基于本体和SOA构建城市地理信息公共服务平台的方法研究
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摘要
据统计,人类生活70-80%的信息都与地理空间信息相关。国民经济和社会信息化的发展催化了政府、企业和公众对地理信息需求的迅猛增长。在应用需求和国家信息化浪潮的推动下,“数字城市”的建设随之蓬勃发展。作为“数字城市”重要组成部分的城市地理信息系统(UGIS)也纷纷在不同管理部门和企业内部建成并投入使用。这些专题地理信息系统(GIS)的建成为相关部门提高管理水平和科学决策能力发挥了重要的作用。但由于缺乏统一的标准与规范,各部门在建设这些专题GIS系统时,只着眼于本部门的应用,在地理认知、系统软件选用、数据建模方法、数据格式、数据组织结构、命名等方面各不相同,导致不同部门耗费巨资建成的地理空间数据库和GIS系统存在语法和语义异构,也使这些GIS系统形成相互孤立的“信息孤岛”,不能实现跨领域或部门的共享与互操作。
“地理信息孤岛”已经成为了阻碍地理信息推广应用和产业化发展的重要问题,并已引起了国内外的高度重视。为了打破地理信息孤岛的格局,避免低水平重复建设造成的投资浪费,提高地理信息资源的利用效率,实现地理信息资源跨领域部门的共建共享,包括美国在内的许多国家的政府部门和科研机构启动了一系列的科研计划和科研项目。2009年,国家测绘局启动了国家地理信息公共服务平台的建设。与此同时,国内也掀起了一股构建城市地理信息公共服务平台的热潮。重庆市、哈尔滨市和齐齐哈尔等市已经率先建成了自己的城市地理信息公共服务平台。但这些平台和国内外类似项目的研究成果主要在语法层次上实现分布式的异构城市地理空间数据的共享,没有实现语义和知识级的深层次的共享。其共享内容较单一,共享层次较低,共享程度有限,自动化与智能化程度也不高,不能称为真正意义上的异构数据的共享与互操作。
本体是共享概念模型的明确的形式化规范说明,它具有良好的概念层次结构和语义表达与语义推理能力。SOA是一种新的软件架构,具有平台无关、松散耦合、分布实施的特点,将其运用到地理信息系统中可以使目前GIS系统与地理数据及功能模块的紧密绑定变为松散耦合,从而很好地实现数据、功能的共享与互操作。因此,本文试图结合本体的语义表达能力和SOA的与平台无关、分布实施、共享服务和互操作性等特点来构建城市地理信息公共服务平台,以达到在语义层次和知识级上实现分布式的异构城市地理信息资源的共享与互操作的目的。
基于上述研究目的,本文将基于本体和SOA构建城市地理信息公共服务平台所涉及的关键理论与技术作为主要研究内容。其中,重点研究了如何在语义层次上实现分布式的异构城市地理信息资源的共享与互操作,具体的研究内容及研究成果包括：
①基于本体和SOA的城市地理信息公共服务平台的体系结构。提出了本文平台的体系结构,阐述了本文平台的主要特点及构建与运行本文平台的支撑体系。
②城市地理信息资源本体库的构建及地理本体的形式化表达方法。探讨了城市地理本体构建的原则、过程以及构建城市地理本体的知识源。然后研究了城市地理本体空间特征的形式化表达。
③概念间语义相似度的计算和地理本体的语义映射与语义推理方法以概念特征属性重合度、语义重合度和语义距离为基础,提出了计算概念间语义相似度的混合模型,实验表明,该混合模型不仅有较好的计算效果,而且其计算效率与传统的混合模型有较大的改善。针对概念可能不存在于文中本体库的概念集合中的问题,提出了改进的基于知网的语义相似度计算方法。最后,还介绍了基于文中提出的语义相似度的计算方法实现城市地理本体语义映射的方法。另外,文章还对本文平台实现地理本体的语义推理方法进行了简要阐述。
④基于本体和SOA实现异构城市地理空间数据集成共享的方法。构建城市地理信息公共服务平台的目的就是要实现分布式的异构城市地理信息资源的共享与互操作。数据服务的发现是实现异构城市地理空间数据集成共享的前提。针对目前地理数据服务不支持语义查询与发现的问题,提出了采用地理信息元数据本体来描述地理数据服务的方法,实现了计算机对平台中注册的城市地理数据服务的语义理解,方便了计算机及用户准确的找到自己需要的城市地理空间数据。然后采用了混合本体的方式进行异构的城市地理空间数据的集成。该方式通过同时建立全局本体与局部本体之间、局部本体与局部本体之间以及局部本体与地理空间数据之间的语义映射消除了异构数据集成共享时的语义异构。
⑤基于本体的城市地理功能服务的共享与互操作方法。研究了基于OWL-S本体的地理服务的自动发现与组合方法。提出了基于语义计算的地理功能服务的发现算法和实现地理服务自动组合的逆向搜索算法。
⑥初步实现了本文平台的原型,展示了平台原型的应用,验证了文中平台的合理性和实现方法的可行性。
本文具有以下研究意义：
①有利于促进城市地理信息资源的整合和跨领域、跨行业共享,扩大城市地理信息资源的共享范围,提高城市地理信息资源的利用率,避免低水平重复建设造成的人力、财力浪费。
②有利于提升城市地理信息资源的共享层次和共享效率,优化城市地理信息资源的共享方式,提高城市地理信息资源的共享价值,并促进城市地理信息产业的发展和社会化应用的推广。
③有利于缩小目前地理本体的实际应用与理论研究之间存在的鸿沟,为地理本体的具体应用提供示范。
Accoring to statistics,70-80% of human life is related to geographical information.The development of national economy and social informatization greatly increase the government, enterprises and the public's demand for the geographic information. Promoted by the wave of application requirements and national informatization,the construction of "digital city" grows vigorously.The Urban Geographical Information System(UGIS),as an important part of "digital city",is being constructed and put into use in succession in different managements and enterprises.The use of these thematic Geographical Information System(GIS) plays a significant role in improving management and scientific