上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员专项能力测试方法的建立与应用
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摘要
研究目的意义
青少年时期是发展与运动成绩紧密相关的力量素质、耐力素质、速度素质和专项技术的关键时期。因此掌握青少年游泳运动员专项能力情况，进而制定针对性训练计划对青少年运动员早日实现在国际赛场上取得优异成绩的目标十分重要。由于技术条件等诸多原因的限制，目前国内对游泳项目专项能力的测试方法比较单一，难以真正发现制约运动成绩提高的多层次原因，对运动训练的指导价值有限。国外相关研究也并不是十分完善，缺乏系统性。因此本研究利用游泳水槽实验室各种先进科研设备，建立青少年自由泳运动员体能和技能的测试方法，同时对运动员阶段训练前后部分专项能力进行纵向测试，力图使运动训练效果的测试与评定更加系统和准确，为教练员挖掘运动员的最大潜能科学安排训练等提供较为系统的专项能力测试与监控手段，有效保障运动员朝着预期目标发展。
研究方法
上海市青少年自由泳运动员36名（男运动员10名，女运动员26名）作为研究对象，均为国家一级水平以上。
运用游泳水槽递增测试方法对运动员的最大摄氧量进行测试和运用Kindermann方法对运动员的乳酸阈进行测试（男运动员7名，女运动员8名）；运用游泳水槽对运动员的有氧代谢能力、最大代谢能力进行测试，推算运动员的无氧代谢能力（男运动员3名，女运动员3名）；运用简易游泳力量测试仪和游泳水槽对运动员的专项力量进行测试（女运动员7名）；运用三线分析系统和能量测试仪对运动员的技术参数和能量消耗进行测试（女运动员8名）。
主要研究结果
1.上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员有氧代谢能力测试方法的建立与应用
1.1上海市青少年自由泳运动员最大摄氧量测试方法的建立
男、女运动员的测试时间均大于8min，两者没有显著性差异（P>0.05）；男、女运动员最大心率均高于180b/min，两者相比没有显著性差异（P>0.05）；男、女运动员测试后即刻乳酸均高于6mmol/L，两者没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。男、女运动员的呼吸商均超过了1.1，两者没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。训练年限相同男、女运动员的相对摄氧量没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。
1.2上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员乳酸阈的研究
男运动员乳酸阈值为3.57±0.43mmol/L，女运动员乳酸阈值为3.1±0.38mmol/L，女运动员乳酸阈值低于男运动员，两者存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。
1.3上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员冬训前后有氧代谢能力变化的监控研究
男运动员冬训后最大摄氧量强度训练成绩提高了0.35s，结果具有显著性差异（P<0.01）。女运动员冬训后的无氧阈强度训练成绩和最大摄氧量强度训练成绩分别提高了0.41s（P<0.01）和0.87s（P<0.01），结果均具有统计学差异；女运动员乳酸阈值提高了0.09mmol/L，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。女运动员冬训后VO2max和相对VO2max比冬训前分别增加了6.68%（P<0.05）和6.43%（P<0.05），两者有显著性差异。冬训后男运动员最大运动时间提高5.74%（P>0.05），女运动员提高10.35%（P<0.05）；男、女运动员通气阈上时间明显延长，男运动员增加22.03%（P<0.05），女运动员增加20.88%（P<0.05），均有显著性差异。
2.上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员无氧代谢能力测试方法的建立与应用
运动员无氧代谢能力存在明显个体差别，其中最高值为18.36ml/(min*kg)，最低值为2.56ml/(min*kg)，均值为12.04ml/(min*kg)；最大代谢能力存在明显个体差异，最高值为79.17ml/(min*kg)，最低值为61.59ml/(min*kg)，均值为71.60ml/(min*kg);最大乳酸存在一定差异，最高值为11.48mmol/L，最低值为7.67mmol/L，均值为9.10mmol/L。
3.上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员专项力量测试方法的建立与应用
简易力量测试表明前10s划手力量，打腿力量，游泳力量与45s总力量的比值分别为24.8%，27.3%，27.0%。后10s划手力量，打腿力量，游泳力量与总力量的比值分别为20.3%，18.0%，18.7%；划手，打腿，游泳前10s与后10s力量之比分别为1.22，1.56和1.45。打腿加划手总力量与游泳力量的最大比值为1.33，最小比值为1.17。运动员划手速度力量、打腿速度力量和游泳速度力量的移动距离分别为14.84m、15.27m和19.02m。运动员划手、打腿和游泳的递增时间分别为65.38s、47.37s和67.37s。50m自由泳成绩与前10s全力划手力量成强相关，并有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与前10s全力打腿成较强相关，但无统计学意义（P>0.05）；与前10s全力游泳成强相关，无统计学意义（P>0.05）。200m自由泳成绩与45s全力划手力量成强相关，无统计学意义（P>0.05）；50m自由泳成绩与水槽划手速度力量成强相关，无统计学意义（P>0.05）；与水槽全力游泳速度力量成强相关，有统计学意义（P<0.05）。200m自由泳成绩与水槽全力递增划手成强相关，有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与水槽全力游泳递增成强相关，并有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
