郑州市灰霾与PM_(2.5)污染水平及火电排放源对大气环境的影响分析
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摘要
郑州市作为河南省的省会,是中原城市群的中心,在全国的经济发展格局中具有承东启西、贯通南北的重要作用。郑州市是全国大气污染比较严重的城市之一,灰霾天气的经常性发生,影响到了居民的正常生活,对人体健康造成危害。探讨灰霾天气的成因,分析灰霾天气下大气颗粒物PM2.5的分布特征,刻不容缓。
本研究主要分两部分：(1)利用美国气象局(NOAA)公布的郑州站(57083)气象数据,对郑州市灰霾天气的发生特征进行了研究讨论；在郑州市西北工业区利用TEOM 1400a系列监测仪和大流量采样器对PM2.5进行了连续性的高分辨率PM2.5质量浓度监测,结合郑州市七个监测站点的常规观测数据,对大气颗粒物PM2.5的质量浓度分布特征进行了分析。(2)针对火电排放源,选择AERMOD模型系统,评估模拟火电排放源对大气环境质量状况的影响,并对电厂源的污染削减措施进行模拟预测,评估不同削减措施对于郑州市环境影响的改善效果。
通过分析研究,可以得到如下结论：
(1)郑州市尘霾天气大致呈现逐年增多的趋势,特别是进入21世纪以后,灰霾的发生天数已达100天以上,灰霾天气的发生呈现大幅增长,开始出现中重度霾天气,重度霾天气发生在1～3天不等。尘霾天气中,70%左右为轻微霾；灰霾的发生几率秋冬较大,夏季最小,10月到次年1月灰霾发生率较高。灰霾的发生与PM2.5污染关系紧密,PM2.5质量浓度达150gg/m3以上时,易发生重度霾天气。
(2)PM2.5的污染水平严重超标,大气细粒子污染严重：2010-2011年郑州市工业区PM2.5质量浓度均值为76.1μg/m3,超出二级标准日数达41.2%。PM2.5的质量浓度呈现明显的季节变化,秋季最大,冬季次之。
(3)郑州市PM2.5与PM10的来源具有较好的一致性,80%的采样日期里,PM2.5与PM10的比值都在60%～80%之间；PM2.5污染呈现明显的双峰分布,受交通源贡献影响。
(4)郑州市基准年电厂满负荷运行时,NO2、PM2.5的日均最大浓度在某些地方有可能超过标准,特别是NO2的浓度分布,年均值超标现象也较明显,必须采取控制措施才能降低污染,达到不危害环境的目的。
(5)同等的电力负荷下,分别采用能源替代、技术改革获得的环境效益不同。改进效果：天然气替代最优,其次为技术改进,最后为降低电厂负荷。采取采取以天然气部分代替煤的方法,能够显著地降低SO2、NO2对于周围环境的影响。
Zhengzhou is the capital of Henan province and the center of the central plains city group, which holds a pivotal status in the national economy development pattern, linking east with west and connecting south to north. Zhengzhou is one of the cities whose air pollution is quite serious on a national scale. The weather of dust-haze happens frequently. The condition impacts on people's normal life and is harmful to human health. It allows no delay to discuss the cause of dust-haze and the temporal variations of PM2.5.
This research concludes two parts. First, this study adopted the meteorological data monitored in Zhengzhou station (57083) published by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to analyze the performance of the haze of Zhengzhou. The mass concentration of the atmospheric particulates (PM2.5, PM10) in industrial district of Zhengzhou was monitored by TEOM 1400a monitor and high volume sampler. Secondly, the research chooses AERMOD model to assess the impact of power plants'emission in Zhengzhou to the quality of the atmospheric environment. The improvements of different cutting measures on power plants source's pollution are compared.