decision-making capacity for the relevant departments.But due to lacking unified standards and codes,every departments just focus their attention on the application of their own departments.The geographical cognition,the selection of system software,data modeling,data format,data structure and name are so different that there exists the syntactic and semantic heterogeneity in geo-spatial database and GIS system,into which huge amounts of money have been spent. These differences also lead these GIS systems to form isolated "information islands" and thus cannot be shared and interoperated cross-sector.
The "geographical information islands" has become an important problem of holding back the development and application of GIS, and has attracted great attention both at home and abroad. To solve the geographical information islands,to avoid investment waste caused by low level duplication, to improve efficiency in the use of geographical information resources, and to achieve cross-sector construction and sharing, government departments and research institutions of many countries including the United States, have launched a series of scientific research plans and projects. In 2009, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping started the construction of the National Geographical Information Common Serving Platform.At the same time, it gives rise an upsurge of developing urban geographic information common serving platform inland. Chongqing, Harbin, Qiqihar and so on,have first built their own urban geographic information serving platform.However,these platforms and the similar research achievements at home and abroad have mainly achieved the sharing of distributed heterogeneous urban geospatial data in syntactic level, rather than in knowledge and semantic level.Data sharing and interoperation in syntactic level is low level and cannot be called the heterogeneous data shring and interoperation in its true sense.
Ontology is a clear formal specification of a shared conceptual model, which has a good conceptual hierarchy and semantic representation and reasoning ability. SOA is a kind of new software architecture, which has the characteristics of platform-independent, loosely-coupled, distributed-implementation. Being applied to geograohical information system,the SOA can turn the current tightly-bound GIS system and geographical data and function module to loosely-coupled,thus well realize data and function sharing and interoperation.Therefor,this article attempts to combine the semantic representation ability of Ontology and the characteristics of SOA, such as platform-independent,distributed-implementation,shared serves and interoperation, to build urban geographical information common serving platform,and to achieve the purpose of sharing and interoperation of distributed heterogeneous urban geographic information resources in syntactic level.
