家公园旅游规制的常见思路,目标管理和有效治理是判断国家公园绩效的两大指标,由此形成了"IUCN判断矩阵”。
     国家公园的管理与治理与经济性规制、社会性规制及其细化分支之间存在交错对应的复杂关系。为此,建构国家公园旅游规制的基本框架是非常必要的。国家公园的旅游规制在国家宏观公共政策支持下,可分为管理与治理两个层面,以及机构设置、规制启动和反馈监管三个环节,主要包括面向“有效治理”的产权规制与资格规制,以及面向“目标管理”的价格规制、数量与质量规制、环境规制、教育规制、安全规制、信息公开等基本内容。
     随着各国管理水平的普遍提高、立法网络一致强化、财政支持格局多样化,为国家公园旅游规制的良性发展奠定了较好的基础。但也存在不利因素,如多尺度旅游规制的协调性偏差、国家公园管理的“去中心化”导致管理低效,以及财政支持困难重重等。不同的国家公园治理类型对应着不同的旅游规制模式,其中,以美国为代表的中央集权型模式、以澳大利亚为代表的分散治理型模式、以日本为代表的混合治理型模式,是世界范围内国家公园旅游规制的三种主要模式。
     中国自然遗产资源类型多样,自然遗产地的国家级标签地行动与相应的法律法规和保护规划,取得了初步成效。但中国自然遗产地管理的公益性价值取向比较欠缺,部门分割的治理格局容易造成“规制失灵”,相应的法律法规有待于进一步健全,各类自然遗产地对推动自然资源保护的成效有限。刚刚起步的黑龙江汤旺河、云南省等国家公园试点,也存在着市场失灵与部门主义倾向。中国自然遗产地的旅游规制基本处于弱规制的状态,突出表现在宏观政策保障不稳定、管理目标与有效治理的认知不统一、规制程序的不完整等层面。模糊的产权规制与部门分割的资格规制是引起中国自然遗产地低效治理的原因之一;而价格规制、质量与数量规制、教育规制、环境规制等基本层面,存在着中央与地方、部门与地方、地方与企业的多元格局的权益博弈,对门票经济的追逐,导致自然遗产的公益性价值流失。
     因此,为维系自然遗产的可持续性与保障公民游憩权益,缓解自然游憩空间减少和公民游憩需求激增之间的矛盾,建构统一的中国自然遗产地国家公园模式是必要的。基于中国自然遗产资源的多样性、公民日益增长的公共自然游憩需求、旅游民生化价值取向、公有制为主体的制度安排等基本层面考察,中国实施自然遗产地治理的国家公园模式是可行的。采取“从零开始、逐一纳入”为主的国家公园培育路径和“中央政府直管”的治理模式,是中国实施国家公园模式的体制创新;而构建以保障自然景观与生物多样性、维护生态环境系统完整性、服务公共游憩为目标的国家公园旅游规制体系,是实现国家公园目标和推进有效治理的机制创新,由此而推进中国特色的自然遗产地旅游规制理论的完善和发展。
The nature heritage is valuable gift from Nature for human being, and it is an important responsibility for the man to keep its sustainable development in the process of civilization. The National Park Model (NPM) for nature heritage management practiced in some countries is a virtual model worth learning for China. It is the attributes of public good for the nature heritages and Chinese institutional arrangement that determine the urgency of tourism regulation study. The economy and society of China enter into a transition stage. Therefore, it has significantly theoretical and practical meaning to reveal the relevance between NPM and the realization of recreational civilization, summarize the basic rules and experience of tourism regulation on national parks (TRNP), explore the feasibility to achieve a unified NPM for the nature heritage sites in China.
     National park is a public nature heritage park of national significance, set aside for people's welfare and enjoyment. All of its construction, operation and maintenance have well-ground theories basis. In the Politics and Welfare Economics academics, there emerge a group of welfarism recreationists who consider public recreation supply as basic pursue and logic cornerstone, maintain that public recreational citizenship should be safeguarded, the growth of public leisure supply is a response for the recreational citizenship, and a group of neo-liberalists who criticize welfarists and contend for the diversified market supply for recreation. Both of welfarism recreationists and neo-liberal recreationists focus on the relevance between public recreation supply and social policies. As a part of public policies, national park is guarantee and platform for the space supply of recreational citizenship.
     During eco-civilization stage, the construction of national park has an explicit orientation towards ethnic politics. Human being has taken great advances on the ethnics of man-land relationship which has evolved from Social Contract Theory to the Theory of Nature Rights which accentuates the relationship between man and nature. In such sense, national park is a constructed space to realize the nature rights. Public Philosophy, a theory with the aim to realize the public value, provides the basis for eco-environment maintenance and public recreation to be the issues of public agenda, supports the national park entering into the field of public policies. The Ecological Politics emphasizing the dependence between politics and eco-protection, establish theoretically political significance for eco-protection, justification of eco-civilization, and lay theoretical foundation for creation of national parks. The Nature Capital Theory of Resource Economics and Ecological Service Theory of Environmental Ecology catering to the orientation of ethnic politics, provide theoretical basis for the operation of national parks. Moreover, Theory of Market Failure, Theory of Government Regulation, Theory of Institutional Ethnics and Theory of Sustainable Development are the basis for TRNP, and support the TRNP to be a theoretical method to keep the sustainability of nature heritages.
     Since the origin of National Park Idea (NPI) in 1870s, more and more countries accepted the idea as for its positive roles in respecting "nature rights", realizing "recreation citizenship", activating native cohesion, and etc. A National Park Move has spread over 150 countries and regions which creating various kinds of national parks. In the world, the number of protected areas has been increasing greatly with different regions characteristic by different types. The human's eco-protection and recreation demand on nature space is the internal driving force for the development of NPI, and the policy supports from national governments may be the boosting force for the maintenance of NPI. The exploration on spatial expansion indicates three extinct developing stages:embryonic stage, developing stage and prosperous stage. As for the different background, there are various originating paths for national parks, such as Native Identity-driven Model exampled by America and Canada, Nature Recreation-driven Model by United Kingdom and Germany, Landscape and Environment Protection-driven Model by Australian and Japan, and Wildlife Protection-driven Model by East African and South Africa.
     The growth and spatial distribution of national parks is influenced by multiple factors, including environment concern, value orientation for public, tourism development, economy development, and etc. It's worth noting that the valuation for public use is the key factors for the two kinds of countries. The study explores the changes and inclination of value orientation for tourism development in the world, and finds that there exists a two-tracked value orientation, that is, strict regulations on the tourism development of heritage-based scenic spots so as to protect resources and maintain the sustainable tourism development and perfectly competitive market mechanism for the common non-monopoly tourist resources with the goal of economic gains. Thanks to the public orientation, national parks, as the power space for public service, have substantial foundation and promising future.
     The TRNP belongs to the tourism regulation on nature heritage. The attribute of "public goods" for the national park determines that tourism regulation can decrease negative external effect of environment, alternative effect, cross subsidization and information asymmetry. In essence, the TRNP is a protection regulation with the dependence on civil right as one of main objectives, a direct tourism regulation with the emphasis on active role of government, a comprehensive regulation with social regulation as predominance, a strengthen regulation but not deregulation. Based on the effort of western countries, IUCN and other relevant international organizations, who attaching great importance to experience summary on national parks, it's very common to analyze the NPM from two aspects, that is, management and governance. Objective management and effective governance are the two key indices for judging the performance of national parks. The IUCN Matrix, a wonderful tool, has come into being based on the management and governance category.
     The management and governance of national parks have complicated relationship with economic regulation, social regulation and their branched regulations. Therefore, it's necessary to presents a framework for TRNP. Under the support from macro-policies, the TRNP contains two aspects (i.e., management and governance), three segments (i.e., establishment of agency, launch of regulation, feedback and supervision). The main contents of TRNP include property regulation and entrance regulation towards "effective governance", price regulation, quantity and quality regulation, environment regulation, education regulation, safety regulation and information disclosure towards "objective management".
     Improved management, strengthened law-set, various finance supports have provided good bases for TRNP. However, there also exist many disadvantages such as the inconsistence among tourism regulation on difference scales, low efficiency of management as the result of decentralization and short supply finance etc. As countries with different governance type may adopt different regulation models, among which the Government-centralized Model with American as example, the Community Co-management Model with Australian as case, and the Mixed Governance Model exampled by Japan are three main types.
