南方林区林产品物流监管系统的研究
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摘要
自南方林区开展林权改革以来,明晰了集体林的林地使用权、林木所有权、林木使用权,林农成为了市场经营主体。木材采伐、运输与林产品加工、流通的形式也随之变得复杂和多样化,原有的林政管理模式监管力度下降,表现为检查站布局不合理、林政执法人力配置不当、加工企业监管缺失。同时一些区域在林产品供销中缺乏发展物流的指导思想,基础设施没有合理规划,导致物流成本高,服务对象单一,服务水平低。另外有一些区域加工产业结构不合理,加工层次低,优质原木直接流向异地,降低了林业收入,影响了林业经济的可持续发展。
为了解决上述问题,课题提出在林产品物流中应用双层规划的解决方案,分为上层“政府监管层”、下层“市场运营层”。上层目标是实现全县物流总成本最低,加强林产品物流监控,实现林业可持续发展；通过数学模型预测林产品流量流向,计算未来运力需求,政府可通过优惠政策来引导市场发展方向,优化产业结构；还可实现物流基础设施、检查站的最优选址,合理配置执法人员。下层市场各单位行为在上层法规的约束下,自发寻求最大利润的经营方法；各单位通过物流信息平台获取供需信息,按需生产,减少库存,配置最优车型,搭配回程货流,降低物流成本；利用上层提供的实时监管数据,向客户提供物流位置服务,提高物流效率,提供产地认证、原料追溯服务,自律行为并积极参加森林认证；下层市场通过数据的汇兑逐渐改变上层的决策。上下层交互期在一年以上,确保了政策的稳定性。
在此指导思想下,课题首次在国内林产品物流系统优化中采用了四阶段法,并通过回归分析的方法,建立了反映木制品物流特性的阻抗函数,对双约束重力数学模型作了改良,相对误差率降低,预测吻合率达75%至85%。上层开发了“林产品物流优化决策系统”、“Mobile Web码单系统”、“短信码单系统”、“采伐证、运输证两证系统”、“林政WebGIS系统”、“Mobile Web执法系统”、“短信执法系统”、“Mobile WebGIS执法系统”等子系统,并研制了“林业运输GPS轨迹仪”、“RFID式自动彩信拍照器”等硬件设备。下层开发了“林产品生产追溯系统”、“供需运存信息网站”、“物流服务短信平台”。系统应用了大量最新的移动通信技术。
该课题研究时间为5年,每年有两个多月的时间在林区调研,因此研发的软硬件符合生产的实际需要,部分模块已在多个县市推广,国家林业局、省林业厅均有派出专家在现场考核运行效果,国家林业局网站、地方报纸也做过相关的报导,反馈较好。
Since the reform of forest ownership in Southern China, the collectively owned forest ownership and right to use woodland have been cleared defined for each household, and the peasant-oriented main operator of microcosmic market has been established; therewith, logging, wood transportation and processing as well as circulation of forest products have been made complicated and diversified, and there has appeared a decrease of supervisory strength for the original forestry policy management mode, which is manifested in the unreasonable arrangement of checkpoints, improper staffing of law enforcement officials for forestry policies and a lack of supervision for processing enterprises. Furthermore, there is a deficiency of guiding ideology for developing logistics in some regions during the supply and marketing of forest products and deficiency of a sound planning of infrastructures, giving rise to high cost of logistics, single service objects and low service level. Due to the improper industrial structure of forest processing and a low level of processing, in addition, the high-quality timber directly flows into other regions, which decreases the forestry revenue and impacts the sustainable development of forestry economy.
In order to solve the problems above, this subject, first and foremost, puts forward the bi-level programming management method applied in forest product logistics, which falls into the upper level ("government supervisory level") and the lower level ("market operation level"). The upper level aims to realize the minimum total cost of logistics throughout the county, strengthen the logistics supervision of forestry and then achieve the sustainable development of forestry; predict the flow and its direction of forest products and calculate the future demand of transport power by means of the mathematical model, while the government may guide the market direction and optimize the industrial structure through preferential polices; bring about the optimal site selection for logistics infrastructures and checkpoints, as well as reasonably staff the law enforcement officials. Under the restraints of the regulations of upper level, each unit of the lower level spontaneously seeks a business method for maximum profit; obtains the information for supply and demand through the logistics information platform, carries out production according to customer needs, reduces inventory, deploys the optimal vehicle type, collocates the traffic flow for return trip and decreases the cost for logistics; by virtue of real-time supervisory data provided by the upper level, regulates the manufacturing schedule, supplies the logistics location service for customers and enhances logistics efficiency; the lower level market gradually changes the decisions of upper level by means of data exchange. The period for the upper level and lower level to switch is more than one year, which guarantees the policy stability.
Under this guiding ideology, the subject for the first time applies'the gravity mathematical model of double constraints in the research on domestic forest product logistics, and builds the impedance function reflecting logistics characteristics of wood products via regression analysis to ameliorate the gravity model, with a 75% to 85% of predictive accuracy. The upper level has developed "Logistics Planning System for Forest Products", "Mobile Web Weight Memo System", "SMS Weight Memo System", "System of License for Logging and Transport", "WebGIS System of Forestry Policies", "Mobile Web Law Enforcement System", "SMS Law Enforcement System", "Mobile WebGIS Law Enforcement System" and other subsystems, as well as "GPS Tracking Plotter for Forestry Transport", "Hand.Type MMS Camera", "RFID Automatic MMS Camera" and other hardware devices. On the other hand, the lower level has developed "Production Traceability System for Forest Products", "Logistics Information Website for Supply and Demand" and "SMS Platform for Logistics Service". The system adopts a large amount of latest mobile communication technologies.
