纵向协作与宁夏枸杞种植户质量控制行为研究
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摘要
本研究以宁夏枸杞种植户(茨农)为研究对象,研究了枸杞种植户参与纵向协作形式与是否参与病虫害统防统治两种契约关系对其在种植环节质量控制行为的影响；并进一步考查了交易成本对枸杞种植户选择交易方式／纵向协作形式的影响,最后分析了枸杞种植户参与假定的紧密纵向协作形式的意愿及相关影响因素,并根据研究结论提出了相应的建议。
首先,在文献综述的基础上,构建了本研究的分析框架；通过构建理论研究模型,为后文的实证研究奠定了理论基础。然后根据实地调研情况分析了宁夏枸杞产业链上各个环节的质量安全现状及存在的问题；认为宁夏枸杞质量安全最为严重的环节是种植环节,这为下文的研究指明了方向。并进一步从枸杞种植户在农药和化肥等生产要素的不恰当选择和不科学使用上分析了枸杞种植环节质量安全产生的主要原因。然后利用宁夏枸杞种植户调查数据分析了宁夏枸杞种植户参与纵向协作以及病虫害统防统治的情况,施用农药和化肥的行为、安全生产技术的获得情况,以及不同纵向协作形式下枸杞种植户质量控制行为的比较等概况。
其次,依据枸杞种植环节出现质量安全问题的主要原因选定被解释变量；基于宁夏枸杞种植户调查数据和访谈的资料,运用OLS模型、2SLS模型以及有序Logistic回归模型重点考察了枸杞种植户参加纵向协作类型和是否参加统防统治两种契约关系及其他相关因素对构杞种植户在施药行为和施肥行为两个方面的影响及其程度。
再次,在研究发现紧密的纵向协作方式对提升枸杞质量有积极作用的基础上从交易成本视角切入,运用有序Probit回归模型进一步分析目前枸杞种植户所选择的纵向协作(交易)方式的影响因素,并找出这些因素对枸杞种植户质量控制行为的直接或间接影响。
最后,放松了某些地方不存在紧密纵向协作的现实约束,并假定了一种紧密纵向协作的具体形式；运用二元Logistic回归模型分析了枸杞种植户参与假定的纵向协作形式的意愿及相关影响因素。
通过实证分析得出以下主要结论：(1)通过构建理论模型,认为纵向协作是保障枸杞质量安全的有效途径。(2)枸杞种植环节质量安全问题是枸杞产业链中最严重的一个环节，这主要是农户对农药和化肥的不恰当的选择和使用造成的。(3)目前,枸杞种植户参与较为紧密纵向协作和统防统治的比例偏低,质量控制行为也有待于进一步改善；紧密纵向协作形式下枸杞种植户的质量控制行为优于松散纵向协作形式下的情况。(4)枸杞产销环节中越紧密纵向协作形式下的枸杞种植户,其枸杞质量控制水平越优；参与了病虫害统防统治的枸杞种植户,其枸杞质量控制方面也有较好的表现。(5)为了降低成本、规避风险以及获取可靠的市场信息,交易成本对枸杞种植户纵向协作方式的选择以及质量控制行为有显著的影响。(6)枸杞收入占家庭总收入比例较高和生产规模大的枸杞种植户倾向于参加紧密纵向协作形式；枸杞种植户乐意参与紧密的纵向协作,与紧密纵向协作链接市场及技术、资金支持等方面的优势也是分不开的。
基于以上的分析结论,本文提出了以下提升枸杞种植户产销环节质量安全的建议：(1)加强安全生产和标准化生产技术的培训；(2)加强对枸杞种植环节质量安全的监管；(3)积极扶持和发展较为紧密的纵向协作方式；(4)降低纵向协作等契约生产交易方式的成本
In this study, the research object is Chinese wolfberry growers in Ningxia; research the effect of their quality control behavior in planting process by the situation of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases. And further research the effect of transaction costs for Chinese wolfberry growers selecting the mode of transaction or vertical coordination. Final, analysis the willingness and related factors of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in closely vertical coordination assumed. And put forward corresponding recommendations according to the conclusions.
First of all. we build analytical framework of this study on foundation of the literature review, laid a theoretical foundation for later empirical research by constructing theoretical research model. Then, analyze the situation of quality and problems of the various aspects of Chinese wolfberry industry chain in Ningxia on the investigation and research. And found that the most serious problem is in planting link; which pointed out the direction for the analysis below. And further analysis the main causes in planting link from Chinese wolfberry growers are not appropriate choice and unscientific used pesticides. And then use the investigation data analyzed the situation of the surveyed Chinese wolfberry growers participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases, application of used pesticides and fertilizers behavior, quality control for safe production to technology, as well as the quality control behavior indifferent vertical coordination forms.