     China has the abundant and various nature heritage resources. The initial successes have been achieved in national label movement for nature heritage sites, pertinent legislation and protection planning. However, the management of nature heritage has been neglected public interest for a long time, the separated administration on heritage sites increased the possibility of regulation failure and the legislation also needs to be perfected. As the result, the performance of tourism regulation in the nature heritages in China is limited. Even for the new national park pilot such as Tangwang River national park programme, and the national park programme for Yunnan province, there existed lots of knotty problems, such as marketization-orientation and departmentism. The regulation on nature-based heritage sites in China is some of a weak regulation with the characteristic of unstable macro-policy support, disunified knowledge on management objective, effective governance and incomplete regulation progress, etc. In a word, an unclear property regulation, an entrance regulation lack of strong legislation are the main cautions for ineffective governance of Chinese nature-based heritage sites; meanwhile, in the process of price regulation, quality and quantity regulation, education regulation and environment regulation, the games among central and local government, administration department and local government, local enterprises and government lead to the hunting for "ticket economy" in heritage-based tourist destinations, and the loss of public value for nature heritages.
     Accordingly, for the purpose of improving the nature heritage management, pushing on the realization of recreational citizenship, alleviating the conflict between diminishing of nature recreational space and increasing of civil recreational needs, it's necessary for China to implant the NPM for nature heritage governance. In addition, it's feasible for China to implement the Model because of diversified resources, increasing requirement on public nature recreation, welfare orientation for tourism development, state-owned property rights structure. To construct national park "start from scratch" and adopt a state-governed model are institutional innovation. To build a TRNP system with the aim of maintaining biological diversity and ecosystem integrity, providing public recreational services is a mechanism innovation for realizing the aim of national parks and advancing effective governance. All of these would advance the perfectness and development of tourism regulation on nature heritage sites with Chinese characteristics.
引文
1引自《辞海》(夏政农主编,上海:上海辞书出版社),2002年版,第2197页。
    2由于制度的人为建构特性,会出现与既有目标相悖或相对抵消的制度安排,即无效的制度,这种制度被称为“坏制度”,与之对应的是能有效地实现原有价值目标“好制度”。
    3《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》将"regulation"译为“管制”。《辞海》则将“管制”解释为“对罪犯不予关押而短期限制其人身自由的刑罚”(参见夏政农主编的《辞海》,2002年版,第578页)。从字面上看“管制”更接近于“统治”、“命令”,因此本文倾向于采用“规制”的译名。后文引述其他学者观点时,如出现“管制”一词,不作特别改动。
    1 http://dictionary.babylon.com/regulation。
    1韦伯词典将“规制”界定为一种介于“禁止”和“不控制”之间的过程。详见http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ definition/regulation。
    1此系政治学者俞可平在其著作《国家治理评估:中国与世界》(2009年)前言中的言论。
    2转引自Nicole M Balloffet与Angela Sue Martin合著的《Governance Trends in Protected Areas:Experiences from Parks in Peri Program in Latin American and Caribbean》,第4页。
    3见《辞海》(夏政农编著),2002年版,第2199页。
    1本论点来自《人文地理学方法》(R基钦,N.J.泰勒著,蔡建辉译,2006),商务印书馆(第一版),第8-11页。
    1详细参见联合国世纪人权宣言网页:http://www.un.org/chinese/work/rights/rights.htm。
    2“受益权功能”又称为“给付权”功能或“分享权功能”。
    1参见王兴斌的《带薪休假纵横谈之一:世界上带薪休假制度的历史与现状》,1ittp://www.davost.com/Intelligence/ Expert/2008/05/27/152358461.html。
    1参见《管子注释》(赵守正著),1982年广西人民出版社,第29、36页。
    2美国学者赫曼·戴利(Herman Daly)在《超越增长-可持续发展的经济学》中提出,经济系统和生态系统的关系已经发生变化,世界正从“空的世界”转变为“满的世界”。当经济系统相对于生态系统较小时,世界就是“空的世界”。当经济系统逐渐扩张,充斥生态系统的方方面面时,世界就变成了“满的世界”,此时经济系统从生态系中汲取物质与能量,但垃圾和废物排放过程不再永恒。
    1赞比亚最小的国家公园,也是最先开始私人管理的国家公园。
    2详见社区治理保护地论坛http://www.iccaforum.org。
    1亦即:Category and Governance Type。
    1详见http://baike.baidu.com/view/20671.htm?fr=ala0_1。
    2相关研究已经表明,政府自身利益对规制过程往往会发生决定性的影响(马云泽,2008:22)。
    1数据源自《Indigenous Australian Natural Resource Management》, www.docstoc.com。
    2巴勒克公爵是目前英国最大私人土地拥有者。
    3参照http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/index/looking_after/living_in_communities/land_ownership.htm。
    1也有学者称之为“国家公园系统”(邹统钎,2007;朱璇,2006)。
    2数据源自http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kieley/index.htm。
    1数据源自http://home.nps.gov/applications/budget2/fy09toc.htm。
    1数据源自www.valdosta.edu/~dlscott/national_parks/fees.html。
    1历史性酒店(historic hotel)一般指在有一定历史年代的建筑内建设的酒店,在文物保护和文化传承上具有一定的历史价值。历史性酒店在美国和欧洲国家比较多见,美国国家历史性酒店基金(National Trust Historic Hotels of America,缩写为HHA)是美国国家历史保护基金(National Trust for Historic Preservation)项目之一,目前有223处历史性酒店得到HHA认证,这些酒店一般要有50年以上的历史,并进入或可能会进入国家历史地(National Register of Historic Places)名册或具有一定的地方历史价值(资料来源http://www.historichotels.org)。
    2资料源自http://gpihr.com/downloads/brochure-US.pdf。
    1数据源自http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2008/index.html。
    1数据源自http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/article.asp?id=29875。
    1 http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/kakadu.html
    2此处“国家公园”又可称“国立公园”,准国家公园也成为“国定公园”,“州自然公园”也称“地区自然公园”。
    1数据源自www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_3.pdf。
    1资料依据参考文献《东亚保护地区域与行动计划2006-2010》(John MacKinnon,谢焱,2008:20)。
    2数据源自http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/support/index.html。
    1数据来源:http://www.greentimes.com/green/econo/slly/cyzx/content/2010-01/20/content 76565.htm。
    2数据来源:《我国森林公园建设和森林旅游产业发展回顾与展望》(http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2006-12/16/content_470791.htm)。
    1此概念源自国务院1994年10月9日颁布的《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》。
    2数据截止于2009年6月。
    3数据源自《中国自然保护区立法研究》,第217页。
    1 http://club.chinacom/data/thread/26154256/2705/51/66/5_1.html。
    1 摘引自国家旅游局官方网站http://www.cnta.gov.cn/html/2008-6/2008-6-2-21-16-34-96.html。
    2 1994年国家物价局并入中华人民共和国国家发展与改革委员会,成为发改委物价司。
    1数据源自《中国环境政策思路的演变与发展》,中国环境报,2009年9月28日。
    1数据来源于http://www.ep.net.cn/cgi-bin/ut/topic show.cgi?id=21085。
    2美国由于东部人口众多、自然景观破碎化严重,而以农业为主的大西部对联邦财政的依赖度也较高,因此国家公园最早发端于西部。
    1见储国强、刘嘉麒等发表于《第四纪研究》(2002)的《新疆克里雅河洪泛事件记录与树轮记录的初步研究》。
    2见陈亚宁、陈亚鹏等发表于《科学通报》(2003)的《塔里木河下游胡杨脯氨酸含量累计对于地下水变化的响应》。
    3见付爱红、陈亚宁等发表于《中国沙漠》(2008)的《新疆塔里木河下游胡杨不同叶形水势变化研究》。
    4见冯起、司建华、李建林等发表于《地理科学进展》(2008)的《胡杨根系分布特征与根系溪水模型建立》。
    [1]Adam Barker, Aileen Stockdale. Out of the Wilderness? Achieving Sustainable Development with Scottish National Parks[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,(1):181-193.
    [2]Aileen Stockdale, Adam Barker. Sustainable and Multifunctional Landscape:An Assessment of Approaches to Planning and Management in the Cairngorms National Park[J]. Land Use Policy,2009,(2):479-492.
    [3]Alexander, Brenton. National Park Service and the Regulation of the Air Tour Industry at Grand Canyon National Park[J]. Nature Resources Journal,1998,(2):277-295.
    [4]Allan K. Fitzsimmons. The Impact of Development Centers on National Park Landscapes:The Views of Senior National Park Service Officials[J].Landscape Planning,1977,(4):349-358.
    [5]Allan M.William, Gareth Shaw.Tourism Policies in a Changing Economic Environment[A]. Allan M.William, Gareth Shaw.Tourism Economic Development(Third Edition)[C].Chichester(UK):Wiley,1998.
