节水改造后盐渍化灌区农田水盐环境变化与预测研究
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摘要
针对我国大型灌区普遍存在的问题：灌区可利用水量减少；有效灌溉面积比率低；土壤盐渍化严重(北方)；工程老化失修,灌溉水利用效率较低。自1998年以来,国家启动了大型灌区续建配套与节水改造工程,然而在节水改造改措施善了灌区灌溉条件,提高了灌区农业综合生产能力的同时,灌区内农田水文循环规律也随之被改变,对于北方灌区,渠道衬砌、井区结合和田间节水技术的改进也将打破原有的农田水盐动态平衡,使区域农田水盐平衡和农田水环境发生相应变化,这些变化将对灌区水盐环境进而对灌区农业发展产生怎样的影响,成为人们关注的焦点。针对以上问题本文以北方大型灌区节水改造工程实施为背景,以地处北方干旱寒冷地区的内蒙古河套灌区为研究对象,分别从灌区地下水化学、土壤盐渍剖面类型及分布特征、地下水埋深和土壤水盐与地下水关系四个方面来论述节水改造给灌区带来的影响。
(1)通过对内蒙古河套灌区上中下游地下水进行系统取样分析,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、离子比例系数和图解法(将H.H.托尔斯基汉方格图解法、Piper三角图示法和多矩形图解法(MRD)应用于内蒙古河套灌区),全面系统地研究节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区地下水水化学的时空变异特征与演变规律。揭示了风化溶滤、蒸发浓缩和阳离子交换是控制内蒙古河套灌区地下水质演变的主要水文化学过程。得出了与节水改造前相比,节水改造后HC03在河套灌区地下水中绝对含量由在阴离子中最小变为最大,成为地下水的主要阴离子；节水改造后HC03浓度有所增加,CL"和Na+的浓度有所减少,灌区地下水向着淡化,对作物危害减小的方向转变；节水改造后HC03-在阴离子占主导地位的化学类型多于节水改造前的。
运用7种国内外常用的灌溉水质评价方法评价了节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区地下水水质,分析了地下水水质的变化趋势。指出地下水质有逐年淡化的趋势。
建立了基于Bayes判别分析法的地下水化学类型分类模型,为河套灌区地下水水化学类型评判与分类提供了新的数量化和定量化途径。
(2)以GIS技术为支撑,综合运用地质统计学,聚类分析、描述性统计和表聚系数,系统研究并总结了节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区上中下游不同盐分剖面类型土壤电导率在水平方向和垂直方向的分布特征和规律,应用该规律对各类盐渍剖面的空间分布进行探讨,揭示节水改造前后不同盐分剖面类型土壤电导率分布特征差异和各类盐渍剖面的空间分布差异。得出了节水改造前后灌区上游、中游和下游土壤盐分剖面均可分为均布型和表聚型2类。根据不同土层的相似性,上游和中游区0～100cm的采样层可分为0～20cm和20-100cm两个层次,下游区可分为0～40cm和40～100cm两个层次。通过对比上中下游三个研究区节水改造前后的盐分剖面类型分布,得出节水改造措施的实施,使得研究区盐分剖面类型向均布型发展,且整体上土壤盐分有所降低。
(3)运用随机理论,建立了基于加权马尔科夫链的地下水埋深预测模型,并将模糊集理论中的隶属度和级别特征值引入到模型的建立中来,实现了对灌区地下水埋深具体值的预测,增强了马尔科夫链模型的预测功能。应用遍历定理,预测内蒙古河套灌区上中下游在未来时段内地下水埋深所处区间值。得出了中游区的地下水埋深更多的时候处于[2.380,2.742)区间,下游区的地下水埋深更多的时候处于[2.218,2.506)区间,这两个区间的数值都低于内蒙古河套灌区的临界地下水埋深2.0m,在未来的时间河套灌区中下游的盐渍化有望进一步减轻。而上游区的地下水埋深更多的时候处于[1.227,1.727)区间,此区间的数值高于内蒙古河套灌区的临界地下水埋深2.0m,在未来的时间河套灌区上游是控制地下水埋深的重点区域。
(4)以内蒙古河套灌区中游临河区为例,探讨节水改造后灌区土壤水盐与地下水的内在联系,分析地下水矿化度年内变化规律,揭示出不同埋深水平条件下地下水对土壤含水率的影响以及相同矿化度条件下地下水埋深与土壤含盐量的相关关系。得出了地下水作用对灌区0～100cm深度土壤体积含水率都有影响,并且对60-100cm深度土壤含水率的影响尤为突出；随着地下水埋深水平的变化(浅→中→深),0～100cm各层土壤体积含水率总体逐渐降低。随着水文年的不同(湿润年→干旱年→特别干旱年),在地下水埋深较大条件下的土壤体积含水率值越来越高。在地下水矿化度基本不变的情况下,根层土壤电导率与地下水埋深存在较好的指数关系。在0～20cm20-40cm和40～60cm三个土层中,土壤表层(0-20cm)盐分受地下水埋深的影响最大,土壤表层(0～20cm)土壤含盐量对地下水矿化度变化最敏感。
To the question of Chinese large irrigation area:available water is reduced; effective irrigation area ratio is low; engineering services is old; efficiency of irrigated water is low. Since1998, the country started water saving reform and irrigation district reconstruction project, however, when improving the condition of irrigation, improving the irrigation agricultural comprehensive production