4.上海市青少年自由泳运动员技术动作改进与能量消耗节省化测试方法的建立与应用
经过10个月运动训练，相同速度下，第二次测试划频较第一次明显降低，且差异具有显著性（P<0.01）；第二次测试划幅较第一次明显增加，且差异具有显著性（P<0.01）；运动员第二次测试的技术指数比第一测试的技术指数明显升高，差异具有显著性（P<0.01）；技术分析表明，第二次测试T2时相和T2+T3时相比第一次有所增加，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。在1.16m/s，1.20m/s和1.24m/s速度下，运动员第二次测试摄氧量、摄氧量与体重比值，摄氧量与体重和体表面积乘积比值比第一次测试数值明显降低，差异具有显著性（P <0.01）；在第一次测试与第二次测试的最高完成速度下，运动员第二次测试摄氧量数值、摄氧量与体重比值、摄氧量与体表面积比值摄氧量与体重和体表面积乘积的比值比第一次测试数值明显升高，差异具有显著性（P <0.01）；在可比较的五个速度下，1.16m/s，1.20m/s和1.24m/s速度运动时，第二次Cs明显低于第一次，两者存在显著性差异（P<0.01）。
研究结论与建议
1．上海市男、女青少年自由泳运动员在游泳水槽中进行VO2max测试时，采用1.20m/s和1.16m/s起始速度，每分钟递增0.04m/s的负荷模式是合适的测试方案，测试结果可以准确反映青少年运动员的有氧能力水平。本研究显示，经过冬训女运动员的有氧代谢能力有了明显的提高，但男运动员并没有明显提高，说明冬训中整体的训练手段和周期安排对男运动员有氧代谢能力的作用有限。
2.上海市青少年自由泳运动员无氧代谢能力存在明显个性化差异，通过对运动员无氧代谢能力，有氧代谢能力和最大代谢能力的测试，能清晰的了解运动员能力的薄弱点，为教练员制定个性化的训练计划和科学选材提供参考依据。
3.上海市青少年自由泳运动员在注重力量训练的同时，加强划手和打腿的技术协调性训练对运动成绩提高也有较大作用；上海市青少年自由泳运动员划手力量与运动成绩相关性较强，结合专项成绩与专项力量测试结果可以对运动员训练起到更好的指导作用。
4.上海青少年自由泳运动员经过10个月训练后，技术动作结构改变主要在T2时相和T2+T3时相，动作周期明显延长，划幅明显增加；随着技术改变，青少年自由泳运动员相同速度下能量消耗明显减少，随之运动时间明显增加，运动能力提高。自由泳运动员技术改变对能量消耗的影响要远大于身高，体重等因素带来的影响，定期对青少年自由泳运动员进行技术和能量消耗测试可以更好的掌握运动员能力的变化情况。
Objective
The critical period that is closely related with the performance of the strength,endurance, speed, quality and the special technical development is adolescence inswimming. Therefore, it is very important that mastering special ability of adolescentswimmers and developing targeted training program for young swimmers to achievesuccess in the international games. Due to limitations on the technical conditions andother reasons, the current domestic evaluation method of swimming exercise specialability is single, it is difficult to find the real reason of limitations on improvingathletic performance, which provide limited guidance to the training. The foreignresearches are not very perfect because of the lack of systematic research. In this study,various advanced scientific research equipment in swimming flume laboratory,establishing test methods on physical stamina are utilized and skills in adolescentfreestyle swimmers are executed. Longitudinal observation on the part of the specialability before and after the swimmers training phase is done in order to make theevaluation of the effect of exercise training more systematic and accurate and havemore guidance value for sports training, which is meaningful exploration in selectionof freestyle swimmers. Through this study, we will provide the special ability test andmonitoring methods systematically for swimmers to identify the maximumproficiency and coaches to arrange scientific training, which will effectively ensurethat the swimmers will develop towards the expected goals.
