国外力量训练研究知识网络的结构及演化特征
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摘要
力量是人体维持正常工作生活状态、提升生命质量和从事体育锻炼的最基本素质，更是竞技运动员获取优异运动成绩的根本保障。力量训练的根本目的就是要保持、提高各类人群的力量能力或延缓其衰退的速度，以满足人们提高工作绩效、生活质量和运动成绩的社会需求，而这一目的的实现则有赖于科学研究人员对力量训练科学规律的持续探索和实践。国外力量训练研究历经了百年发展历程，生产了众多的研究成果，对人们深刻地认识力量训练的本质规律，探索科学的力量训练方法手段，提高运动成绩和生命质量，均起到了巨大的推动作用。
然而，在盛赞力量训练研究的同仁们为人类知识宝库的丰富和完善作出巨大贡献的同时，却忽略了对力量训练科学研究自身发展特征和规律的挖掘与总结。他山之石，可以攻玉。对国外力量训练科学研究规律与特点的认识和把握，不仅有利于人们了解国外力量训练科学研究的时空分布特征和发展的历史脉络，洞悉相关知识的增长演化规律，透视国外力量训练研究热点前沿的形成与演进轨迹和未来发展趋势，而且可在一定程度上丰富和充实我国力量训练理论方法体系，为我国力量训练研究领域的知识生产和创新提供新思路，并可为相关科研管理部门制定科研规划提供参考借鉴。因此，以知识网络理论、科学动力学理论、科研合作理论等为理论基础，运用科学计量学、社会网络分析等学科的先进技术和方法，借助知识图谱的可视化功能，对国外力量训练研究的海量科技文献（论文）进行全景式扫描，进而构建多层次、多维度的国外力量训练研究知识网络，探索其结构形成与演化的特征及动力因素，识别对领域发展贡献突出的个体和群体要素，无疑具有较高的理论意义和应用价值。研究得出的主要结论如下：
（1）国外力量训练研究历经百年目前正处快速发展期，研究成果的国家/地区分布、作者分布、学科分布、机构分布等均具集中与离散并存的非均衡特征。
（2）国外力量训练研究知识网络由知识主体网络、知识载体网络和知识本体网络所构成，其实质分别是科研合作网络、知识传播网络和知识内容网络；不同类型（层次）知识网络构成要素自身规模的扩张均遵循指数增长规律。
（3）不同类型（层次）的知识网络，无论从静态还是动态视角考察，多为具有小世界性质，且正处向无标度网络演化过程之中的SED网络。网络中长程链接的建立、网络规模的加速增长和节点间建立链接时随机选择与优先选择取向的共存，是其形成与演化过程中共同遵循的过程机制，但驱动网络演化的动力异同并存。
（4）不同层次知识主体网络和知识载体网络基本遵循“孤岛型——双核型——单核心复杂网络——多中心复杂网络”的路径演化，而知识本体网络则沿“单核心复杂网络——双核心复杂网络——多中心复杂网络”的路径演进。
（5）国外力量训练研究的内容主要围绕机体对抗阻力量训练的反应与适应这一主轴展开，并分化出众多相对独立又相互关联的研究主题。主题间呈现为重点相对突出，涉及范围广泛的特点，且仍处不断分化与融合过程之中。不同视角、不同时段国外力量训练研究的重点和热点前沿论题既有一定的重叠性和连续性，同时也具有发展性和递进性，整体上因循水平演化、垂直演化和协同演化3种演化模式演进。
The physical strength is not only the most basic quality of the humanbody to maintain normal work and life state, promote life quality and takepart in physical exercise, but also the fundamental guarantee for the athletesto gain excellent athletic performance. And the fundamental goal of strengthtraining is to maintain and improve the strength capability of variouspopulations or delay its declining speed so as to meet the social needs of thepeople to improve work efficiency, life quality and athletic performance.While the realization of this goal relies on researchers’ continuousexploration and practice on the laws of strength training. Especially,overseas strength training researches has gone through centennialdevelopment and produced many research results, which enormouslypromoted profound understanding of the fundamental law of strengthtraining, exploration of scientific strength training methods andimprovement of the athletic performance and the quality of life.
