德国城市中心步行区规划策略与绿色交通研究
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摘要
自20世纪90年代以来,城市商业步行街及中心区的规划与改造,一直是中国城市规划领域的热点,如今受到城市规模迅速扩张与机动车地面交通严重拥堵的双重挑战。其实这种状况在战后发达国家城市规划与发展中也曾发生过,有过类似的曲折经历。其中,德国把城市中心步行区作为城市规划的一项策略而大获成功,德国步行区引领城市中心区的规划与实践,被国际城市规划界公认为城市规划与设计的典范。因此,探讨和总结德国城市中心步行区规划的历史经验与基本理念,不仅对于丰富和深化城市规划与设计的理论具有重要的学术价值,而且对于借鉴其经验尝试移植到快速拓展的中国城市中心步行区的规划中具有一定的现实意义。
回顾和梳理战后60余年德国城市中心步行区的发展脉络与历史过程,发现和揭示出步行区与经济社会发展相适应的三个阶段演进过程：德国在工业化发达阶段,才开始商业街的步行化改造；步入后工业社会,城市中心步行区得以迅速扩张；进入可持续发展时代,亦随之迈向步行化城市的新阶段。同时,德国步行区的发展,反过来又改变了城市中心和整个城市的面貌,带动城市、地方和国家的经济发展,乃至成为社会发展阶段的象征。
在明确步行区的基本概念,确认城市中心步行区的基本理念和引进目的的基础上,从步行区的形态、规模与类型,可达性与法规措施等方面阐发了德国城市中心步行区的理论框架。其中最核心的是步行区具有普适价值的基本理念,这就是：坚持步行区的人本性,以步行化作为城市人民的生活方式;强调步行区的可达性,采取便捷的绿色交通方式,使居民自由方便地到城市中心区；推行步行区功能的多样性,在城市的再发现与再创造中,开发和再造城市中心的商业、文化、娱乐、生态功能。
德国城市中心步行区的健康发展,得益于城市中心规划与公共交通规划的有机结合。伴随德国经济社会的发展和步行区在城市中心的扩张,德国城市交通规划策略经历了以便于机动车交通为主,转向快速轨道交通系统(轻轨、地铁和城郊快轨)为主,如今正形成“轨道交通——自行车——步行”一体化的绿色交通系统,使大中城市走向步行化的城市发展之路。在长期理论与实践研究中,德国城市建立了一套多种交通方式综合规划管理的一体化城市绿色交通措施：大力发展城市轨道交通、交通安宁措施、促进自行车发展,加强私人汽车控制与管理。
基于德国4个城市中心步行区和绿色交通系统的案例研究表明,城市中心步行区规划应作为城市总体规划的重要策略,将步行区规划与城市中心规划、交通规划相结合。将城市中心步行区建立在绿色交通系统的可持续发展基础之上,通过对机动车交通的合理限制与控制；促进轨道交通可达性；完善一体化绿色交通系统,最终实现步行化、人性化、生态化城市。
通过对德国斯图加特和中国大连两座城市中心步行区及城交通系统等相关方面的比较,显示表明大连正处于迈向发达工业化的快速发展时期,步行区发展尚处于“商业街步行化”的初级阶段,而城市交通规划也相应处于私人汽车和公共汽车的地面交通主导阶段,与德国存在发展阶段上的巨大差距。然而,从大连由发达工业化阶段向后工业化社会的转变趋势看,大连可以并应当借鉴与移植德国城市中步行区的成功经验,在城市快速扩张和整个城市的空间布局与规划调整中,迅速采取“以绿色交通系统引领的城市中心步行区规划策略”。
Since the 1990s the main concern was the planning and renovation for the shopping pedestrian street in the city centres of China. But now the Chinese city centres are suffering by the large-scale expansion of city and rapid increase of the motorized traffic. Actually, similar problems have been showed in the developed countries of the post-war period. In Germany, Pedestrian precincts, as a well-established planning policy, were boomed in every cities and towns. Planning and practice of German pedestrian precincts is a good model of successful revival of city centre in all over the world. It is worth to explore and summarize the experience and fundamental planning concept of German pedestrian precincts for the theory and practice Chinese urban planning.