Methods
Thirty six adolescent freestyle swimmers (male10, female26) in Shanghai areselected as object in this study, and all of them reach the national one-level.
Swimmer's VO2max is tested by swimming flume incremental test methods, andthe lactate threshold for athletes is tested by Kindermann method(male7, female8).Swimmer's aerobic capacity and maximum capacity are tested by use of swimmingflume, and then anaerobic capacity of athletes is calculated(male3, female3). Specialstrength of athletes is tested by simple swimming strength tester and swimmingflume(female7). Technology parameters on the athletes and the energy consumptionare tested by the use of three line system test methods(female8), and then methods ofcontroling for adolescent swimmer’s aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, specificstrength and technical economy are gradually established.
Results
1. Testing methods and their application on aerobic metabolic capability of eliteadolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
1.1Establishing of VO2max test methods in adolescent freestyle swimmers
The test time in male swimmers and female swimmers are more than8min, butthere are no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). The max heartrate in male swimmers and female swimmers are more than180, and there are nosignificant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). The immediate lactic acidafter test in male swimmersand female swimmers are more than6mmol/L, and thereare no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).There are nosignificanct differences between the two groups in relative VO2max(P>0.05).Respiratory quotient in male swimmers and female swimmers are more than1.1, butthere are no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).
1.2Study of lactate threshold of elite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
Lactate threshold in male swimmers is3.57±0.43mmol/L and that in femalteswimmers is3.1±0.38mmol/L, and there are significant differences between the twogroups（P<0.05）.
1.3Study of changes in aerobic metabolic capacity monitoring before and after thewinter training of the elite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
The result of VO2max intensity training in male swimmers is increased by0.35,there are significant differences before and after training (P<0.01). The results ofanaerobic threshold intensity training in female swimmers is increased by0.41seconds and VO2max intensity training in female swimmers is increased by0.87, andthere are significant differences before and after training(P<0.01). Lactate threshold infemale swimmers is increased by0.09mmol/L, and there are significant differencesbefore and after training（P<0.05）.
After the winter training, VO2max in male swimmers and female swimmers areindividually increased by2.46%(P>0.05) and6.68%(P<0.05), and relative VO2maxare individually increased by2.41%(P>0.05) and6.43%(P<0.05). After the wintertraining, max swimming duration in female swimmer is significantly increased(10.35%, P<0.05). Ventilatory threshold up time in male swimmer and femaleswimmer are individually increased by22.03%and20.88%, and there are significantdifferences between before and after training(P <0.05).
2. Testing methods and their application on anaerobic metabolic capability ofelite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
There are great differences in anaerobic capacity, and the highest is18.36ml/(min*kg) and the lowest is2.56ml/(min*kg), and the mean is12.04ml/(min*kg).The highest of maximum capacity is79.17ml/(min*kg) and the lowest is61.59ml/(min*kg), and the mean is71.60ml/(min*kg). The highest of max lactate is11.48mmol/L and the lowest is7.67mmol/L, and the mean is9.10mmol/L.
3. Testing methods and their application on special strength of elite adolescentfreestyle swimmers in Shanghai
The ratios of the pulling, kicking, swimming force in the first10seconds and thetotal force of45seconds total force are0.248,0.273,0.27indibidually; and the ratios of the pulling, kicking, swimming force in the last10seconds of total force are0.203,0.18,0.187individually; the ratios of the pulling, kicking, swimming force in the last10seconds and the last10seconds are1.22,1.56,1.45individually. The maximumratio of total kicking and pulling force and swimming force is1.33, and the minimumratio is1.17.The swimming distance of pulling force in swimmers is14.84m, and themobile distance of kicking force is15.27m, and the mobile distance of swimmingforce is19.02m. The increasing time of pulling is65.38s, and the increasing time ofkicking is47.37s, and the increasing time of swimming is67.36s.