Based on the research purpose above, this article makes the key theory and technology involved in building the urban geographical information common platform based on Ontology and SOA as the main content.Among them, this article focuses on how to realize the sharing and interoperation of distributed heterogeneous urban geographical information resources in semantic level. The specific research contents and achievements include:
①The system structure of the urban geograpghic information common serving platform based on Ontology and SOA.Puts forward the architecture of this platform, describes the main features of this platform and the support system of this platform.
②The methods of the construction and formal representation for urban Geo-Ontology.
Discusse the principles, process and the knowledge sources of building urban Geo-Ontology, then study the formal representation of the spatial property in Geo-Ontology.
③The calculation of semantic similarity between concepts and the semantic mapping and semantic reasoning methods of Geo-Ontology.
This article proposes a new method to calculate the similarity of concepts.
④The integration and sharing method of achieving heterogeneous urban geospatial data based on Ontology and SOA.
The purpose of constructing urban geographical information common serving platform is to realize the sharing and interoperation of the distributed heterogeneous urban geographical information resources. The discovery of data service is the premise of realizing heterogeneous data integration and sharing.As for the issue that the current geographical data service does not support the semantic query and problem identification,this article proposes to using geographical information metadata Ontology to describe the geographical data services approach,which realizes the semantic understanding of a computer on the platform registered geographical data services,and facilitates the computer and the user to find geospatial data they need accurately.Then it uses mixed Ontology approach to integrate heterogeneous geospatial data.This approach by simultaneously establishing the data mapping between global Ontology and local Ontology,between the local Ontologies and between the local Ontology and geospatial data,eliminates the semantic heterogeneity of heterogeneous data integration sharing.
⑤The method of sharing and interoperation based on Ontology geo-processing services.
Studies the method of automatic discovery and composition based on the geographical service of OWL-S Ontology.
⑥It initially implements the prototype of this platform,verifies the rationality of this platform and the feasibility of implementation method.
The reseach significances of this article are as follows:
①Promote the sharing of urban geographical information resources cross-sector and avoiding the manpower and financial waste caused by low level duplicated construction of urban geographical information system.
②Improve the sharing level and effifiency of urban geographical information resources,and to optimizing the sharing approach of urban geographical information resources.