The subject is supposed to experience a five-year research, with three months in a year for conducting investigation in the forest regions. For this reason, the developed hardware and software devices should accord with the practical requirements for production. Certain modules have been already promoted in several counties, experts have been dispatched by SFA (State Forestry Administration) and municipal departments of forestry to carry out field examination for the running efficiency, and relevant reports from SFA website and local newspapers are also available, having a good reception.
为了解决上述问题,课题提出在林产品物流中应用双层规划的解决方案,分为上层“政府监管层”、下层“市场运营层”。上层目标是实现全县物流总成本最低,加强林产品物流监控,实现林业可持续发展；通过数学模型预测林产品流量流向,计算未来运力需求,政府可通过优惠政策来引导市场发展方向,优化产业结构；还可实现物流基础设施、检查站的最优选址,合理配置执法人员。下层市场各单位行为在上层法规的约束下,自发寻求最大利润的经营方法；各单位通过物流信息平台获取供需信息,按需生产,减少库存,配置最优车型,搭配回程货流,降低物流成本；利用上层提供的实时监管数据,向客户提供物流位置服务,提高物流效率,提供产地认证、原料追溯服务,自律行为并积极参加森林认证；下层市场通过数据的汇兑逐渐改变上层的决策。上下层交互期在一年以上,确保了政策的稳定性。
在此指导思想下,课题首次在国内林产品物流系统优化中采用了四阶段法,并通过回归分析的方法,建立了反映木制品物流特性的阻抗函数,对双约束重力数学模型作了改良,相对误差率降低,预测吻合率达75%至85%。上层开发了“林产品物流优化决策系统”、“Mobile Web码单系统”、“短信码单系统”、“采伐证、运输证两证系统”、“林政WebGIS系统”、“Mobile Web执法系统”、“短信执法系统”、“Mobile WebGIS执法系统”等子系统,并研制了“林业运输GPS轨迹仪”、“RFID式自动彩信拍照器”等硬件设备。下层开发了“林产品生产追溯系统”、“供需运存信息网站”、“物流服务短信平台”。系统应用了大量最新的移动通信技术。
该课题研究时间为5年,每年有两个多月的时间在林区调研,因此研发的软硬件符合生产的实际需要,部分模块已在多个县市推广,国家林业局、省林业厅均有派出专家在现场考核运行效果,国家林业局网站、地方报纸也做过相关的报导,反馈较好。
Since the reform of forest ownership in Southern China, the collectively owned forest ownership and right to use woodland have been cleared defined for each household, and the peasant-oriented main operator of microcosmic market has been established; therewith, logging, wood transportation and processing as well as circulation of forest products have been made complicated and diversified, and there has appeared a decrease of supervisory strength for the original forestry policy management mode, which is manifested in the unreasonable arrangement of checkpoints, improper staffing of law enforcement officials for forestry policies and a lack of supervision for processing enterprises. Furthermore, there is a deficiency of guiding ideology for developing logistics in some regions during the supply and marketing of forest products and deficiency of a sound planning of infrastructures, giving rise to high cost of logistics, single service objects and low service level. Due to the improper industrial structure of forest processing and a low level of processing, in addition, the high-quality timber directly flows into other regions, which decreases the forestry revenue and impacts the sustainable development of forestry economy.
In order to solve the problems above, this subject, first and foremost, puts forward the bi-level programming management method applied in forest product logistics, which falls into the upper level ("government supervisory level") and the lower level ("market operation level"). The upper level aims to realize the minimum total cost of logistics throughout the county, strengthen the logistics supervision of forestry and then achieve the sustainable development of forestry; predict the flow and its direction of forest products and calculate the future demand of transport power by means of the mathematical model, while the government may guide the market direction and optimize the industrial structure through preferential polices; bring about the optimal site selection for logistics infrastructures and checkpoints, as well as reasonably staff the law enforcement officials. Under the restraints of the regulations of upper level, each unit of the lower level spontaneously seeks a business method for maximum profit; obtains the information for supply and demand through the logistics information platform, carries out production according to customer needs, reduces inventory, deploys the optimal vehicle type, collocates the traffic flow for return trip and decreases the cost for logistics; by virtue of real-time supervisory data provided by the upper level, regulates the manufacturing schedule, supplies the logistics location service for customers and enhances logistics efficiency; the lower level market gradually changes the decisions of upper level by means of data exchange. The period for the upper level and lower level to switch is more than one year, which guarantees the policy stability.
Under this guiding ideology, the subject for the first time applies'the gravity mathematical model of double constraints in the research on domestic forest product logistics, and builds the impedance function reflecting logistics characteristics of wood products via regression analysis to ameliorate the gravity model, with a 75% to 85% of predictive accuracy. The upper level has developed "Logistics Planning System for Forest Products", "Mobile Web Weight Memo System", "SMS Weight Memo System", "System of License for Logging and Transport", "WebGIS System of Forestry Policies", "Mobile Web Law Enforcement System", "SMS Law Enforcement System", "Mobile WebGIS Law Enforcement System" and other subsystems, as well as "GPS Tracking Plotter for Forestry Transport", "Hand.Type MMS Camera", "RFID Automatic MMS Camera" and other hardware devices. On the other hand, the lower level has developed "Production Traceability System for Forest Products", "Logistics Information Website for Supply and Demand" and "SMS Platform for Logistics Service". The system adopts a large amount of latest mobile communication technologies.
The subject is supposed to experience a five-year research, with three months in a year for conducting investigation in the forest regions. For this reason, the developed hardware and software devices should accord with the practical requirements for production. Certain modules have been already promoted in several counties, experts have been dispatched by SFA (State Forestry Administration) and municipal departments of forestry to carry out field examination for the running efficiency, and relevant reports from SFA website and local newspapers are also available, having a good reception.
引文
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