capacity, farmland rule of hydrologic cycle in irrigation area is changed. The improving of canal lining、field water-saving and conjunctive use of canal and well technique breaks intrinsic farmland water salt dynamic balance, what take farmland water salt balance and farmland water-environment to change. How will the changing impact irrigation agricultural development, which becomes the focuses of attention. For the above problems, against the background of water saving reform project implementation in the northern large-scale irrigation districts, cold-dry Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia in north China is taken as research, the paper discuss the impact on the irrigation area of water saving reform from groundwater chemistry、soil salinity profile type and its distribution characteristics、groundwater depth and the relationship between soil water and salt and groundwater.
1. The groundwater samples in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia are analyzed scientifically and systemically. then the descriptive statistics, the correlation matrices, the ratio coefficient of the main ions and the graphical method(H. HToJicTHXHHr diagram、the piper diagram and Multi-rectangular diagram are applied to Hetao irrigation area) are used to gain the better understanding of the spatial and the temporal variation of the hydrochemistry characteristics and the evolution laws of groundwater in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia. The followingmain hydro chemical processes are inferred to controll thewater quality of the groundwater system in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform:(1)the weather-dissolution,(2)the evaporative condensation,(3)the ion-exchange reactions, and (4)the mixing of the surface waterwith high salinity. The paper come to the conclusion that after water-saving rehabilitation, bicarbonate ion concentration increase, chloride ion concentration and sodium ion concentration decrease: After water saving reform implemented, the bicarbonate ion become the main cation of groundwater; After water saving reform implemented, the groundwater of the irrigation area is freshening, and its harm for crop weaken; Chemical types that the bicarbonate ion is in leading position are more.
Seven kinds of irrigation methods used at home and abroad are applied to evaluate the groundwater quality in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform. The paper analyse trends in the groundwater quality and come to the the conclusion that groundwater quality is freshening.