There is a strong correlation between results of50m freestyle and the pullingforce in the first10seconds and there is statistical significance(P<0.05). There is acorrelation between results of50m freestyle and the kicking force in the first10seconds, but there is no statistical significance(P>0.05). There is a strong correlationbetween results of50m freestyle and the swimming force in the first10seconds, butthere is no statistical significance(P>0.05). There is a correlation between results of200m freestyle and the pulling force of45seconds and there is no statisticalsignificance(P>0.05). There is a strong correlation between results of50m freestyleand the pulling speed force in the flume, but there is no statistical significance(P>0.05). There is a strong correlation between results of50m freestyle and theswimming speed force in the flume, and there is statistical significance. There is astrong correlation between results of200m freestyle and the increasing pulling forcein the flume, and there is statistical significance. There is a strong correlation betweenresults of200m freestyle and the increasing swimming force in the flume, and there isstatistical significance.
4. Testing methods and their application on technical modification and energycost economy of elite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
After10months of training, the stroke frequency in the second test at the samevelocity is lower than that in the first test, and there is significant difference betweentwo tests (P<0.01). The stroke length and technical index in the second test is higherthan that in the first test, and there is significant difference between two tests (P<0.01).T2phase and T2+T3phase in the second test is increased compared with that in thefirst test, and the difference is significant (P<0.05). At speeds of1.16m/s,1.20m/s and1.24m/s, numerical values of oxygen uptake, ratios of oxygen uptake and bodyweight, ratios of oxygen uptake and body surface area and ratios of oxygen uptakeand the product of body weight and body surface area in the second test are lowerthan that in the first test, and the differences are significant (P<0.01). Ratios ofoxygen uptake and body weight, ratios of oxygen uptake and body surface area andratios of oxygen uptake and the product of body weight and body surface area in thesecond test are lower than that in the first test, and the differences are significant(P<0.01). At the highest speed in the second test, numerical values of oxygen uptake,ratios of oxygen uptake and body weight, ratios of oxygen uptake and body surfacearea and ratios of oxygen uptake and the product of body weight and body surfacearea in the second test are increased compared with that in the first test, and thedifferences are significant (P<0.01). Among five comparable speeds, numerical values of oxygen uptake at speeds of1.16m/s,1.20m/s and1.24m/s in the second test arelower than that in the first test, and the differences are significant (P<0.01).
Conclusions and recommendations
1. When VO2max in s is examined in swimming flume, the test program usingstarting speed of1.20m/s and1.16m/s and load mode of the0.04m/s in per minuteincrements is suitable for adolscent freestyle swimmers, and the test results can reflectthe level of aerobic capacity.During the winter training, aerobic capacity in femaleswimmers is been significantly improved, but there is no significant change in themale swimmers, which shows that methods and training arrangement in the wintertraining play a limited role on aerobic capacity.
2. There is individual difference in anaerobic capacity of young swimmers, weakpoints can be clearly understood through the anaerobic capacity, aerobic capacity andmaximum capacity tests, which can provide meaningful reference for the coaches tomaking the individual training plan and select swimmers.
3. A good coordination of pulling and kicking will play a large role on improvingthe performance. Correlation between special strength of adolescent freestyleswimmer and results in50m and200m shows that there is a strong correlationbetween special strength of adolescent freestyle swimmer and performance. Thecombination of the specific performance and results of specific strength test will givebetter guidance for coaches.
4. After ten months training, changes of structure of the technical movement inadolescent Freestyle swimmer consist in T2phase and T2+T3phase. Movement cycleis prolonged and stroke length is increased. With the changes of technology, energyconsumption of adolescent freestyle swimmer is decreased and exercise time isincreased, and exercise ability is improved. When technical is changed in freestyleswimmers, effects on energy consumption is much higher than the influence of height,weight and other factors. So adolescent freestyle swimmers should pay specialattention to strengthening the technical training, and regular tests in technology andenergy consumption can better grasp the swimmers' changes of ability.