    [6]Andrea Athanas, Frank Vorhies, Fernando Ghersi, Peter Shadie, John Shultis.Guidelines for Financing Protected Areas in East Asia[M].Cambridge(UK):IUCN Publications Services Unit,2001.
    [7]Bastmeijer, C, Roura, R. Regulating Antarctic Tourism and the Precautionary Principle[J].American Journal of International Law,2004,(4):763-781.
    [8]Bene C,Neiland A.E. From Participation to Governance:A Critical Review of the Concepts of Governance, Co-management and Participation, and Their Implementation in Small-scale Inland Fisheries in Developing Countries[EB/OL].http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/GovernancePaper.pdf.
    [9]Bere R.M. The National Park Idea:How to Interest the African Public[J]. Oryx,1957,(1):21-27. [10] Borrini-Feyerabend, G.Governance as Key for Effective and Equitable Protected Area System[R]. TILCEPA,2008.
    [11]Boyd,S. National Parks:Wilderness and Culture[A].Lew A, Hall M,Williams A. A Companion to Tourism[C], Malden(USA):Blackwell,2004:473-483.
    [12]Boyd Stephen William. Sustainability and Canada's National Parks:Suitability for Policy, Planning and Management[D].PhD Dissertation:The University of Western Ontario(Canada),1995.
    [13]Breyer, S. Regulation and Its Reform[M].Cambridge(UK):Harvard University Press,1982.
    [14]Brovko P.F., Fomina. N.I.The History of Establishment of the National Park Network in Countries of the Asia-Pacific Region[J]. Geography and Natural Resources,2008,(3):221-225.
    [15]Butler,R.W, Boyd,S.W. Tourism and Park-A Long but Uneasy Relationship[A]. R.W.Butler, S.W.Boyd. Tourism and National parks:Issues and Implications[C], Chichester(UK):John Wiley & Sons.2000.
    [16]Campbell,A.C. The National Park and Reserve System in Botswana[J]. Biological Conservation,1973,(1):7-14.
    [17]Cater,E. Tourism in the Least Developed Countries[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1987,(2):127-226.
    [18]Chih-hai Yang,Hui-lin Lin,Chia-chun Han. Analysis of International Tourist Arrivals in China:The Role of World Heritage Sites[J].Tourism Management(电子刊),2009:1-11.
    [19]Clark, Roger N., Stankey, George H. The recreation Opportunity Spectrum:A Framework for Planning, Management, and Research[R].U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,1979.
    [20]Clevo Wilson,Clem Tisdell. Attitudes to Entry Fees to National Parks:Results and Policy Implications from a Queensland Case Study[J]. Economic Analysis & Policy,2004,(1):79-102.
    [21]Coalter,F. The Politics of Professionalism:Consumers or Citizens?[J].Leisure Studies,1990,(2):107-119.
    [22]Coalter,F. Leisure Studies, Leisure Policy and Social Citizenship:The Failure of Welfare or the Limits of Welfare[J]. Leisure Studies,1998,(1):21-36.
    [23]Cohen,E. The Impact of Tourism on the Physical Environment[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1978,(2):215-237.
    [24]Cohen,E. Alternative tourism-a critique[J].Tourism Recreation Research,1987,(2):13-18.
    [25]Colin Michael Hall. Tourism and Politics[M].London(UK):John Wiley& Sons Ltd.,1994.
    [26]Cowen,D. Suburban Citizenship? The Rise of Targeting and the Eclipse of Social Rights in Toronto[J].Social and Cultural Geography,2005,(3):335-356.
    [27]Curry,N. Access Rights for Outdoor Recreation in New Zealand:Some Lessons for Open Country in England and Wales[J]. Journal of Environment Management,2002,(4):423-435.
    [28]Diane Bates,Thomas K. Rudel.The Political Ecology of Conserving Tropical Rain Forests:A Cross-National Analysis[J]. Society & Natural Resources,2000,(7):619-634.
    [29]Divide Geneletti, Iris van Duren. Protected Area Zoning for Conservation and Use:A Combination of Spatial Multicriteria and Multiobjective Evaluation[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,(2):97-110.
    [30]Douglas A. Ryan. Recent Development of National Parks in Nicaragua[J]. Biological Conservation, 1978,(3):179-182.
    [31]Douglas J. Besharov.Presidential Address:From the Great Society to Continuous Improvement Government:Shifting from "does it work?" to "what would make it better?"[J]. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2009,(2):199-220.
    [32]Dustin, D.L.More,T.A McAvoy,L.H. The Faithful Execution of Our Public Trust:Fully Funding the National Parks through Taxes[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,2000,(4):92-103.
    [33]Elisabeth M. Hamin.The US National Park Service's Partnership Parks:Collaborative Responses to Middle Landscapes[J]. Land Use Policy,2001,(2):123-135.
    [34]Fiona Leverington,Marc Hockings,Katia Lemos Coasta.Management Effectiveness Evaluation in Protected Areas:A Global Study[R].2008.
    [35]Fraser R.H, Oithof I, Pouliot. Monitoring Land Cover Change and Ecological Integrity in Canada's National Parks[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,(7):1397-1409.
    [36]George D.C. Eckton. Road-user Charging and the Lake District National Park[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2003,(4):307-317.
    [37]Georgios E Pavlikakis, Vassilios A.Tsihrintzis. Perceptions and Preferences of the Local Population in Eastern Macedonia and Trace National Park in Greece[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,(1-2):1-16.
    [38]Glover,T.D. Citizenship and the Production of Public Recreation:Is There an Empirical Relationship?[J]. Journal of Leisure Research,2002,(2):204-231.
    [39]Graeme Leonard Worboys, Evaluation Subjects and Methods Required for Managing Protected Areas[D]. PH.D Dissertation.Griffith University(Australian),2007.
    [40]Graham, J, Amos, B, and Plumptre, T. Governance Principles for Protected Areas in the 21st Century[A]. The Vth IUCN World Parks Congress[C], Durban(South Africa),2003.
    [41]Graham,R. Nilsen P, Payne R. J. Visitor Management in Canadian National Parks[J]. Tourism Management,1988,(1):44-61.
    [42]Gratton,C, Taylor,P. From Economic Theory to Leisure Practice via Empirics:the Case of Demand and Price[J]. Leisure Studies,1995,(4):245-261.
    [43]Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, Ashish Kothari, Gonzalo Oviedo.Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected Areas Towards Equity and Enhanced Conservation:Guidance on Policy and Practice for Comanaged Protected Areas and Community Conserved Area[C]. WCPA,IUCN.Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series[A].Cambridge(UK):IUCN Publication Service Unit,2004.
    [44]Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend."The IUCN Protected Area Matrix"-A Tool towards Effective Protected Area Systems[C]. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Task Force. IUCN Protected Area Categories[A].Andalusia(Spain).2007.
    [45]Green,M.J, Paine,J. State of the World's Protected Areas at the End of the Twentieth Century[A]. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Symposium[C].Albany(Australian).1997.
    [46]Hans Bauer. Local Perceptions of Waza National Park Northern Cameroon[J].Environmental Conservation,2003,(2):175-181.
    [47]Hills,T, Lundgren T. The Impact of Tourism in Caribbean [J].Annals of Tourism Research,1977,(4):248-257.
    [48]Howard D R., Crompton J L. Who are the Consumers of Public Park and Recreation Services? An Analysis of the Users and Non-users of Three Municipal Leisure Service Organizations[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1984,(3):33-48.
    [49]Huge Synge. European Models of Good Practice in Protected Area[M].Gland(Switzerland):IUCN Publications Service Unit,2004.
    [50]Ian Brotherton, National parks in Great Britain and The Achievement of Nature Conservation Purposes[J]. Biological Conservation,1982,(2):85-100.
    [51]Janet Cochrane.Indonesian National Parks:Understanding Leisure Users[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2006,(4):979-997.
    [52]John Blower. National Parks for Developing Countries[A].Jeffrey A. McNeely, Kenton R.Miller. National Parks, Conservation, and Development:The Role of Protected Area in Sustaining Society[C].Washington,D.C(USA):Smithsonian Institution Press,1982:722-727.
    [53]John R. Jameson. The National Park System in the United States:An Overview with a Survey of Selected Government Documents and Archival Materials[J].1980,(2):145-158.
    [54]John Rennie Short. The Idea of Wilderness[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1991,(4):472.
    [55]John S. Owen, Development and Consolidation of Tanzania National parks[J]. Biological Conservation,1969,(2):156-158.