Secondly, we choose the explanatory variables based on the main reason of quality and safety in planting link; used the OLS model,2SLS model and ordered Logistic regression model, we researched the effect of their quality control behavior in planting process by the situation of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases based on the investigation data.
Again, we used the ordered Probit regression model, researched factors for Chinese wolfberry growers selecting the mode of transaction or vertical coordination from transaction costs after found closely vertical coordination could improve the quality of Chinese wolfberry. And further analysis the direct or indirect function of these facts to control the quality of Chinese wolfberry.
Finally, we assumed a specific form of closely vertical collaboration by relaxed some places do not have closely vertical coordination; using binary Logistic regression model, the paper analysis the willingness and related factors of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in closely vertical coordination assumed.
The main conclusions by empirical Analysis are:(1) It is that vertical collaboration is an effective way to protect the quality and safety of Chinese wolfberry by constructing theoretical models.(2) And found that the most serious problem is in planting link of Chinese wolfberry industry chain in Ningxia; further analysis the main causes in planting link from Chinese wolfberry growers are not appropriate choice and unscientific used pesticides.(3) At present, there is a low proportion of Chinese wolfberry growers to participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases, and the quality control behavior also needs to be further improved; the quality control behavior of Chinese wolfberry growers in closely vertical coordination form is better than in loosely vertical coordination situation.(4) The closer vertical coordination form has more excellent level of quality control of Chinese wolfberry in planting and marketing links of Chinese wolfberry; and the quality control has a good performance that wolfberry growers involved in unified prevention and control for pests and diseases.(5) In order to reduce costs, avoid risks and to obtain reliable market information, transaction costs have a significant impact for wolfberry growers choose vertical coordination form as well as quality control behavior.(6) The Chinese wolfberry growers that wolfberry income account for a large proportion of family gross income and large-scale production are tend to participate in closely vertical coordination; wolfberry growers willing to participate in closely vertical coordination mainly because the advantage of closely vertical coordination which can link markets, and provide technology, financial support and other aspects.
Based on the above conclusions, the paper put forward following recommendations to enhance the quality and safety of wolfberry:(1) to enhance production technology training of safe and standardization production;(2) to enhance the regulatory of quality and safety of wolfberry cultivation;(3) support the development of1closely vertical coordination form actively;(4) reduce the transaction costs of vertical coordination and other contract forms.
首先,在文献综述的基础上,构建了本研究的分析框架；通过构建理论研究模型,为后文的实证研究奠定了理论基础。然后根据实地调研情况分析了宁夏枸杞产业链上各个环节的质量安全现状及存在的问题；认为宁夏枸杞质量安全最为严重的环节是种植环节,这为下文的研究指明了方向。并进一步从枸杞种植户在农药和化肥等生产要素的不恰当选择和不科学使用上分析了枸杞种植环节质量安全产生的主要原因。然后利用宁夏枸杞种植户调查数据分析了宁夏枸杞种植户参与纵向协作以及病虫害统防统治的情况,施用农药和化肥的行为、安全生产技术的获得情况,以及不同纵向协作形式下枸杞种植户质量控制行为的比较等概况。
其次,依据枸杞种植环节出现质量安全问题的主要原因选定被解释变量；基于宁夏枸杞种植户调查数据和访谈的资料,运用OLS模型、2SLS模型以及有序Logistic回归模型重点考察了枸杞种植户参加纵向协作类型和是否参加统防统治两种契约关系及其他相关因素对构杞种植户在施药行为和施肥行为两个方面的影响及其程度。
再次,在研究发现紧密的纵向协作方式对提升枸杞质量有积极作用的基础上从交易成本视角切入,运用有序Probit回归模型进一步分析目前枸杞种植户所选择的纵向协作(交易)方式的影响因素,并找出这些因素对枸杞种植户质量控制行为的直接或间接影响。
最后,放松了某些地方不存在紧密纵向协作的现实约束,并假定了一种紧密纵向协作的具体形式；运用二元Logistic回归模型分析了枸杞种植户参与假定的纵向协作形式的意愿及相关影响因素。
通过实证分析得出以下主要结论：(1)通过构建理论模型,认为纵向协作是保障枸杞质量安全的有效途径。(2)枸杞种植环节质量安全问题是枸杞产业链中最严重的一个环节，这主要是农户对农药和化肥的不恰当的选择和使用造成的。(3)目前,枸杞种植户参与较为紧密纵向协作和统防统治的比例偏低,质量控制行为也有待于进一步改善；紧密纵向协作形式下枸杞种植户的质量控制行为优于松散纵向协作形式下的情况。(4)枸杞产销环节中越紧密纵向协作形式下的枸杞种植户,其枸杞质量控制水平越优；参与了病虫害统防统治的枸杞种植户,其枸杞质量控制方面也有较好的表现。(5)为了降低成本、规避风险以及获取可靠的市场信息,交易成本对枸杞种植户纵向协作方式的选择以及质量控制行为有显著的影响。(6)枸杞收入占家庭总收入比例较高和生产规模大的枸杞种植户倾向于参加紧密纵向协作形式；枸杞种植户乐意参与紧密的纵向协作,与紧密纵向协作链接市场及技术、资金支持等方面的优势也是分不开的。
基于以上的分析结论,本文提出了以下提升枸杞种植户产销环节质量安全的建议：(1)加强安全生产和标准化生产技术的培训；(2)加强对枸杞种植环节质量安全的监管；(3)积极扶持和发展较为紧密的纵向协作方式；(4)降低纵向协作等契约生产交易方式的成本