③Reduce the current gap between the practical application and the theoretical reseach of the current Geo-Ontology,and to setting an example to the specific applications of Geo-Ontology.
“地理信息孤岛”已经成为了阻碍地理信息推广应用和产业化发展的重要问题,并已引起了国内外的高度重视。为了打破地理信息孤岛的格局,避免低水平重复建设造成的投资浪费,提高地理信息资源的利用效率,实现地理信息资源跨领域部门的共建共享,包括美国在内的许多国家的政府部门和科研机构启动了一系列的科研计划和科研项目。2009年,国家测绘局启动了国家地理信息公共服务平台的建设。与此同时,国内也掀起了一股构建城市地理信息公共服务平台的热潮。重庆市、哈尔滨市和齐齐哈尔等市已经率先建成了自己的城市地理信息公共服务平台。但这些平台和国内外类似项目的研究成果主要在语法层次上实现分布式的异构城市地理空间数据的共享,没有实现语义和知识级的深层次的共享。其共享内容较单一,共享层次较低,共享程度有限,自动化与智能化程度也不高,不能称为真正意义上的异构数据的共享与互操作。
本体是共享概念模型的明确的形式化规范说明,它具有良好的概念层次结构和语义表达与语义推理能力。SOA是一种新的软件架构,具有平台无关、松散耦合、分布实施的特点,将其运用到地理信息系统中可以使目前GIS系统与地理数据及功能模块的紧密绑定变为松散耦合,从而很好地实现数据、功能的共享与互操作。因此,本文试图结合本体的语义表达能力和SOA的与平台无关、分布实施、共享服务和互操作性等特点来构建城市地理信息公共服务平台,以达到在语义层次和知识级上实现分布式的异构城市地理信息资源的共享与互操作的目的。
基于上述研究目的,本文将基于本体和SOA构建城市地理信息公共服务平台所涉及的关键理论与技术作为主要研究内容。其中,重点研究了如何在语义层次上实现分布式的异构城市地理信息资源的共享与互操作,具体的研究内容及研究成果包括：
①基于本体和SOA的城市地理信息公共服务平台的体系结构。提出了本文平台的体系结构,阐述了本文平台的主要特点及构建与运行本文平台的支撑体系。
②城市地理信息资源本体库的构建及地理本体的形式化表达方法。探讨了城市地理本体构建的原则、过程以及构建城市地理本体的知识源。然后研究了城市地理本体空间特征的形式化表达。
③概念间语义相似度的计算和地理本体的语义映射与语义推理方法以概念特征属性重合度、语义重合度和语义距离为基础,提出了计算概念间语义相似度的混合模型,实验表明,该混合模型不仅有较好的计算效果,而且其计算效率与传统的混合模型有较大的改善。针对概念可能不存在于文中本体库的概念集合中的问题,提出了改进的基于知网的语义相似度计算方法。最后,还介绍了基于文中提出的语义相似度的计算方法实现城市地理本体语义映射的方法。另外,文章还对本文平台实现地理本体的语义推理方法进行了简要阐述。
④基于本体和SOA实现异构城市地理空间数据集成共享的方法。构建城市地理信息公共服务平台的目的就是要实现分布式的异构城市地理信息资源的共享与互操作。数据服务的发现是实现异构城市地理空间数据集成共享的前提。针对目前地理数据服务不支持语义查询与发现的问题,提出了采用地理信息元数据本体来描述地理数据服务的方法,实现了计算机对平台中注册的城市地理数据服务的语义理解,方便了计算机及用户准确的找到自己需要的城市地理空间数据。然后采用了混合本体的方式进行异构的城市地理空间数据的集成。该方式通过同时建立全局本体与局部本体之间、局部本体与局部本体之间以及局部本体与地理空间数据之间的语义映射消除了异构数据集成共享时的语义异构。
⑤基于本体的城市地理功能服务的共享与互操作方法。研究了基于OWL-S本体的地理服务的自动发现与组合方法。提出了基于语义计算的地理功能服务的发现算法和实现地理服务自动组合的逆向搜索算法。
⑥初步实现了本文平台的原型,展示了平台原型的应用,验证了文中平台的合理性和实现方法的可行性。
本文具有以下研究意义：
①有利于促进城市地理信息资源的整合和跨领域、跨行业共享,扩大城市地理信息资源的共享范围,提高城市地理信息资源的利用率,避免低水平重复建设造成的人力、财力浪费。
②有利于提升城市地理信息资源的共享层次和共享效率,优化城市地理信息资源的共享方式,提高城市地理信息资源的共享价值,并促进城市地理信息产业的发展和社会化应用的推广。
③有利于缩小目前地理本体的实际应用与理论研究之间存在的鸿沟,为地理本体的具体应用提供示范。
Accoring to statistics,70-80% of human life is related to geographical information.The development of national economy and social informatization greatly increase the government, enterprises and the public's demand for the geographic information. Promoted by the wave of application requirements and national informatization,the construction of "digital city" grows vigorously.The Urban Geographical Information System(UGIS),as an important part of "digital city",is being constructed and put into use in succession in different managements and enterprises.The use of these thematic Geographical Information System(GIS) plays a significant role in improving management and scientific decision-making capacity for the relevant departments.But due to lacking unified standards and codes,every departments just focus their attention on the application of their own departments.The geographical cognition,the selection of system software,data modeling,data format,data structure and name are so different that there exists the syntactic and semantic heterogeneity in geo-spatial database and GIS system,into which huge amounts of money have been spent. These differences also lead these GIS systems to form isolated "information islands" and thus cannot be shared and interoperated cross-sector.