    [56]John Scanlon, Francoise Burhenne-Guilmin. International Environmental Governance:An International Regime for Protected Areas[M].Cambridge(UK):IUCN Publications Service Unit,2004.
    [57]John W.K.Parr. Exploratory Co-management Interventions in Kuiburi National Park, Central Thailand, Including Human-elephant Conflict Mitigation[J]. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development,2008,(3):293-310.
    [58]Johnston,B.R. The Political Ecology of Development:Changing Resources Relations and the Impact of Tourism in St. Thomas[D].University of Massachusetts(US),2000.
    [59]Joleen A Timko, John L.Innes. Evaluating Ecological Integrity in National Parks:Case Studies from Canada and South Africa[J]. Biological Conservation,2009,(3):676-688.
    [60]Kerry VS., Paul F.J. Budgets, Pricing Policies and User Fees in Canada Parks' Tourism[J]. Tourism Management,1998,(3):225-235.
    [61]Kostas Papaeorgiou, Kostas Kassiomis. The National Park Policy Context in Greece:Park Users' Perspectives of Issues in Park Administration[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation,2005,(4):231-246.
    [62]Laarman,J.G,Gregersin.H.M. Pricing Policy in Nature-based Tourism[J].Tourism Management,1996,(4):247-254.
    [63]Lawton L.J. Public Protected Areas[A].David B. Weaver. The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism[C].New York(USA):CABI Publishing,2001:287-302.
    [64]Lee M. Talbot.The Role of Protected Area in the Implementation of the World Conservation Strategy[A].Jeffery A, McNeely, Kenton R. Miller. National Parks, Conservation, and Development[C].Washington,D.C(USA):Smithsonian Institution Press,1982.
    [65]Leo H.McAvoy,Daniel L.Dustin.Indirect Versus Direct Regulation of Recreation Behavior[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1983,(1):12-17.
    [66]Leung,Y.F, Marion,J.L. Characterizing Backcountry Camping Impacts in Great Smoky Mountains National Park,USA[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,1999,(3):193-203.
    [67]Mark Blacknell. Book Review:Preserving Nature in the National Parks:A History[J].Cultural Geographies,2000,(2):241-242.
    [68]Matthew J. Walpole, Harold J.Goodwin, Kari.G.R.Ward.Pricing Policy for Tourism in Protected Areas:Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia[J].Conservation Biology,2001,(1):218-227.
    [69]McNeely J. A. Miller K R. National Parks, Conservation, and Development:The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society[M].Washington, D.C(USA):Smithsonian Institution Press,1984.
    [70]McNeely J. A. Protected Area Institutions[A]. S.Stolton, Dudley. Partnerships for Protection:New Strategies for Planning and Management for Protected Areas[C].London(UK):Earthscan Publicaiotns,1999.
    [71]Mimi Li, Bihu Wu, Liping Cai. Tourism Development of World Heritage Sites in China:A Geographic Perspective[J].Tourism Management,2008,(2):308-319.
    [72]Mowforth, M,& Munt, I. Tourism and Sustainability:new tourism in the third world[M]. London(UK):Routledge,1998.
    [73]Naughton-Treves L, Holland M.B,Brandon K.The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2005,(1):219-252.
    [74]Nickerson,P.H. Demand for the Regulation of Recreation:The Case of Elk and Deer Hunting in Washington State[J]. Land Economics,1990,(4):437-447.
    [75]Nicole M.Balloffet,Angela Sue Martin. Governance Tendency in Protected Areas:Experience from the Parks in Peril Program in Latin American and the Caribbean[M].Arlington(USA):The Nature Conservancy:2007.
    [76]Nigel Dudley.Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories[M].Gland(Swizerland):IUCN Publications Services,2008.
    [77]Nigel Dudley. Clarifying the IUCN Definition of a Protected Area[EB/OL].www.iucn.org.
    [78]Nigel Dudley, Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend.A tool to Help Selecting the Appropriate IUCN Categories and Governance Types for Protected Areas[EB/OL]. www.iucn.org.
    [79]Olav Gjaerevoll. National Parks of Norway:A National Plan[J].Biological Conservation,1969,(2):183-184.
    [80]Oyadomari Motoko. Politics of National Parks in Japan[D].PhD Dissertation,The University of Wisconsin(USA),1985.
    [81]Palmer,Catherine.Tourism and the Symbols of Identity[J]. Tourism Management,1999,(3):313-321.
    [82]Paul F.J.Eagles, Margaret E.Bowman, Teresa Chang-Hung Tao. Guidelines for Tourism in Parks and Protected Areas in East Asia[M]. Waterloo (Canada):Waterloo Printing,2001.
    [83]Paul F.J.Eagles, Stephen F.McCool, Christopher D.H. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas Guidelines for Planning and Management[M].Margate(UK):Thanet Press Limited,2002.
    [84]Paul F.J.Eagles, Stephen F.McCool, Elizabeth A.Halpenny, R Nei Moisey. Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas:Planning and Management[M]. Wallingford(USA):CABI,2002.
    [85]Peter Donnelly. Creating National Parks-'a grand, good thing?'[J]. Tourism Management,1987, (4):349-351.
    [86]Peter Fearnhead. Commercial Tourism Concessions:A Means of Generating Income for South African National Parks[A].Ⅴth World Parks Congress:Sustainable Finance Stream[C].2003.
    [87]Peter Fredman,Lisa Hornsten Friberg,Lars Emmelin. Increased Visitation from National Park Designation [J]. Current Issues in Tourism,2007,(1):87-95.
    [88]Philip Dearden, Michelle Bennett. Trends in Global Protected Area Governance,1992-2002[J]. Environmental Management,2005,(1):89-100.
    [89]Ravenscroft, N. Public Leisure Provision and the Good Citizen[J]. Leisure Studies,1993,(1):22-44.
    [90]Riliang Qu, Christine Ennew, M. Thea Sinclair.The Impact of Regulation and Ownership Structure on Market Orientation in the Tourism Industry in China[J].Tourism Management,2005,(6):939-950.
    [91]Roaul Beunen, Hielke D.Regnerus, Catharinus F.Jaarsma. Gateways as a Means of Visitor Management in National Parks and Protected Areas [J]. Tourism Management,2008,(1):138-145.
    [92]Robert C.Lucas.Recreation Regulations-When Are They Needed?[J].Journal of Forestry,1982,(4):148-151.
    [93]Robert F. Schloeth. Problems of Wildlife and Tourist Management in the Swiss National Park[J].Biological Conservation,1974,(4):313-314.
    [94]Rojek,C. After Popular Culture:Hyper-reality and Leisure[J]. Leisure Studies,1993,(4):277-289.
    [95]Ron Haylock. The European Timeshare Market:The Growth, Development, Regulation and Economic Benefit of One of Tourism's Most Successful Sectors[J].Tourism Management,1994,(5):333-341.
    [96]Sabatini M. C, Verdiell A, Iglesias, R.M.R, Vidal M. A quantitative Method for Zoning of Protected Areas and its Spatial Ecological Implications[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,(2):198-206.
    [97]Samuel Kim, Seong Choong-kiLee, David B.Klenosky.The Influence of Push and Pull Factors at Korea National Parks[J].Tourism Management,2003,(2):169-180.
    [98]Sandro Lovari, Fabio Cassola. Nature Conservation in Italy:The Existing National Parks and Other Protected Areas [J]. Biological Conservation,1975,(8):127-142.
    [99]Sandra Wall Reinius,Peter Fredman. Protected Areas as Attractions[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2007,(4):839-854.
    [100]Sandwith T, Ghine C, Hamilton L.Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Cooperation[R].IUCN-WCPA,2001.
    [101]Schneider I.E, Burnett G. W. Protected Area Management in Jordan[J]. Environmental Management,2000,(3):241-246.
    [102]Shova Thapa, Daniel S. Chapman. Impacts of Resource Extraction on Forest Structure and Diversity in Bardia National Park[J].Nepal Forest Ecology and Management,2010,(3):641-649.
    [103]Siegfried W.R, Benn, G A. Caroline M.Gelderblom. Regional Assessment and Conservation Implications of Landscape Characteristics of African National Parks[J].1998,(2):131-140.
    [104]Steiner T. J, Bristow A. L.Road pricing in National Parks:A case study in the Yorkshire Dales National Park[J]Transport Policy,2000,(2):93-103.
    [105]Stephen K.Swallown. Intraseason Harvest Regulation for Fish and Wildlife Recreation:An Application to Fishery Policy American[J].Journal of Agricultural Economics,1994,(4):924-935.
    [106]Stephan Weiler. A Park by Any other Name:National Park Designation as a Natural Experiment in Signaling[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2006,(1):96-106.