However, exploration and summarization of the developmentcharacteristics and laws of the strength training researches has beenneglected while great contribution made by the strength training researcherto enrichment and perfection of the human thesaurus was highly praised.Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one.Understanding and grasp of the laws and characteristics of overseas strengthtraining researches not only benefit us to know its spatial and temporaldistribution characteristics and the historical context of its development,know clearly the increase and evolution laws of related knowledge and seethrough the formation and evolution track of its research hotspots andfrontiers and its development tendency, but also enrich the strength trainingtheoretical method system in China to some extent, offer new thoughts toknowledge production and innovation of the strength training study fieldand provide reference for related scientific research administrativedepartment to formulate scientific research planning. Consequently, bytaking knowledge network theory, scientific dynamic theory and scientificresearch cooperation theory as the theoretical basis, by using advancedtechnology and method of scientometrics and social network analysis, byscanning mass scientific and technical literatures (theses) on overseas strength training researches and with the help of mapping knowledgedomain, there is no doubt that construction of multilevel andmulti-dimensional knowledge network of overseas strength trainingresearches and exploration of its formation and evolution process,characteristics and inner mechanism have higher theoretical significanceand application value. Main conclusions of this study are as follows:
(1) Overseas strength training researches has experienced a relativelylong history of over one hundred years and is at a rapid development periodnow. The national (regional) distribution, author distribution, subjectdistribution and organization distribution of the research results show thecharacteristic of imbalance, with centralization and dispersion coexisted.
(2)Overseas strength training researches have formed a morecomplicated knowledge network, mainly divided into knowledge agentnetwork, knowledge carrier network and knowledge ontology network. Inessence, the knowledge agent network is a scientific research cooperationnetwork, the knowledge carrier network is a knowledge communicationnetwork and the knowledge ontology network is knowledge content network.The scale of elements in different types (levels) of knowledge network stillshows exponential growth.
(3) The different types (levels) of knowledge network of overseasstrength training researches, from the angle of both static and dynamicviews, are SED network with the character of small-world network andevolving into the scale-free network. Existence of middle-long-range link inthe network, accelerated growth of the network size and cooccurrence ofrandom and priority selection orientations in links among nodal points arethe formation and evolution process mechanism of the three types ofknowledge networks of overseas strength training researches, butsimilarities and differences coexist in the driving force for evolution of thenetwork.
(4) The different levels of knowledge agent network and knowledgecarrier network of overseas strength training researches basicly follow theevolution route of “isolated island model-binuclear model-mononuclearcomplex network-multi-center complex network”, while the knowledgeontology network follows the route of “mononuclear complexnetwork-binuclear complex network-multinuclear complex network”.
(5) The content of overseas strength training mainly focus on reactionand adaptation of organism resistance training and many relativelyindependent and correlative research themes are differentiated from it. The research themes show relatively prominent highlights, cover a wide rangeand are in a continuous differentiation and fusion process. Competitivestrength training is at a relatively marginal position in overseas strengthtraining study field, but covers a broad range of study. The highlights andhotspot frontiers of overseas strength training researches at different visualangles and in different periods possess the characteristics of overlapping,continuity, expansibility and progressivity, with evolution followinghorizontal, vertical and cooperative evolution models.
然而，在盛赞力量训练研究的同仁们为人类知识宝库的丰富和完善作出巨大贡献的同时，却忽略了对力量训练科学研究自身发展特征和规律的挖掘与总结。他山之石，可以攻玉。对国外力量训练科学研究规律与特点的认识和把握，不仅有利于人们了解国外力量训练科学研究的时空分布特征和发展的历史脉络，洞悉相关知识的增长演化规律，透视国外力量训练研究热点前沿的形成与演进轨迹和未来发展趋势，而且可在一定程度上丰富和充实我国力量训练理论方法体系，为我国力量训练研究领域的知识生产和创新提供新思路，并可为相关科研管理部门制定科研规划提供参考借鉴。因此，以知识网络理论、科学动力学理论、科研合作理论等为理论基础，运用科学计量学、社会网络分析等学科的先进技术和方法，借助知识图谱的可视化功能，对国外力量训练研究的海量科技文献（论文）进行全景式扫描，进而构建多层次、多维度的国外力量训练研究知识网络，探索其结构形成与演化的特征及动力因素，识别对领域发展贡献突出的个体和群体要素，无疑具有较高的理论意义和应用价值。研究得出的主要结论如下：
（1）国外力量训练研究历经百年目前正处快速发展期，研究成果的国家/地区分布、作者分布、学科分布、机构分布等均具集中与离散并存的非均衡特征。
（2）国外力量训练研究知识网络由知识主体网络、知识载体网络和知识本体网络所构成，其实质分别是科研合作网络、知识传播网络和知识内容网络；不同类型（层次）知识网络构成要素自身规模的扩张均遵循指数增长规律。
（3）不同类型（层次）的知识网络，无论从静态还是动态视角考察，多为具有小世界性质，且正处向无标度网络演化过程之中的SED网络。网络中长程链接的建立、网络规模的加速增长和节点间建立链接时随机选择与优先选择取向的共存，是其形成与演化过程中共同遵循的过程机制，但驱动网络演化的动力异同并存。
（4）不同层次知识主体网络和知识载体网络基本遵循“孤岛型——双核型——单核心复杂网络——多中心复杂网络”的路径演化，而知识本体网络则沿“单核心复杂网络——双核心复杂网络——多中心复杂网络”的路径演进。
（5）国外力量训练研究的内容主要围绕机体对抗阻力量训练的反应与适应这一主轴展开，并分化出众多相对独立又相互关联的研究主题。主题间呈现为重点相对突出，涉及范围广泛的特点，且仍处不断分化与融合过程之中。不同视角、不同时段国外力量训练研究的重点和热点前沿论题既有一定的重叠性和连续性，同时也具有发展性和递进性，整体上因循水平演化、垂直演化和协同演化3种演化模式演进。