In this study, the research object is Chinese wolfberry growers in Ningxia; research the effect of their quality control behavior in planting process by the situation of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases. And further research the effect of transaction costs for Chinese wolfberry growers selecting the mode of transaction or vertical coordination. Final, analysis the willingness and related factors of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in closely vertical coordination assumed. And put forward corresponding recommendations according to the conclusions.
First of all. we build analytical framework of this study on foundation of the literature review, laid a theoretical foundation for later empirical research by constructing theoretical research model. Then, analyze the situation of quality and problems of the various aspects of Chinese wolfberry industry chain in Ningxia on the investigation and research. And found that the most serious problem is in planting link; which pointed out the direction for the analysis below. And further analysis the main causes in planting link from Chinese wolfberry growers are not appropriate choice and unscientific used pesticides. And then use the investigation data analyzed the situation of the surveyed Chinese wolfberry growers participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases, application of used pesticides and fertilizers behavior, quality control for safe production to technology, as well as the quality control behavior indifferent vertical coordination forms.
Secondly, we choose the explanatory variables based on the main reason of quality and safety in planting link; used the OLS model,2SLS model and ordered Logistic regression model, we researched the effect of their quality control behavior in planting process by the situation of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases based on the investigation data.
Again, we used the ordered Probit regression model, researched factors for Chinese wolfberry growers selecting the mode of transaction or vertical coordination from transaction costs after found closely vertical coordination could improve the quality of Chinese wolfberry. And further analysis the direct or indirect function of these facts to control the quality of Chinese wolfberry.
Finally, we assumed a specific form of closely vertical collaboration by relaxed some places do not have closely vertical coordination; using binary Logistic regression model, the paper analysis the willingness and related factors of Chinese wolfberry growers participate in closely vertical coordination assumed.
The main conclusions by empirical Analysis are:(1) It is that vertical collaboration is an effective way to protect the quality and safety of Chinese wolfberry by constructing theoretical models.(2) And found that the most serious problem is in planting link of Chinese wolfberry industry chain in Ningxia; further analysis the main causes in planting link from Chinese wolfberry growers are not appropriate choice and unscientific used pesticides.(3) At present, there is a low proportion of Chinese wolfberry growers to participate in vertical coordination and unified prevention and control for pests and diseases, and the quality control behavior also needs to be further improved; the quality control behavior of Chinese wolfberry growers in closely vertical coordination form is better than in loosely vertical coordination situation.(4) The closer vertical coordination form has more excellent level of quality control of Chinese wolfberry in planting and marketing links of Chinese wolfberry; and the quality control has a good performance that wolfberry growers involved in unified prevention and control for pests and diseases.(5) In order to reduce costs, avoid risks and to obtain reliable market information, transaction costs have a significant impact for wolfberry growers choose vertical coordination form as well as quality control behavior.(6) The Chinese wolfberry growers that wolfberry income account for a large proportion of family gross income and large-scale production are tend to participate in closely vertical coordination; wolfberry growers willing to participate in closely vertical coordination mainly because the advantage of closely vertical coordination which can link markets, and provide technology, financial support and other aspects.
Based on the above conclusions, the paper put forward following recommendations to enhance the quality and safety of wolfberry:(1) to enhance production technology training of safe and standardization production;(2) to enhance the regulatory of quality and safety of wolfberry cultivation;(3) support the development of1closely vertical coordination form actively;(4) reduce the transaction costs of vertical coordination and other contract forms.
引文
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