青少年时期是发展与运动成绩紧密相关的力量素质、耐力素质、速度素质和专项技术的关键时期。因此掌握青少年游泳运动员专项能力情况，进而制定针对性训练计划对青少年运动员早日实现在国际赛场上取得优异成绩的目标十分重要。由于技术条件等诸多原因的限制，目前国内对游泳项目专项能力的测试方法比较单一，难以真正发现制约运动成绩提高的多层次原因，对运动训练的指导价值有限。国外相关研究也并不是十分完善，缺乏系统性。因此本研究利用游泳水槽实验室各种先进科研设备，建立青少年自由泳运动员体能和技能的测试方法，同时对运动员阶段训练前后部分专项能力进行纵向测试，力图使运动训练效果的测试与评定更加系统和准确，为教练员挖掘运动员的最大潜能科学安排训练等提供较为系统的专项能力测试与监控手段，有效保障运动员朝着预期目标发展。
研究方法
上海市青少年自由泳运动员36名（男运动员10名，女运动员26名）作为研究对象，均为国家一级水平以上。
运用游泳水槽递增测试方法对运动员的最大摄氧量进行测试和运用Kindermann方法对运动员的乳酸阈进行测试（男运动员7名，女运动员8名）；运用游泳水槽对运动员的有氧代谢能力、最大代谢能力进行测试，推算运动员的无氧代谢能力（男运动员3名，女运动员3名）；运用简易游泳力量测试仪和游泳水槽对运动员的专项力量进行测试（女运动员7名）；运用三线分析系统和能量测试仪对运动员的技术参数和能量消耗进行测试（女运动员8名）。
主要研究结果
1.上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员有氧代谢能力测试方法的建立与应用
1.1上海市青少年自由泳运动员最大摄氧量测试方法的建立
男、女运动员的测试时间均大于8min，两者没有显著性差异（P>0.05）；男、女运动员最大心率均高于180b/min，两者相比没有显著性差异（P>0.05）；男、女运动员测试后即刻乳酸均高于6mmol/L，两者没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。男、女运动员的呼吸商均超过了1.1，两者没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。训练年限相同男、女运动员的相对摄氧量没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。
1.2上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员乳酸阈的研究
男运动员乳酸阈值为3.57±0.43mmol/L，女运动员乳酸阈值为3.1±0.38mmol/L，女运动员乳酸阈值低于男运动员，两者存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。
1.3上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员冬训前后有氧代谢能力变化的监控研究
男运动员冬训后最大摄氧量强度训练成绩提高了0.35s，结果具有显著性差异（P<0.01）。女运动员冬训后的无氧阈强度训练成绩和最大摄氧量强度训练成绩分别提高了0.41s（P<0.01）和0.87s（P<0.01），结果均具有统计学差异；女运动员乳酸阈值提高了0.09mmol/L，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。女运动员冬训后VO2max和相对VO2max比冬训前分别增加了6.68%（P<0.05）和6.43%（P<0.05），两者有显著性差异。冬训后男运动员最大运动时间提高5.74%（P>0.05），女运动员提高10.35%（P<0.05）；男、女运动员通气阈上时间明显延长，男运动员增加22.03%（P<0.05），女运动员增加20.88%（P<0.05），均有显著性差异。
2.上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员无氧代谢能力测试方法的建立与应用
运动员无氧代谢能力存在明显个体差别，其中最高值为18.36ml/(min*kg)，最低值为2.56ml/(min*kg)，均值为12.04ml/(min*kg)；最大代谢能力存在明显个体差异，最高值为79.17ml/(min*kg)，最低值为61.59ml/(min*kg)，均值为71.60ml/(min*kg);最大乳酸存在一定差异，最高值为11.48mmol/L，最低值为7.67mmol/L，均值为9.10mmol/L。
3.上海市优秀青少年自由泳运动员专项力量测试方法的建立与应用
简易力量测试表明前10s划手力量，打腿力量，游泳力量与45s总力量的比值分别为24.8%，27.3%，27.0%。后10s划手力量，打腿力量，游泳力量与总力量的比值分别为20.3%，18.0%，18.7%；划手，打腿，游泳前10s与后10s力量之比分别为1.22，1.56和1.45。打腿加划手总力量与游泳力量的最大比值为1.33，最小比值为1.17。运动员划手速度力量、打腿速度力量和游泳速度力量的移动距离分别为14.84m、15.27m和19.02m。运动员划手、打腿和游泳的递增时间分别为65.38s、47.37s和67.37s。50m自由泳成绩与前10s全力划手力量成强相关，并有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与前10s全力打腿成较强相关，但无统计学意义（P>0.05）；与前10s全力游泳成强相关，无统计学意义（P>0.05）。200m自由泳成绩与45s全力划手力量成强相关，无统计学意义（P>0.05）；50m自由泳成绩与水槽划手速度力量成强相关，无统计学意义（P>0.05）；与水槽全力游泳速度力量成强相关，有统计学意义（P<0.05）。200m自由泳成绩与水槽全力递增划手成强相关，有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与水槽全力游泳递增成强相关，并有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