Back to the history of pedestrian precincts in the city centres of Germany after post-war over last 60 years, I would like to start by outlining the three development phases of pedestrian precincts with the development of social economy:pedestrianization of shopping street started at the developed industry period; growth of pedestrian precincts in the city center due to the development of post-industrial economies and societies; Pedestrian friendly city respond to the sustainable development period. Pedestrian precincts have drastically changed the appearance of German city centres and have improved the economic development.
The fundamental concept and theory frame can be abstracted from the case study for five German cities. The main ideas of German pedestrian precincts also can be summed up by followed points: pedestrianization as a new lifestyle for the humanized city; improvement of accessibility to city centre in favor of the green transport system; multiplicity of functions (retail,culture, entertainment, leisure and ecology) based on the recreation rediscovering for the identity and traditional value of city centres.
Success of pedestrian precincts in the city centres of Germany is principally due to good combination with the public traffic planning. German urban transport planning policy has been undergoing the changes:orientation by "motorized traffic"-modernization and promotion of public transport,-integration for a "rail-cycling-walking" green transport system. After a long term of practice, a serience of successful instruments of environmental traffic management includes:Public transport, area-ride traffic calming, bicycle use, parking management and pedestrian zone. This strategy aims to encourage and improve the green transport systerm of "rail-cycling-walking".
Strategy of pedestrian precincts planning can be summarized under the case study of the pedestrian precincts and green transport systerm in the four German cities. Pedestrian precincts planning, as a vital strategy for achieving and sustaining sustainable development of city centres, should be combined with urban planning and transport planning. Success of Pedestrian precincts depends on the green transport strategy which provides important approaches:restrictions and control for the motor vehicle transport, accessibility of public transport, promotion of pedestrian and cycle.
Compared to Pedestrian precincts and public transport system of Stuttgart, Dalian located at the elementary stage of "pedestrianization of shopping street", and traffic planning was orientated to the road traffic of private car and bus. However, with the trends from the developed industrial society towards the post-industry society, Dalian should introduce the good Pedestrian Precincts policy and modern rail systems, set up the pedestrian precincts planning strategy based on the "rail-cycling-walking" green transport system.
回顾和梳理战后60余年德国城市中心步行区的发展脉络与历史过程,发现和揭示出步行区与经济社会发展相适应的三个阶段演进过程：德国在工业化发达阶段,才开始商业街的步行化改造；步入后工业社会,城市中心步行区得以迅速扩张；进入可持续发展时代,亦随之迈向步行化城市的新阶段。同时,德国步行区的发展,反过来又改变了城市中心和整个城市的面貌,带动城市、地方和国家的经济发展,乃至成为社会发展阶段的象征。
在明确步行区的基本概念,确认城市中心步行区的基本理念和引进目的的基础上,从步行区的形态、规模与类型,可达性与法规措施等方面阐发了德国城市中心步行区的理论框架。其中最核心的是步行区具有普适价值的基本理念,这就是：坚持步行区的人本性,以步行化作为城市人民的生活方式;强调步行区的可达性,采取便捷的绿色交通方式,使居民自由方便地到城市中心区；推行步行区功能的多样性,在城市的再发现与再创造中,开发和再造城市中心的商业、文化、娱乐、生态功能。
德国城市中心步行区的健康发展,得益于城市中心规划与公共交通规划的有机结合。伴随德国经济社会的发展和步行区在城市中心的扩张,德国城市交通规划策略经历了以便于机动车交通为主,转向快速轨道交通系统(轻轨、地铁和城郊快轨)为主,如今正形成“轨道交通——自行车——步行”一体化的绿色交通系统,使大中城市走向步行化的城市发展之路。在长期理论与实践研究中,德国城市建立了一套多种交通方式综合规划管理的一体化城市绿色交通措施：大力发展城市轨道交通、交通安宁措施、促进自行车发展,加强私人汽车控制与管理。
基于德国4个城市中心步行区和绿色交通系统的案例研究表明,城市中心步行区规划应作为城市总体规划的重要策略,将步行区规划与城市中心规划、交通规划相结合。将城市中心步行区建立在绿色交通系统的可持续发展基础之上,通过对机动车交通的合理限制与控制；促进轨道交通可达性；完善一体化绿色交通系统,最终实现步行化、人性化、生态化城市。
通过对德国斯图加特和中国大连两座城市中心步行区及城交通系统等相关方面的比较,显示表明大连正处于迈向发达工业化的快速发展时期,步行区发展尚处于“商业街步行化”的初级阶段,而城市交通规划也相应处于私人汽车和公共汽车的地面交通主导阶段,与德国存在发展阶段上的巨大差距。然而,从大连由发达工业化阶段向后工业化社会的转变趋势看,大连可以并应当借鉴与移植德国城市中步行区的成功经验,在城市快速扩张和整个城市的空间布局与规划调整中,迅速采取“以绿色交通系统引领的城市中心步行区规划策略”。