The paper establish chemical classification of groundwater model based on Bayes discriminant analysis method, provide the new quantification way for evaluation and classification of chemical classification of groundwate in Hetao irrigation area
2. The study is supported by GIS technology. Geostatistic、the cluster analysis、the descriptive statistics and the accumulation coefficient are used synthetically. Characteristics and regularity of spatial, horizontal and vertical, distribution of soil EC in different salinity profile types on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform were studied and summarized scientifically, and these regularitieswere then used to explore spatial distribution of different salinity profile type. The paper reveals difference from distribution of soil EC in different salinity profile types and spatial distribution of different salinity profile type at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform, meanwhile offers scientific support for fall irrigation. Soil salinity profile on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area could be obviously classified into normal and even. According to the similarity of different soil layers, a soil profile of100cm in depth in upriver and middle reaches area could be divided into two layers,0～20cm,20～100cm:a soil profile of100cm in depth in lower reaches area be divided into two layers,0～40cm,40～100cm. Compared with the distribution of salinity profile types on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform, salinity profile types are toward the even, and the soil salinity reduce integrally, after water saving reform implemented.
3. Using stochastic theory, the prediction of groundwater depth Model Based on Markov Chain with weights was established.The paper introduce memberships and leveled characteristic value of fuzzy set theory into establishment of model, that realized forecast of detailed groundwater depth value, increased function of the model Markov Chain with weights. Using ergodic theorem, the paper forecast the intervalvalue what groundwater depth locate on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia, and point out the key control area of groundwater depth in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia in the future. More Often, the groundwater depth in middle reaches area is between2.380and2.742, and the groundwater depth in lower reaches area is between 2.218and2.506. The value of interval is under critical buried depth of groundwater in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia (2.0m). In the future, the soil Salinization in middle and lower reaches area is alleviated possibly. But more often, the groundater depth in upriver area is between1.227and1.727, In the future, The lower reaches area of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia is key area that is controled.
4. In LinHe area of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia Case, the paper discussed the relation between soil water and salt and groundwater after water saving reform implemented, analysed the changing regularity of mineralization in one year, reveals the impact on the soil water content of groundwater under the different depth level, and the relationship between groundwater depth and soil salt content under the conditions that is the mineralization is same. The paper come to the conclusion that groundater effects have an effect on soil volume moisture content of100cm in depth, and the influence on soil volume moisture content of60-100cm soil layer is more.with the change of groundater depth level, the soil volume