The physical strength is not only the most basic quality of the humanbody to maintain normal work and life state, promote life quality and takepart in physical exercise, but also the fundamental guarantee for the athletesto gain excellent athletic performance. And the fundamental goal of strengthtraining is to maintain and improve the strength capability of variouspopulations or delay its declining speed so as to meet the social needs of thepeople to improve work efficiency, life quality and athletic performance.While the realization of this goal relies on researchers’ continuousexploration and practice on the laws of strength training. Especially,overseas strength training researches has gone through centennialdevelopment and produced many research results, which enormouslypromoted profound understanding of the fundamental law of strengthtraining, exploration of scientific strength training methods andimprovement of the athletic performance and the quality of life.
However, exploration and summarization of the developmentcharacteristics and laws of the strength training researches has beenneglected while great contribution made by the strength training researcherto enrichment and perfection of the human thesaurus was highly praised.Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one.Understanding and grasp of the laws and characteristics of overseas strengthtraining researches not only benefit us to know its spatial and temporaldistribution characteristics and the historical context of its development,know clearly the increase and evolution laws of related knowledge and seethrough the formation and evolution track of its research hotspots andfrontiers and its development tendency, but also enrich the strength trainingtheoretical method system in China to some extent, offer new thoughts toknowledge production and innovation of the strength training study fieldand provide reference for related scientific research administrativedepartment to formulate scientific research planning. Consequently, bytaking knowledge network theory, scientific dynamic theory and scientificresearch cooperation theory as the theoretical basis, by using advancedtechnology and method of scientometrics and social network analysis, byscanning mass scientific and technical literatures (theses) on overseas strength training researches and with the help of mapping knowledgedomain, there is no doubt that construction of multilevel andmulti-dimensional knowledge network of overseas strength trainingresearches and exploration of its formation and evolution process,characteristics and inner mechanism have higher theoretical significanceand application value. Main conclusions of this study are as follows:
(1) Overseas strength training researches has experienced a relativelylong history of over one hundred years and is at a rapid development periodnow. The national (regional) distribution, author distribution, subjectdistribution and organization distribution of the research results show thecharacteristic of imbalance, with centralization and dispersion coexisted.
(2)Overseas strength training researches have formed a morecomplicated knowledge network, mainly divided into knowledge agentnetwork, knowledge carrier network and knowledge ontology network. Inessence, the knowledge agent network is a scientific research cooperationnetwork, the knowledge carrier network is a knowledge communicationnetwork and the knowledge ontology network is knowledge content network.The scale of elements in different types (levels) of knowledge network stillshows exponential growth.
(3) The different types (levels) of knowledge network of overseasstrength training researches, from the angle of both static and dynamicviews, are SED network with the character of small-world network andevolving into the scale-free network. Existence of middle-long-range link inthe network, accelerated growth of the network size and cooccurrence ofrandom and priority selection orientations in links among nodal points arethe formation and evolution process mechanism of the three types ofknowledge networks of overseas strength training researches, butsimilarities and differences coexist in the driving force for evolution of thenetwork.
(4) The different levels of knowledge agent network and knowledgecarrier network of overseas strength training researches basicly follow theevolution route of “isolated island model-binuclear model-mononuclearcomplex network-multi-center complex network”, while the knowledgeontology network follows the route of “mononuclear complexnetwork-binuclear complex network-multinuclear complex network”.
(5) The content of overseas strength training mainly focus on reactionand adaptation of organism resistance training and many relativelyindependent and correlative research themes are differentiated from it. The research themes show relatively prominent highlights, cover a wide rangeand are in a continuous differentiation and fusion process. Competitivestrength training is at a relatively marginal position in overseas strengthtraining study field, but covers a broad range of study. The highlights andhotspot frontiers of overseas strength training researches at different visualangles and in different periods possess the characteristics of overlapping,continuity, expansibility and progressivity, with evolution followinghorizontal, vertical and cooperative evolution models.
引文
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