4.上海市青少年自由泳运动员技术动作改进与能量消耗节省化测试方法的建立与应用
经过10个月运动训练，相同速度下，第二次测试划频较第一次明显降低，且差异具有显著性（P<0.01）；第二次测试划幅较第一次明显增加，且差异具有显著性（P<0.01）；运动员第二次测试的技术指数比第一测试的技术指数明显升高，差异具有显著性（P<0.01）；技术分析表明，第二次测试T2时相和T2+T3时相比第一次有所增加，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。在1.16m/s，1.20m/s和1.24m/s速度下，运动员第二次测试摄氧量、摄氧量与体重比值，摄氧量与体重和体表面积乘积比值比第一次测试数值明显降低，差异具有显著性（P <0.01）；在第一次测试与第二次测试的最高完成速度下，运动员第二次测试摄氧量数值、摄氧量与体重比值、摄氧量与体表面积比值摄氧量与体重和体表面积乘积的比值比第一次测试数值明显升高，差异具有显著性（P <0.01）；在可比较的五个速度下，1.16m/s，1.20m/s和1.24m/s速度运动时，第二次Cs明显低于第一次，两者存在显著性差异（P<0.01）。
研究结论与建议
1．上海市男、女青少年自由泳运动员在游泳水槽中进行VO2max测试时，采用1.20m/s和1.16m/s起始速度，每分钟递增0.04m/s的负荷模式是合适的测试方案，测试结果可以准确反映青少年运动员的有氧能力水平。本研究显示，经过冬训女运动员的有氧代谢能力有了明显的提高，但男运动员并没有明显提高，说明冬训中整体的训练手段和周期安排对男运动员有氧代谢能力的作用有限。
2.上海市青少年自由泳运动员无氧代谢能力存在明显个性化差异，通过对运动员无氧代谢能力，有氧代谢能力和最大代谢能力的测试，能清晰的了解运动员能力的薄弱点，为教练员制定个性化的训练计划和科学选材提供参考依据。
3.上海市青少年自由泳运动员在注重力量训练的同时，加强划手和打腿的技术协调性训练对运动成绩提高也有较大作用；上海市青少年自由泳运动员划手力量与运动成绩相关性较强，结合专项成绩与专项力量测试结果可以对运动员训练起到更好的指导作用。
4.上海青少年自由泳运动员经过10个月训练后，技术动作结构改变主要在T2时相和T2+T3时相，动作周期明显延长，划幅明显增加；随着技术改变，青少年自由泳运动员相同速度下能量消耗明显减少，随之运动时间明显增加，运动能力提高。自由泳运动员技术改变对能量消耗的影响要远大于身高，体重等因素带来的影响，定期对青少年自由泳运动员进行技术和能量消耗测试可以更好的掌握运动员能力的变化情况。
Objective
The critical period that is closely related with the performance of the strength,endurance, speed, quality and the special technical development is adolescence inswimming. Therefore, it is very important that mastering special ability of adolescentswimmers and developing targeted training program for young swimmers to achievesuccess in the international games. Due to limitations on the technical conditions andother reasons, the current domestic evaluation method of swimming exercise specialability is single, it is difficult to find the real reason of limitations on improvingathletic performance, which provide limited guidance to the training. The foreignresearches are not very perfect because of the lack of systematic research. In this study,various advanced scientific research equipment in swimming flume laboratory,establishing test methods on physical stamina are utilized and skills in adolescentfreestyle swimmers are executed. Longitudinal observation on the part of the specialability before and after the swimmers training phase is done in order to make theevaluation of the effect of exercise training more systematic and accurate and havemore guidance value for sports training, which is meaningful exploration in selectionof freestyle swimmers. Through this study, we will provide the special ability test andmonitoring methods systematically for swimmers to identify the maximumproficiency and coaches to arrange scientific training, which will effectively ensurethat the swimmers will develop towards the expected goals.