The "geographical information islands" has become an important problem of holding back the development and application of GIS, and has attracted great attention both at home and abroad. To solve the geographical information islands,to avoid investment waste caused by low level duplication, to improve efficiency in the use of geographical information resources, and to achieve cross-sector construction and sharing, government departments and research institutions of many countries including the United States, have launched a series of scientific research plans and projects. In 2009, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping started the construction of the National Geographical Information Common Serving Platform.At the same time, it gives rise an upsurge of developing urban geographic information common serving platform inland. Chongqing, Harbin, Qiqihar and so on,have first built their own urban geographic information serving platform.However,these platforms and the similar research achievements at home and abroad have mainly achieved the sharing of distributed heterogeneous urban geospatial data in syntactic level, rather than in knowledge and semantic level.Data sharing and interoperation in syntactic level is low level and cannot be called the heterogeneous data shring and interoperation in its true sense.
Ontology is a clear formal specification of a shared conceptual model, which has a good conceptual hierarchy and semantic representation and reasoning ability. SOA is a kind of new software architecture, which has the characteristics of platform-independent, loosely-coupled, distributed-implementation. Being applied to geograohical information system,the SOA can turn the current tightly-bound GIS system and geographical data and function module to loosely-coupled,thus well realize data and function sharing and interoperation.Therefor,this article attempts to combine the semantic representation ability of Ontology and the characteristics of SOA, such as platform-independent,distributed-implementation,shared serves and interoperation, to build urban geographical information common serving platform,and to achieve the purpose of sharing and interoperation of distributed heterogeneous urban geographic information resources in syntactic level.
Based on the research purpose above, this article makes the key theory and technology involved in building the urban geographical information common platform based on Ontology and SOA as the main content.Among them, this article focuses on how to realize the sharing and interoperation of distributed heterogeneous urban geographical information resources in semantic level. The specific research contents and achievements include:
①The system structure of the urban geograpghic information common serving platform based on Ontology and SOA.Puts forward the architecture of this platform, describes the main features of this platform and the support system of this platform.
②The methods of the construction and formal representation for urban Geo-Ontology.
Discusse the principles, process and the knowledge sources of building urban Geo-Ontology, then study the formal representation of the spatial property in Geo-Ontology.
③The calculation of semantic similarity between concepts and the semantic mapping and semantic reasoning methods of Geo-Ontology.
This article proposes a new method to calculate the similarity of concepts.
④The integration and sharing method of achieving heterogeneous urban geospatial data based on Ontology and SOA.
The purpose of constructing urban geographical information common serving platform is to realize the sharing and interoperation of the distributed heterogeneous urban geographical information resources. The discovery of data service is the premise of realizing heterogeneous data integration and sharing.As for the issue that the current geographical data service does not support the semantic query and problem identification,this article proposes to using geographical information metadata Ontology to describe the geographical data services approach,which realizes the semantic understanding of a computer on the platform registered geographical data services,and facilitates the computer and the user to find geospatial data they need accurately.Then it uses mixed Ontology approach to integrate heterogeneous geospatial data.This approach by simultaneously establishing the data mapping between global Ontology and local Ontology,between the local Ontologies and between the local Ontology and geospatial data,eliminates the semantic heterogeneity of heterogeneous data integration sharing.
⑤The method of sharing and interoperation based on Ontology geo-processing services.
Studies the method of automatic discovery and composition based on the geographical service of OWL-S Ontology.
⑥It initially implements the prototype of this platform,verifies the rationality of this platform and the feasibility of implementation method.
The reseach significances of this article are as follows:
①Promote the sharing of urban geographical information resources cross-sector and avoiding the manpower and financial waste caused by low level duplicated construction of urban geographical information system.
②Improve the sharing level and effifiency of urban geographical information resources,and to optimizing the sharing approach of urban geographical information resources.
③Reduce the current gap between the practical application and the theoretical reseach of the current Geo-Ontology,and to setting an example to the specific applications of Geo-Ontology.
引文
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