moisture content of100cm in depth decreased gradually.with the hydrological year (humid year—drought year—Special drought year) under the condition that groundwater depth was deep, soil volume moisture content increased gradually. Under the condition that Groundwater salinity was unchanged basically, the relationship between soil conductivity of root layer and groundwater depth was exponential relationship. To0～20cm%20～40cm and40～60cm, groundater depth have the biggest effect on salt of topsoil (0～20cm). salt contentof surface soil (0～20cm) was the most sensitive to the change of Groundwater salinity.
(1)通过对内蒙古河套灌区上中下游地下水进行系统取样分析,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、离子比例系数和图解法(将H.H.托尔斯基汉方格图解法、Piper三角图示法和多矩形图解法(MRD)应用于内蒙古河套灌区),全面系统地研究节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区地下水水化学的时空变异特征与演变规律。揭示了风化溶滤、蒸发浓缩和阳离子交换是控制内蒙古河套灌区地下水质演变的主要水文化学过程。得出了与节水改造前相比,节水改造后HC03在河套灌区地下水中绝对含量由在阴离子中最小变为最大,成为地下水的主要阴离子；节水改造后HC03浓度有所增加,CL"和Na+的浓度有所减少,灌区地下水向着淡化,对作物危害减小的方向转变；节水改造后HC03-在阴离子占主导地位的化学类型多于节水改造前的。
运用7种国内外常用的灌溉水质评价方法评价了节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区地下水水质,分析了地下水水质的变化趋势。指出地下水质有逐年淡化的趋势。
建立了基于Bayes判别分析法的地下水化学类型分类模型,为河套灌区地下水水化学类型评判与分类提供了新的数量化和定量化途径。
(2)以GIS技术为支撑,综合运用地质统计学,聚类分析、描述性统计和表聚系数,系统研究并总结了节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区上中下游不同盐分剖面类型土壤电导率在水平方向和垂直方向的分布特征和规律,应用该规律对各类盐渍剖面的空间分布进行探讨,揭示节水改造前后不同盐分剖面类型土壤电导率分布特征差异和各类盐渍剖面的空间分布差异。得出了节水改造前后灌区上游、中游和下游土壤盐分剖面均可分为均布型和表聚型2类。根据不同土层的相似性,上游和中游区0～100cm的采样层可分为0～20cm和20-100cm两个层次,下游区可分为0～40cm和40～100cm两个层次。通过对比上中下游三个研究区节水改造前后的盐分剖面类型分布,得出节水改造措施的实施,使得研究区盐分剖面类型向均布型发展,且整体上土壤盐分有所降低。
(3)运用随机理论,建立了基于加权马尔科夫链的地下水埋深预测模型,并将模糊集理论中的隶属度和级别特征值引入到模型的建立中来,实现了对灌区地下水埋深具体值的预测,增强了马尔科夫链模型的预测功能。应用遍历定理,预测内蒙古河套灌区上中下游在未来时段内地下水埋深所处区间值。得出了中游区的地下水埋深更多的时候处于[2.380,2.742)区间,下游区的地下水埋深更多的时候处于[2.218,2.506)区间,这两个区间的数值都低于内蒙古河套灌区的临界地下水埋深2.0m,在未来的时间河套灌区中下游的盐渍化有望进一步减轻。而上游区的地下水埋深更多的时候处于[1.227,1.727)区间,此区间的数值高于内蒙古河套灌区的临界地下水埋深2.0m,在未来的时间河套灌区上游是控制地下水埋深的重点区域。
(4)以内蒙古河套灌区中游临河区为例,探讨节水改造后灌区土壤水盐与地下水的内在联系,分析地下水矿化度年内变化规律,揭示出不同埋深水平条件下地下水对土壤含水率的影响以及相同矿化度条件下地下水埋深与土壤含盐量的相关关系。得出了地下水作用对灌区0～100cm深度土壤体积含水率都有影响,并且对60-100cm深度土壤含水率的影响尤为突出；随着地下水埋深水平的变化(浅→中→深),0～100cm各层土壤体积含水率总体逐渐降低。随着水文年的不同(湿润年→干旱年→特别干旱年),在地下水埋深较大条件下的土壤体积含水率值越来越高。在地下水矿化度基本不变的情况下,根层土壤电导率与地下水埋深存在较好的指数关系。在0～20cm20-40cm和40～60cm三个土层中,土壤表层(0-20cm)盐分受地下水埋深的影响最大,土壤表层(0～20cm)土壤含盐量对地下水矿化度变化最敏感。
To the question of Chinese large irrigation area:available water is reduced; effective irrigation area ratio is low; engineering services is old; efficiency of irrigated water is low. Since1998, the country started water saving reform and irrigation district reconstruction project, however, when improving the condition of irrigation, improving the irrigation agricultural comprehensive production capacity, farmland rule of hydrologic cycle in irrigation area is changed. The improving of canal lining、field water-saving and conjunctive use of canal and well technique breaks intrinsic farmland water salt dynamic balance, what take farmland water salt balance and farmland water-environment to change. How will the changing impact irrigation agricultural development, which becomes the focuses of attention. For the above problems, against the background of water saving reform project implementation in the northern large-scale irrigation districts, cold-dry Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia in north China is taken as research, the paper discuss the impact on the irrigation area of water saving reform from groundwater chemistry、soil salinity profile type and its distribution characteristics、groundwater depth and the relationship between soil water and salt and groundwater.