Methods
Thirty six adolescent freestyle swimmers (male10, female26) in Shanghai areselected as object in this study, and all of them reach the national one-level.
Swimmer's VO2max is tested by swimming flume incremental test methods, andthe lactate threshold for athletes is tested by Kindermann method(male7, female8).Swimmer's aerobic capacity and maximum capacity are tested by use of swimmingflume, and then anaerobic capacity of athletes is calculated(male3, female3). Specialstrength of athletes is tested by simple swimming strength tester and swimmingflume(female7). Technology parameters on the athletes and the energy consumptionare tested by the use of three line system test methods(female8), and then methods ofcontroling for adolescent swimmer’s aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, specificstrength and technical economy are gradually established.
Results
1. Testing methods and their application on aerobic metabolic capability of eliteadolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
1.1Establishing of VO2max test methods in adolescent freestyle swimmers
The test time in male swimmers and female swimmers are more than8min, butthere are no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). The max heartrate in male swimmers and female swimmers are more than180, and there are nosignificant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). The immediate lactic acidafter test in male swimmersand female swimmers are more than6mmol/L, and thereare no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).There are nosignificanct differences between the two groups in relative VO2max(P>0.05).Respiratory quotient in male swimmers and female swimmers are more than1.1, butthere are no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).
1.2Study of lactate threshold of elite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
Lactate threshold in male swimmers is3.57±0.43mmol/L and that in femalteswimmers is3.1±0.38mmol/L, and there are significant differences between the twogroups（P<0.05）.
1.3Study of changes in aerobic metabolic capacity monitoring before and after thewinter training of the elite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
The result of VO2max intensity training in male swimmers is increased by0.35,there are significant differences before and after training (P<0.01). The results ofanaerobic threshold intensity training in female swimmers is increased by0.41seconds and VO2max intensity training in female swimmers is increased by0.87, andthere are significant differences before and after training(P<0.01). Lactate threshold infemale swimmers is increased by0.09mmol/L, and there are significant differencesbefore and after training（P<0.05）.
After the winter training, VO2max in male swimmers and female swimmers areindividually increased by2.46%(P>0.05) and6.68%(P<0.05), and relative VO2maxare individually increased by2.41%(P>0.05) and6.43%(P<0.05). After the wintertraining, max swimming duration in female swimmer is significantly increased(10.35%, P<0.05). Ventilatory threshold up time in male swimmer and femaleswimmer are individually increased by22.03%and20.88%, and there are significantdifferences between before and after training(P <0.05).
2. Testing methods and their application on anaerobic metabolic capability ofelite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
There are great differences in anaerobic capacity, and the highest is18.36ml/(min*kg) and the lowest is2.56ml/(min*kg), and the mean is12.04ml/(min*kg).The highest of maximum capacity is79.17ml/(min*kg) and the lowest is61.59ml/(min*kg), and the mean is71.60ml/(min*kg). The highest of max lactate is11.48mmol/L and the lowest is7.67mmol/L, and the mean is9.10mmol/L.
3. Testing methods and their application on special strength of elite adolescentfreestyle swimmers in Shanghai
The ratios of the pulling, kicking, swimming force in the first10seconds and thetotal force of45seconds total force are0.248,0.273,0.27indibidually; and the ratios of the pulling, kicking, swimming force in the last10seconds of total force are0.203,0.18,0.187individually; the ratios of the pulling, kicking, swimming force in the last10seconds and the last10seconds are1.22,1.56,1.45individually. The maximumratio of total kicking and pulling force and swimming force is1.33, and the minimumratio is1.17.The swimming distance of pulling force in swimmers is14.84m, and themobile distance of kicking force is15.27m, and the mobile distance of swimmingforce is19.02m. The increasing time of pulling is65.38s, and the increasing time ofkicking is47.37s, and the increasing time of swimming is67.36s.