    [107]Stewart, W P. Diana C.Parry, Troy D.Glover. Writing Leisure:Values and Ideologies of Research[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2008,(3):360-384.
    [108]Stuart Chape, Simon Blyth, Lucy Fish, Phillip Fox, Mark Spalding.2003 United Nations List of Protected Areas[R]. IUCN-The World Conservation Union UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre,2003.
    [109]Susan Power Bratton. Effects of Disturbance by Visitors on Two Woodland Orchid Species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA[J]. Biological Conservation,1985,(3):211-227.
    [110]Tarsitani, G; Filocamo, A. Environmental Rules in the Tourism Sector:The Role of local Regulation[J]. Ann Ig1991,(3-4):195-201.
    [111]Tony Prato. Modeling Carrying Capacity for National Parks[J]. Ecological Economics,2001,(3):321-331.
    [112]Tower,J. An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the Western World 1540-1940[M]. Chichester(UK):John Wiley&Sons,1996.
    [113]Valentina Bosetti, Gianni Locatelli. A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach to the Assessment of Natural Parks' Economic Efficiency and Sustainability:The Case of Italian National parks[EB/OL].http://ssrn.com/abstract=718621.2005
    [114]Valentine Peter.Nature-based Tourism[A]. Weiler B, Hall M. Special Interest Tourism[C]. London(UK):Belhaven Press,1992:105-127.
    [115]Verdiell A, Sabatini M.C, Maciel M.C, Rodriguez Iglesias R.M.A Mathematical Model for Zoning of Protected Natural Areas[J].Journal of International Transactions in Operatioanal Research,2005,(12):203-213.
    [116]Vinod Sasidharan, Ercan Sirakayab, Deborah Kerstetter. Developing Countries and Tourism Eco-labels[J].Tourism Management,2002,(2):161-174.
    [117]Walker G,Kiecolt K.Social Class and Wilderness Use[J]. Leisure Sciences,1995,(4):295-308.
    [118]Wanjohi Kibicho.Tourists to Amboseli National Park:A Factor-cluster Segmentation Analysis[J].Journal of Vacation Marketing,2006,(3):218-231.
    [119]Watkin C.W, Barrett A.M, Paine J.R. Private Protected Areas:A Preliminary Study of Private Initiative to Conserve Biodiversity in Selected African Countries[EB/OL]. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources/publications/private_protected_areas/text.htm.
    [120]White,P.C.L, Lovett J. C. Public Preferences and Willingness-to-pay for Nature Conservation in the North York Moors National Park[J].Journal of Environmental Management,1999,(1):1-13.
    [121]Wielgolaski F.E. National Parks and Other Protected Areas in North America in Relation to Those in Norway and Sweden[J]. Biological Conservation,1971,(4):285-292.
    [122]Wikinston,P. Tourism in Small Island Nations:A Fragile Dependence[J].Leisure Studies,1987,(2):127-146.
    [123]Wolfram H.Dressler, Christian A.Kull,Thomas C.Meredith.The Politics of Decentralizing National Parks Management in the Philippines [J].Political Geography,2006,(7):789-816.
    [124]WTTC,WTO. Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry:Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development[M].London(UK):WTTC,1997.
    [125]Zvi Schwartz, Li-chun Lin. The Impact of Fees on Visitation of National Parks[J]. Tourism Management,2006,(2):1386-1396.
    [126]Darid Simon,姚亦锋.新的公园:新的期望-美国国家公园管理局的国家公园规划[J].广东园林,1989,(2):29-30.
    [127]John Mackinnon,解焱.东亚保护地区与行动计划2006-2010[M].格朗德(瑞士),曼谷(泰国):世界自然保护联盟(IUCN),2008.
    [128]T·海德(Thomas Heyd)著;孟繁红译.自然、文化和自然遗产:走向自然之文化[J].世界哲学,2009,(3):143-155.
    [129]阿兰·V·尼斯(Allen V.Kneese),詹姆斯·L·斯威尼(James L.Sweeney)著;李晓西,史培军译.自然资源与能源经济学手册(第1卷)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2007a.
    [130]阿兰·V·尼斯(Allen V.Kneese),詹姆斯·L·斯威尼(James L.Sweeney)著;李晓西,史培军译.自然资源与能源经济学手册(第2卷)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2007b.
    [131]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006,(4):401413.
    [132]保罗·伊格尔斯(Paul F.J.Eagles),玛格丽特·鲍曼(Margaret E.Bowman),陶长宏(Teresa Chang-HungTao).东亚公园及保护区旅游专业指导方针[M].格朗德(瑞士),剑桥(英国):世界自然保护联盟(IUCN):2001.
    [133]曹宝,秦其明,王秀波,罗宏.自然资本:内涵及其特点辨析[J].中国集体经济,2009,(4):89-91.
    [134]查尔默斯著(A.F.Chalmers);鲁旭东译.科学究竟是什么[M].第三版.北京:商务印书馆,2007.
    [135]陈丕积.旅游市场信息不对称及政府行为[J].旅游学刊,2000,(2):27-30.
    [136]陈肖静.西部旅游开发中的政府管理职能研究[J].经济问题,2006,(3):29-30.
    [137]程健.国家公园规划建设研究[D]重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2008.
    [138]戴伦·J·帝莫西(Dallen J. Timothy),斯蒂芬·W·博伊德(Stephen W. Boyd)著;程尽能译.遗产旅游[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,2007.
    [139]戴斌,夏少颜.论我国大众旅游发展阶段的运行特征与政策取向[J].旅游学刊,2009,(12):13-17.
    [140]丹尼尔·F·史普博(Daniel F. Spulber)著;余晖,何帆,周维富译.管制与市场[M].上海:上海三联出版社、上海人民出版社.1999.
    [141]邓燕萍.论旅游经济发展中的政府作用[J].求实,2005,(6):59-61.
    [142]迪特·哈森普鲁格(Dieter Hassenpflug);蔡永洁译.走向开放的中国城市空间[M].同济大学出版社,2005.
    [143]丁文魁.风景名胜研究[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1988.
    [144]董波.美国国家公园空间结构研究-兼论中国自然保护区网络建设[D].上海:华东师范大学博士学位论文,1996.
    [145]方军.制度伦理与制度创新[J].中国社会科学,1997,(3):54-66.
    [146]方时姣.西方生态经济学发展的前沿和趋势[N].中国社会科学报,2009-07-02.
    [147]傅伯杰,周国逸,白永飞,宋长春等.中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全[J].地球科学进展,2009,(6):571-576.
    [148]高国荣.20世纪90年代以前美国环境史研究的特点[J].史学月刊,2006,(2):105-114.
    [149]高舜礼.假日资源配置尚待完善(中国旅游发展笔谈-假日制度与旅游之三)[J].旅游学刊,2009,(12):5-6.
    [150]古德(Good Albert H.)著;吴承照译.国家公园游憩设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
    [151]国家建设部.中国风景名胜区形势与展望(绿皮书)[Z],风景名胜区重要文件汇编,1996.
    [152]国家林业局野生动植物保护司,国家林业局政策法规司.中国自然保护区立法研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007
    [153]国家旅游局规划发展与财务司.2007中国旅游投资报告[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2008:1-8.
    [154]郭晓旭,邓虹.论我国湿地保护立法[J].法治与社会,2009,(2):60-61.
    [155]郭寻,吴忠军.区域旅游发展中政府合作的制度障碍及对策思考[J].人文地理,2006,(1):106-109.
    [156]郝文康.试论我国国家自然公园的建立[J].东北林业大学学报,1987,(3):102-107.
    [157]郝索.论我国旅游产业的市场化发展的政府行为[J].旅游学刊.2001,(2):19-22.
    [158]何贝尔(Alex Hebel)政府肩负着保护和维护遗产地价值的重大责任[A].郑玉歆,郑易生.自然文化遗产管理-中外理论与实践[C]北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003:3-5.
    [159]胡敏.风景名胜资源产权的经济分析[D].杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文,2004.
    [160]胡炜霞,吴成基.论中国地质公园的泛化[J].科技管理研究,2007,(2):217-219.
    [161]胡甬,张启翔.森林公园的一些基本理论问题[J].北京林业大学学报,1998,(3):49-57.
    [162]黄德林.论建立和完善国家自然遗产制度[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,(5):133-137.
    [163]黄德林,朱清等.国家地质公园管理制度研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
    [164]黄秋吴,赵媛.旅游资源开发中的政府管制[J].思想战线.2003,(4):70-72.