Since the 1990s the main concern was the planning and renovation for the shopping pedestrian street in the city centres of China. But now the Chinese city centres are suffering by the large-scale expansion of city and rapid increase of the motorized traffic. Actually, similar problems have been showed in the developed countries of the post-war period. In Germany, Pedestrian precincts, as a well-established planning policy, were boomed in every cities and towns. Planning and practice of German pedestrian precincts is a good model of successful revival of city centre in all over the world. It is worth to explore and summarize the experience and fundamental planning concept of German pedestrian precincts for the theory and practice Chinese urban planning.
Back to the history of pedestrian precincts in the city centres of Germany after post-war over last 60 years, I would like to start by outlining the three development phases of pedestrian precincts with the development of social economy:pedestrianization of shopping street started at the developed industry period; growth of pedestrian precincts in the city center due to the development of post-industrial economies and societies; Pedestrian friendly city respond to the sustainable development period. Pedestrian precincts have drastically changed the appearance of German city centres and have improved the economic development.
The fundamental concept and theory frame can be abstracted from the case study for five German cities. The main ideas of German pedestrian precincts also can be summed up by followed points: pedestrianization as a new lifestyle for the humanized city; improvement of accessibility to city centre in favor of the green transport system; multiplicity of functions (retail,culture, entertainment, leisure and ecology) based on the recreation rediscovering for the identity and traditional value of city centres.
Success of pedestrian precincts in the city centres of Germany is principally due to good combination with the public traffic planning. German urban transport planning policy has been undergoing the changes:orientation by "motorized traffic"-modernization and promotion of public transport,-integration for a "rail-cycling-walking" green transport system. After a long term of practice, a serience of successful instruments of environmental traffic management includes:Public transport, area-ride traffic calming, bicycle use, parking management and pedestrian zone. This strategy aims to encourage and improve the green transport systerm of "rail-cycling-walking".
Strategy of pedestrian precincts planning can be summarized under the case study of the pedestrian precincts and green transport systerm in the four German cities. Pedestrian precincts planning, as a vital strategy for achieving and sustaining sustainable development of city centres, should be combined with urban planning and transport planning. Success of Pedestrian precincts depends on the green transport strategy which provides important approaches:restrictions and control for the motor vehicle transport, accessibility of public transport, promotion of pedestrian and cycle.
Compared to Pedestrian precincts and public transport system of Stuttgart, Dalian located at the elementary stage of "pedestrianization of shopping street", and traffic planning was orientated to the road traffic of private car and bus. However, with the trends from the developed industrial society towards the post-industry society, Dalian should introduce the good Pedestrian Precincts policy and modern rail systems, set up the pedestrian precincts planning strategy based on the "rail-cycling-walking" green transport system.
引文
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