1. The groundwater samples in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia are analyzed scientifically and systemically. then the descriptive statistics, the correlation matrices, the ratio coefficient of the main ions and the graphical method(H. HToJicTHXHHr diagram、the piper diagram and Multi-rectangular diagram are applied to Hetao irrigation area) are used to gain the better understanding of the spatial and the temporal variation of the hydrochemistry characteristics and the evolution laws of groundwater in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia. The followingmain hydro chemical processes are inferred to controll thewater quality of the groundwater system in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform:(1)the weather-dissolution,(2)the evaporative condensation,(3)the ion-exchange reactions, and (4)the mixing of the surface waterwith high salinity. The paper come to the conclusion that after water-saving rehabilitation, bicarbonate ion concentration increase, chloride ion concentration and sodium ion concentration decrease: After water saving reform implemented, the bicarbonate ion become the main cation of groundwater; After water saving reform implemented, the groundwater of the irrigation area is freshening, and its harm for crop weaken; Chemical types that the bicarbonate ion is in leading position are more.
Seven kinds of irrigation methods used at home and abroad are applied to evaluate the groundwater quality in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform. The paper analyse trends in the groundwater quality and come to the the conclusion that groundwater quality is freshening.
The paper establish chemical classification of groundwater model based on Bayes discriminant analysis method, provide the new quantification way for evaluation and classification of chemical classification of groundwate in Hetao irrigation area
2. The study is supported by GIS technology. Geostatistic、the cluster analysis、the descriptive statistics and the accumulation coefficient are used synthetically. Characteristics and regularity of spatial, horizontal and vertical, distribution of soil EC in different salinity profile types on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform were studied and summarized scientifically, and these regularitieswere then used to explore spatial distribution of different salinity profile type. The paper reveals difference from distribution of soil EC in different salinity profile types and spatial distribution of different salinity profile type at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform, meanwhile offers scientific support for fall irrigation. Soil salinity profile on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area could be obviously classified into normal and even. According to the similarity of different soil layers, a soil profile of100cm in depth in upriver and middle reaches area could be divided into two layers,0～20cm,20～100cm:a soil profile of100cm in depth in lower reaches area be divided into two layers,0～40cm,40～100cm. Compared with the distribution of salinity profile types on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia at earlier stage and later stage of water saving reform, salinity profile types are toward the even, and the soil salinity reduce integrally, after water saving reform implemented.
3. Using stochastic theory, the prediction of groundwater depth Model Based on Markov Chain with weights was established.The paper introduce memberships and leveled characteristic value of fuzzy set theory into establishment of model, that realized forecast of detailed groundwater depth value, increased function of the model Markov Chain with weights. Using ergodic theorem, the paper forecast the intervalvalue what groundwater depth locate on the middle and lower reaches of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia, and point out the key control area of groundwater depth in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia in the future. More Often, the groundwater depth in middle reaches area is between2.380and2.742, and the groundwater depth in lower reaches area is between 2.218and2.506. The value of interval is under critical buried depth of groundwater in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia (2.0m). In the future, the soil Salinization in middle and lower reaches area is alleviated possibly. But more often, the groundater depth in upriver area is between1.227and1.727, In the future, The lower reaches area of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia is key area that is controled.
4. In LinHe area of Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia Case, the paper discussed the relation between soil water and salt and groundwater after water saving reform implemented, analysed the changing regularity of mineralization in one year, reveals the impact on the soil water content of groundwater under the different depth level, and the relationship between groundwater depth and soil salt content under the conditions that is the mineralization is same. The paper come to the conclusion that groundater effects have an effect on soil volume moisture content of100cm in depth, and the influence on soil volume moisture content of60-100cm soil layer is more.with the change of groundater depth level, the soil volume moisture content of100cm in depth decreased gradually.with the hydrological year (humid year—drought year—Special drought year) under the condition that groundwater depth was deep, soil volume moisture content increased gradually. Under the condition that Groundwater salinity was unchanged basically, the relationship between soil conductivity of root layer and groundwater depth was exponential relationship. To0～20cm%20～40cm and40～60cm, groundater depth have the biggest effect on salt of topsoil (0～20cm). salt contentof surface soil (0～20cm) was the most sensitive to the change of Groundwater salinity.
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