    [165]黄文卿.台湾地区国家公园永续经营管理指标之研究-以玉龙国家公园为例[D].台湾:台湾大学博士学位论文,1990.
    [166]黄向,保继刚,沃尔·杰弗里.中国生态旅游机会谱的构建(CECOS)[J]地理科学,2006,(5):629-634.
    [167]黄潇婷.国内旅游景区门票价格研究[D].济南:山东大学硕士学位论文,2006.
    [168]黄跃雯.台湾国家公园建制过程之研究[D].台湾:台湾大学博士学位论文,1986.
    [169]黄有光,张清津.福祉经济学:一个趋于更全面分析的尝试[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2005.
    [170]基恩·托马斯著(Keith Thomas);宋丽丽译.人类与自然世界:1500-1800年间英国观念的变化[M].南京:译林出版社,2009.
    [171]简光华,杨宇明,陈洁.“国家公园”让自然资源保护实现双赢[J].旅游时代,2008,(3):54-55.
    [172]简·雅各布斯(Jane Jacobs)著;金衡山译.美国大城市的死与生(第二版)[M].南京:译林出版社,2006.
    [173]蒋满元.国外观光旅游资源的经营模式剖析及其经营经验探讨-以美国、德国、日本国家公园的经验管理模式为例[J].无锡商业职业技术学院学报,2008,(4):51-54.
    [174]金波,王如渊,蔡运龙.生态旅游概念的发展及其在中国的应用[J].生态学杂志,2001,(3):56-59.
    [175]克里·戈弗雷(Godfrey K),杰基·克拉克著(Clarke J);刘家明,刘爱莉译.旅游目的地开发手册[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
    [176]克里斯·库伯(Chris Cooper),约翰·弗莱彻(John Fletcher)等著;张俐俐译.旅游学[M].第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
    [177]匡林.集权还是分权:政府发展旅游业的两难境地[J].旅游学刊,2001,(2):23-26.
    [178]李柏浡.台湾地区国家公园整体经营管理与开发策略之研究[D].台湾:中国文化大学博士学位论文,1980.
    [179]李滨.浅析我国旅游业战略转换过程中的政府职能[J].工业技术经济,2003,(1):26-27.
    [180]李华明.中国“世界自然遗产”可持续利用法律保护对策研究[D].北京:中央民族大学博士学位论文,2006.
    [181]李经龙,张小林等.中国国家公园的旅游发展[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,(2):109-112.
    [182]李景奇,秦小平.美国国家公园系统与中国风景名胜区比较比较[J].中国园林,1999,(3):10-131.
    [183]李若凝.我国森林旅游资源管理体制与政策研究[D].北京:北京林业大学博士学位论文,2005.
    [184]李天元.生态旅游及其局限性:基于营销视角的认识与思考[J].旅游学刊,2005,(4):25-29.
    [185]李铁松,冉继.滇西北国家公园的可持续发展研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000,(3):283-286.
    [186]李文华,闵庆文,孙业红.自然与文化遗产保护中几个问题的探讨[J].地理研究,2006,(4):561-569.
    [187]李武武.退进结合促进旅游管理体制改革[J].经济管理,2002,(3):78-80.
    [188]李星.香港国家公园与自然保护区[J].世界林业研究,1997,(1):79-80.
    [189]李政亮.风景民族主义[J].读书,2009(2):79-86.
    [190]厉以猷.国家风景名胜区门票专营权分析[J].旅游学刊,2002,(2):28-29.
    [191]黎洁.旅游资源的资产化管理与旅游业环境经济政策研究:兼与敖荣等同志商榷[J].旅游学刊,2002,(2):34-37.
    [192]联合国.千年发展目标报告[R].纽约:2009.
    [193]梁修存,丁登山.区域旅游开发的政府行为问题研究[J].生产力研究,2002,(1):99-101.
    [194]梁莹.治理.善治与法制[J].求实,2003,(2):50-52.
    [195]林洪岱a.国家公园制度在我国的战略可行性(一)[N].中国旅游报,2009-02-02.
    [196]林洪岱b.国家公园制度在我国的战略可行性(二)[N].中国旅游报,2009-02-09.
    [197]林洪岱c.国家公园制度在我国的战略可行性(二)[N].中国旅游报,2009-02-16.
    [198]林洪岱d.国家公园制度在我国的战略可行性(四)[N].中国旅游报,2009-03-02.
    [199]林毅夫.中国经济专题[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
    [200]刘传明,曾菊新.区域空间供需模型与空间结构优化途径选择-功能区建设的科学基础[J].经济地理,2009,(1):26-30.
    [201]刘海龙,杨锐.对构建中国自然文化遗产地整合保护空间网络的思考[C].第十届中国科协年会第14分会场-风景园林与城市生态学术讨论会论文集[A],2008:1611-1621.
    [202]刘丽丽,曾红鹰.国家公园和自然保护区[M].北京:海洋出版社,2000.
    [203]刘千慈.阳明山国家公园解说效果之研究-以金包里大路为例[D].台湾:中国文化大学硕士学位论文,1994.
    [204]刘旺,张文忠.对构建旅游资源产权制度的探讨[J].旅游学刊,2002,(4):27-29.
    [205]刘莹菲.澳大利亚国家公园管理特点及对我国森林旅游业的启示[J].林业经济,2003,(12):47-48.
    [206]刘宇.中国生态旅游发展中的问题及政府规制[J].经济问题探索,2008,(7):96-100.
    [207]卢琦,赖政华,李向东.世界国家公园的回顾与展望[J].世界林业研究,1995,(1):34-401.
    [208]鲁鹏.制度的伦理效应[J].哲学研究,1998,(9):36-41.
    [209]伦纳德·J·利克里什(Leonard J.Likorish),卡森·L·詹金斯(Carson L.Jenkins)著;程尽能译.旅游学通论[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,1999.
    [210]罗贝尔·朗卡尔(Robert Lanquar)著,陈立春译.旅游和旅行社会学[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
    [211]罗德里克·弗雷泽·纳什(Roderick Frazier Nash)著;杨通进译.大自然的权利:环境伦理学史[M].第二版.青岛:青岛出版社,2005.
    [212]马梅.公共产品悖论-国家公园旅游产品生产分析[J].旅游学刊,2003,(4):43-46.
    [213]马乃喜.中国自然保护区与日本自然公园的对比研究[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1995,(2):123-128.
    [214]马庆钰.关于“公共服务”的解读[J].中国行政管理,2005,(2):78-82.
    [215]马云泽.规制经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2008.
    [216]玛瑞卡·维克塞尼(Marika Vicziany)国家公园与本土文化的保护:以卡卡杜国家公园为例[A].郑玉歆,郑易生,自然文化遗产管理-中外理论与实践[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003:228-254.
    [217]孟宪民.湿地与全球环境变化[J].地理科学,1999,(5):385-391.
    [218]孟宪民.美国国家公园体系的管理经验-兼谈对中国风景名胜区的启示[J].世界林业研究,2007,(1):75-79.
    [219]潘秋玲,曹三强.中外旅游景区门票价格的比较研究-兼论门票价格的定价依据[J].地域研究与开发,2008,(1):64-69.
    [220]潘思祈.原住民参与国家公园经营管理之探讨[D].台湾:中国文化大学硕士学位论文,1993.
    [221]钱宁.社会正义、公民权利和集体主义-论社会福利的政治与道德基础[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
    [222]曲振涛,杨恺钧.规制经济学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2006.
    [223]单新萍,魏小安.乡村旅游发展的公共属性、政府责任与财政支持研究[J].经济与管理研究,2008,(2):64-68.
    [224]上官丕亮.论国家对基本权利的双重义务-以生命权为例[J].江海学刊,2008,(2):150-155.
    [225]史蒂芬·佩吉(Stephen Gage),保罗·布伦特(Paul Brunt)等著;刘劫莉译.现代旅游管理导论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
    [226]施蒂格勒(Stigler);潘振民译.产业组织和政府管制[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1996.
    [227]宋子千.中国城市公园的改革与发展[C].张广瑞,魏小安,刘德谦.2002-2004中国旅游发展:分析与预测[A].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
    [228]苏晓红,楚金桥,马丛辉.关注公共利益,强化社会性规制[N].光明日报,2009-05-30.
    [229]苏雁.日本国家公园的建设与管理[J].经营管理者,2009,(23):222.
    [230]唐学锋.西部旅游开发应采取政府主导的发展模式[J].经济体制改革,2001,(3):121-122.
    [231]陶爱萍,刘志迎.国外政府规制理论综述[J].经济纵横,2003,(6):60-63.
    [232]田喜洲,蒲勇健.我国国家公园旅游产品的供给与价格[J].思想战线,2004,(6):125-128.