There is a strong correlation between results of50m freestyle and the pullingforce in the first10seconds and there is statistical significance(P<0.05). There is acorrelation between results of50m freestyle and the kicking force in the first10seconds, but there is no statistical significance(P>0.05). There is a strong correlationbetween results of50m freestyle and the swimming force in the first10seconds, butthere is no statistical significance(P>0.05). There is a correlation between results of200m freestyle and the pulling force of45seconds and there is no statisticalsignificance(P>0.05). There is a strong correlation between results of50m freestyleand the pulling speed force in the flume, but there is no statistical significance(P>0.05). There is a strong correlation between results of50m freestyle and theswimming speed force in the flume, and there is statistical significance. There is astrong correlation between results of200m freestyle and the increasing pulling forcein the flume, and there is statistical significance. There is a strong correlation betweenresults of200m freestyle and the increasing swimming force in the flume, and there isstatistical significance.
4. Testing methods and their application on technical modification and energycost economy of elite adolescent freestyle swimmers in Shanghai
After10months of training, the stroke frequency in the second test at the samevelocity is lower than that in the first test, and there is significant difference betweentwo tests (P<0.01). The stroke length and technical index in the second test is higherthan that in the first test, and there is significant difference between two tests (P<0.01).T2phase and T2+T3phase in the second test is increased compared with that in thefirst test, and the difference is significant (P<0.05). At speeds of1.16m/s,1.20m/s and1.24m/s, numerical values of oxygen uptake, ratios of oxygen uptake and bodyweight, ratios of oxygen uptake and body surface area and ratios of oxygen uptakeand the product of body weight and body surface area in the second test are lowerthan that in the first test, and the differences are significant (P<0.01). Ratios ofoxygen uptake and body weight, ratios of oxygen uptake and body surface area andratios of oxygen uptake and the product of body weight and body surface area in thesecond test are lower than that in the first test, and the differences are significant(P<0.01). At the highest speed in the second test, numerical values of oxygen uptake,ratios of oxygen uptake and body weight, ratios of oxygen uptake and body surfacearea and ratios of oxygen uptake and the product of body weight and body surfacearea in the second test are increased compared with that in the first test, and thedifferences are significant (P<0.01). Among five comparable speeds, numerical values of oxygen uptake at speeds of1.16m/s,1.20m/s and1.24m/s in the second test arelower than that in the first test, and the differences are significant (P<0.01).
Conclusions and recommendations
1. When VO2max in s is examined in swimming flume, the test program usingstarting speed of1.20m/s and1.16m/s and load mode of the0.04m/s in per minuteincrements is suitable for adolscent freestyle swimmers, and the test results can reflectthe level of aerobic capacity.During the winter training, aerobic capacity in femaleswimmers is been significantly improved, but there is no significant change in themale swimmers, which shows that methods and training arrangement in the wintertraining play a limited role on aerobic capacity.
2. There is individual difference in anaerobic capacity of young swimmers, weakpoints can be clearly understood through the anaerobic capacity, aerobic capacity andmaximum capacity tests, which can provide meaningful reference for the coaches tomaking the individual training plan and select swimmers.
3. A good coordination of pulling and kicking will play a large role on improvingthe performance. Correlation between special strength of adolescent freestyleswimmer and results in50m and200m shows that there is a strong correlationbetween special strength of adolescent freestyle swimmer and performance. Thecombination of the specific performance and results of specific strength test will givebetter guidance for coaches.
4. After ten months training, changes of structure of the technical movement inadolescent Freestyle swimmer consist in T2phase and T2+T3phase. Movement cycleis prolonged and stroke length is increased. With the changes of technology, energyconsumption of adolescent freestyle swimmer is decreased and exercise time isincreased, and exercise ability is improved. When technical is changed in freestyleswimmers, effects on energy consumption is much higher than the influence of height,weight and other factors. So adolescent freestyle swimmers should pay specialattention to strengthening the technical training, and regular tests in technology andenergy consumption can better grasp the swimmers' changes of ability.
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