    [233]万红先.自然文化遗产资源开发的政府规制[N].光明日报,2004-07-06.
    [234]万绪才.自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理[D].南京:南京大学博士学位论文,2003.
    [235]王波.中国旅游景区供给的制度经济学研究[D].北京:北京交通大学博士学位论文,2007.
    [236]王德刚.旅游权利论[J].旅游科学,2009,(4):1-5.
    [237]王广辉,翟国强.社会权初论[J].河南省政法管理干部学院学报,2008,(3):22-27.
    [238]王俊豪.政府管制经济学导论:基本理论及其在政府管制实践中的应用[M].北京:商务印书馆,2001.
    [239]王莉萍.国家公园能让中国旅游上一个台阶?[N].科学时报,2008-10-22.
    [240]王敏.太鲁阁国家公园与当地原住民互动功能转变之研究[D].台湾:东华大学,1990.
    [241]王名.中国的非政府公共部门(上)[J].中国行政管理,2001,(5):32-36.
    [242]王铁,李梅.PPT年度回顾的启示-政府职能、供应链与营销[J].旅游学刊,2007,(8):55-59.
    [243]王维正.国家公园[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
    [244]王献溥.国家公园及自然保护区现状如何,且看IUCN的评估[J].环境保护,1989,(4):28-29.
    [245]王兴斌.中国自然文化遗产管理模式的改革[J].旅游学刊,2002,(5):15-21.
    [246]王雅莉,毕乐强.公共规制经济学[M].第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
    [247]王莹.政府作用与旅游区投资效益[J].旅游学刊,2004,(3):14-18.
    [248]王永生.自然的恩赐:国家公园百年回首[J].生态经济,2004,(6):40-51.
    [249]王早生.台湾地区国家公园的起源与现状[J].风景名胜,1994,(11):
    [250]王卓祺,雅伦·荻加.西方社会政策概念转变及对中国福利制度发展的启示[J].社会学研究,1998,(5):44-50.
    [251]汪昌极,苏杨.美国自然文化遗产管理经验及对我国的启示[EB/OL].http://www.hwcc.com.cn/ newsdisplay/NewsDisplay.asp?id=151558.
    [252]汪明林,邱膑扬.遗产资源保护及旅游发展中政府的制度作为研究[J].经济问题探索,2006,(5):110-113,125.
    [253]汪宇明,庄志明,Alan 1·Lew.山岳型生态旅游目的地规划的理论创新与实践[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2005.
    [254]威廉·贝纳特(William Beinart),彼得·科茨(Peter Coates)著;包茂红译.环境与历史:美国和南非驯化自然的比较[M].南京:译林出版社,2008.
    [255]魏翔,朱德良.基于公共经济学的旅游经济政府规制研究[J].经济问题探索,2005,(12):109-111.
    [256]魏小安,窦群,彭德成.发展旅游和遗产保护能否“双赢”-关于中国世界遗产资源保护、开发与旅游业发展相互关系的分析(上,下)[J].旅游管理,2003,(2):1-13.
    [257]魏学春,张皆娜.公共利益:最大公共利益[N].天津日报.2009-12-25.
    [258]温占强,高尚仁,郑光美.澳大利亚保护地管理及其对中国的启示[J].林业资源管理,2008,(6):117-124.
    [259]吴保光.美国国家公园体系的起源及其形成[D]厦门:厦门大学硕士学位论文,2009.
    [260]吴必虎,李咪咪,黄国平.中国世界遗产地保护与旅游需求关系[J].地理研究,2002,(5):617-626.
    [261]吴淮安.替代效应、交叉补贴与中国景区规制[J].商场现代化,2006,(30):180-182.
    [262]吴淑钰.太鲁阁国家公园义务解说员参与动机与工作满意之研究[D].台湾:中山大学硕士学位论文,1988.
    [263]吴伟.国外城市绿地的发展历程[J].城市规划,1998,(6):39-43.
    [264]向荣.风景名胜区管理体制及其门票定价机制探讨-对景区门票价格上涨现象的反思[J].江苏商论,2006,(9):74-76.
    [265]项雅娟,陆雍森.生态服务功能与自然资本的研究进展[J].软科学,2004,(6):12-14.
    [266]谢秉育.玉山国家公园解说志工参与动机、制控信念与工作满意度之研究[D].台湾:台中师范学院硕士学位论文,1989.
    [267]谢地.政府规制经济学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
    [268]谢凝高.世界国家公园的发展和对我国风景区的思考[J].城乡建设,1995,(8):24-26.
    [269]谢茹.试论风景资源开发中的政府规制[J].旅游学刊,2004,(5):30-34.
    [270]谢茹.国家风景名胜区经营权研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2006.
    [271]谢焱,汪松,Peter Schei中国的保护地[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
    [272]新疆林业科学院园林绿化规划工程设计所.新疆塔里木河上游湿地自然保护区可行性研究报告[R].2006.
    [273]熊跃根.论国家、市场与福利之间的关系:西方社会政策理念发展及其反思[J].社会学研究,1999,(3):57-68.
    [274]徐大陆.外国国家公园综述-墨西哥、英、法、波兰、瑞典、芬兰、西班牙[J].中国园林,1991,(3):61-63.
    [275]徐胜兰,严岗.论国家公园模式在生态旅游区开发管理中的发展[J].资源调查与环境,2003,(3):227-233.
    [276]徐曙光.地质学在国家公园管理中的应用[J].国土资源情报,2001,(12):42-45.
    [277]徐嵩龄.中国的世界遗产管理之路—黄山模式评价极其更新(上)[J].旅游学刊,2002,(6):10-18.
    [278]徐嵩龄.中国文化与自然遗产的管理体制变革[J].管理世界,2003a,(6):63-73.
    [279]徐嵩龄.中国遗产旅游业的经营制度选择-兼评“四权分离与制衡”主张[J].旅游学刊,2003b,(4):20-37.
    [280]徐嵩龄.第三国策:论中国文化与自然遗产保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
    [281]阎友兵.旅游景区经营权转让研究[D].天津:天津大学博士学位论文,2005.
    [282]杨帆.森林公园生态旅游资源的开发与保护[J].中南林业调查规划,1996,(4):58-61.
    [283]杨富斌,韩阳.我国旅游景区管理法制状况述评[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2006,(1):1-8.
    [284]杨广虎.旅游资源经营权探析[N].中国旅游报,2002-10-30.
    [285]杨林.充分发挥政府和市场在旅游业发展中的作用[J].经济问题探索.2000,(1):64-65.
    [286]杨团.关于公营事业的初步分析[J].社会学研究,2004,(4):107-112.
    [287]杨锐.美国国家公园体系的发展历程及其经验教训[J].中国园林,2001,(1):62-64.
    [288]杨锐.试论世界国家公园运动的发展趋势[J].中国园林,2003a,(7):10-15.
    [289]杨锐.土地资源保护-国家公园运动的缘起与发展[J].水土保持研究,2003b,(3):145-148.
    [290]杨锐.美国国家公园规划体系评述[J].中国园林,2003c,(1):44-47.
    [291]杨锐.建立文山滇西北国家公园与保护区体系的行动计划[C].郑玉歆,郑易生.自然文化遗产管理-中外理论与实践[A].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003d:129-148.
    [292]杨锐.中国自然文化遗产管理现状分析[J].中国园林,2003e,(9):38-43.
    [293]杨锐.美国国家公园入选标准和指令性文件体系[J].世界林业研究,2004,(2):64,36.
    [294]杨瑞芹,马波,寇敏.公共旅游资源经营权辨析[J].社会科学家,2004,(1):90-92.
    [295]杨素娟.日本自然保护区管理制度评介[J].世界环境,2002,(4):32-34.
    [296]杨晓霞.我国旅游资源产权问题探析[J].经济地理,2004,(3):419-422.
    [297]杨振之,马治鸾等.我国风景资源产权及其管理的法律问题-兼论西部民族地区风景资源管理[J].旅游学刊,2002,(4):39-44.
    [298]叶平.环境的哲学与伦理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
    [299]叶文,蒙睿.生态旅游本土化·云南[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
    [300]于立,姜春梅.规制经济学的学科定位与理论应用[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2005.
    [301]余晟,何善波.城市游憩的社会学分析[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(2):54-61.
    [302]余晖.用科学发展观统领我国森林公园建设与森林产业的发展[J].北京林业管理干部学院学报,2005,(3):19-22.
    [303]俞可平.引论:治理与善治[C].俞可平.治理与善治[A].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
    [304]袁瑞中.台湾的自然保护区和国家公园[J].自然资源研究,1983,(3):68-69.
    [305]袁书琪,邓小荣.国家公园发展的基本问题[A].中国地学会百年庆典学术论文摘要集[C].北京:2009.
    [306]袁祖社.“公共哲学”与当代中国的公共性社会实践[J].中国社会科学,2007,(3):153-160.
    [307]约翰·罗尔斯(John. Rowls)著;何怀宏,何包钢译.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001.
    [308]约翰·洛克(John Locke)著;叶启芳,瞿菊农译.政府论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1964.
    [309]约翰·谬尔(John Muir)著;郭名惊译.我们的国家公园[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,1999.
    [310]约翰·伊特韦尔(John Eatwell),默里·米尔盖特(Murray Milgate),彼得·纽曼(Peter Newman)新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典第四卷Q-Z[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1996.
    [311]约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨(Joseph E Stiglitz)著;黄险峰,张帆译.经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.
    [312]曾沛晴.美国、日本、台湾国家公园经营管理制度之分析研究[D].台湾:国立东华大学硕士学位论文,1990.
    [313]曾宇良.游憩区环境动机解说及其成效之研究-以垦丁国家公园为例[D].台湾:逢甲大学硕士学位论文,1988.
    [314]张朝枝,保继刚.美国与日本世界遗产地管理案例比较与启示[J].世界地理研究,2005,(4):105-112.
    [315]张朝枝.旅游与遗产保护:政府治理视角的理论与实证[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2006.
    [316]张朝枝,徐红罡.中国世界自然遗产管理体制变迁-武陵源案例研究[J].管理世界,2007,(8):52-58.
    [317]张海霞,张旭亮.文化生态脆弱区的生态旅游开发探析-图瓦人村寨旅游开发的启示[J].生态经济,2006,(2):93-96.
    [318]张海霞,汪宇明.基于旅游发展价值取向的旅游规制研究[J].旅游学刊,2009a,(4):12-18.
    [319]张海霞,汪宇明.旅游发展价值取向与制度变革:美国国家公园体系的启示[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009b,(8):783-744.
    [320]张海霞.国家级保护区体系的旅游规制探析[J].生态经济,2009c,(5):109-112.
    [321]张海霞,汪宇明.可持续自然旅游发展的国家公园模式及其启示-以优胜美地国家公园和科里国家公园为例[J].经济地理,2010,(1):156-161.
    [322]张广海,王蕾.旅游业发展中的政府角色分析[J].集团经济研究,2007,(12S):149-150.
    [323]张广瑞.生态旅游的理论与实践[J].财贸经济,1999,(8):43-49.
    [324]张华龄.散谈森林公园选择优势开发项目和森林公园及景物命名问题[A].森林旅游和森林公园环境保护研讨会,1995.
    [325]张建梅.论我国旅游业由政府主导向市场主导模式的转换[J].现代财经:天津财经学院学报,2003,(11):58-61.
    [326]张建伟.现实主义、制度主义与中国经济发展[J].中国社会科学,2000,(4):33-47.
    [327]张进福,郑向敏.旅游安全研究[J].华侨大学学报(人文社科版),2001,(1):15-22.
    [328]张金泉.国家公园运作的经济学分析[D].成都:四川大学博士学位论文,2006.
    [329]张凌云.大众的“新旅游”,还是新的“大众旅游”?-普恩新旅游论的批判[J].旅游学刊,2002,(6):64-70.
    [330]张凌云.非洲国家公园发展旅游业的几个问题[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2005,(5):55-60.
    [331]章尚正.止言政府主导型旅游发展战略[J].安徽大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2002,(1):118-121.
    [332]章尚正,马贤胜.旅游资源开发与保护中的制衡机制与政府规制优化[J].旅游科学,2009,(5):1-7.
    [333]张倩,李文军.新公共管理对中国自然保护区管理的借鉴:以加拿大国家公园改革为例[J].自然资源学报,2006,(3):417-423.
    [334]张向华.尼泊尔的国家公园和自然保护区的介绍[J].中国园林,2006,(9):92-94.
    [335]张晓.国外国家风景名胜区(国家公园)管理和经营评述[J].中国园林,1999,(5):56-60.
    [336]张晓.日本国家公园制度和管理体系[A].张晓,郑玉歆.中国自然文化遗产资源管理[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社[C].2001,378-383.
    [337]张晓.遗产资源所有与占有-从出让风景区开发经营权谈起[J].中国园林,2002,(2):29-32.
    [338]张晓.遗产资源保护与利用的规制-政府管制[A].张晓.加强规制:中国自然文化遗产资源保护管理与利用[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
    [339]张晓鸣.旅游环境容量研究:从理论框架到管理工具[J].资源科学,2004,(4):78-88.
    [340]张昕竹.自然文化遗产资源的管理体制与改革[J].数量经济技术研究,2000,(9):9-14.
    [341]张听竹.论风景名胜区的政府规制[J].经济社会体制比较,2002,(2):76-81.
    [342]张维志.旅游市场中的诚信缺失问题与政府规制研究[J].商业经济,2006,(12):98-99.
    [343]张文菊,杨晓霞.我国旅游门票研究综述[J].人文地理,2007,(2):58-62.
    [344]张永奇.论公民的基本旅游权利及其法律依据[J].旅游论坛,2009,(5):637-641.
    [345]张哲.面向竞争的规制-转型期我国风景资源保护与利用实效管理模式[D].东南大学博士论文,2006.
    [346]赵京兴.中国风景名胜区管理的性质-法与经济分析[J].中国园林,2002,(2):33-36.
    [347]赵霞,白嘉雨.越南的国家公园[J].世界林业研究,2003,(4):57-59.
    [348]赵小芸.旅游投资在西部旅游扶贫中的效用分析[J].旅游学刊.2004,(1):16-20.
    [349]郑辰维.旅游地点属性与解说方式对国家公园认同程度之影响[D].台湾:中国文化大学硕士学位论,1990.
    [350]郑敏.美国国家公园的困扰与保护行动[J].国土资源情报,2008,(10):54-56.
    [351]郑向敏,朱四海.论市、县级政府在旅游行政管理中的“位”与“为”[J].旅游学刊,2003,(5):35-40.
    [352]郑易生.风景名胜资源转让经营权需慎之又慎[N].经济参考报,2002-08-21.
    [353]郑易生.自然文化遗产的价值与利益[A].自然文化遗产管理-中外理论与实践[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003.
    [354]郑易生.评价风景名胜区管理体制的理论框架[A].加强规制:中国自然文化遗产资源保护管理与利用[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
    [355]郑玉歆.中国自然文化遗产的保护正处于关键时期[A].郑玉歆,郑易生.自然文化遗产管理-中外理论与实践[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
    [356]植草益(Masu Uekusa)著,朱绍文,胡欣欣译.微观规制经济学[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1992.
    [357]钟勉.试论旅游资源所有权与经营权相分离[J].旅游学刊,2002,(4):23-26.
    [358]周建华,温亚利.中国自然保护区土地权属管理现状及发展趋势[J].环境保护,2006,(11):60-63.
    [359]周年兴,黄震方.国家公园运动的教训、趋势及其启示[J].山地学报,2006,(6):721-726.
    [360]周伟.宪法基本权利:原理·规范·应用[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.
    [361]周叶中.公民基本权利的性质[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004,(1):22-25.
    [362]周珍,叶文,马有明.基于供需视角的国家公园与生态旅游关系研究[J].旅游研究,2009,(1):58-61.
    [363]朱菲,李本振等.香格里拉大峡谷国家公园规划建设初步研究[J].昆明大学学报,2008,(4):36-40.
    [364]朱建安.市场化与规制:世界遗产资源管理模式可能的路径选择[J].中国软科学,2004a,(6):12-17.
    [365]朱建安.世界遗产旅游发展中的政府定位研究[J].旅游学刊,2004b,(4):79-84.
    [366]朱璇.美国国家公园运动和国家公园系统的发展历程[J].中国园林,2006,(6):22-25.
    [367]朱选功.旅游资源开发中政府定位的经济学分析[J].中国流通经济,2005,(6):27-30.
    [368]诸葛仁,Terry De Lacy.澳大利亚自然保护区系统与管理[J].世界环境,2001,(2):37-39.
    [369]邹统钎.旅游景区开发与管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
    [370]邹统钎,马欣等.乡村旅游可持续发展的动力机制与政府规制[J].杭州师范学院学报(社会科学版),2006,(2):64-67.
    [371]邹统钎.中国旅游景区管理模式研究[M].天津:南开大学出版社.2007.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700