Through the study, we can get the following conclusions:
(1) The occurrence frequency of dust-haze in zhengzhou city is increasing roughly year by year. Especially in the 21st century, the number of days that the haze weather happened is up to 100 or more. Moderate to severe haze weather appeared. The number of days that severe haze happened is ranging from 1 to 3. Among the dust-haze weather,70% of which is slight haze. The incidence of haze weather is larger in autumn and winter, and which is smallest in summer. The rate of haze weather is high from October to the following year's January. The concentration of PM2.5 is closely related with the occurrence of haze. When the concentration of PM2.5 is up to 150μg/m3, the severe weather haze is easy to occur.
(2) The level of PM2.5 pollution exceeds bid badly. The average of concentrations of PM2.5 in 2010-2011 in industrial districts of Zhengzhou City is 76.1μg/m3. The number of days beyond the secondary standard accounts for 41.2%. The concentrations of the PM2.5 present obvious seasonal changes, and it is large in autumn and winter.
(3) The source of Zhengzhou's PM2.5 and PM10 has good consistency. In the 80% of the sample dates, the ratio of the PM2.5 and PM10 is between 60%～80%. The level of PM2.5 pollution is obviously the bi-modal distribution. It indicates that the traffic source influences largely.
(4) If the Zhengzhou's power plants deliver in in full load operation in the datum year, the concentration of NO2, PM2.5 in some of the largest daily may take place more than standard. Especially the concentration of NO2 distribution, the annual average concentration is badly exceeds. Some control measures must be adopted to reduce pollution and meet the purpose of no environmental damage.
(5)In the same power load, the benefits of alternative energy and improving technology are is different. Using natural gas to replace coal burning is the optimal choice, and next is technology improvement. The worst is to reduce power plant's load. Taking the measure of replacing part of coal by natural gas can significantly reduce the concentration of SO2 and NO2 in the atmospheric environment.
本研究主要分两部分：(1)利用美国气象局(NOAA)公布的郑州站(57083)气象数据,对郑州市灰霾天气的发生特征进行了研究讨论；在郑州市西北工业区利用TEOM 1400a系列监测仪和大流量采样器对PM2.5进行了连续性的高分辨率PM2.5质量浓度监测,结合郑州市七个监测站点的常规观测数据,对大气颗粒物PM2.5的质量浓度分布特征进行了分析。(2)针对火电排放源,选择AERMOD模型系统,评估模拟火电排放源对大气环境质量状况的影响,并对电厂源的污染削减措施进行模拟预测,评估不同削减措施对于郑州市环境影响的改善效果。
通过分析研究,可以得到如下结论：
(1)郑州市尘霾天气大致呈现逐年增多的趋势,特别是进入21世纪以后,灰霾的发生天数已达100天以上,灰霾天气的发生呈现大幅增长,开始出现中重度霾天气,重度霾天气发生在1～3天不等。尘霾天气中,70%左右为轻微霾；灰霾的发生几率秋冬较大,夏季最小,10月到次年1月灰霾发生率较高。灰霾的发生与PM2.5污染关系紧密,PM2.5质量浓度达150gg/m3以上时,易发生重度霾天气。
(2)PM2.5的污染水平严重超标,大气细粒子污染严重：2010-2011年郑州市工业区PM2.5质量浓度均值为76.1μg/m3,超出二级标准日数达41.2%。PM2.5的质量浓度呈现明显的季节变化,秋季最大,冬季次之。
(3)郑州市PM2.5与PM10的来源具有较好的一致性,80%的采样日期里,PM2.5与PM10的比值都在60%～80%之间；PM2.5污染呈现明显的双峰分布,受交通源贡献影响。
(4)郑州市基准年电厂满负荷运行时,NO2、PM2.5的日均最大浓度在某些地方有可能超过标准,特别是NO2的浓度分布,年均值超标现象也较明显,必须采取控制措施才能降低污染,达到不危害环境的目的。
(5)同等的电力负荷下,分别采用能源替代、技术改革获得的环境效益不同。改进效果：天然气替代最优,其次为技术改进,最后为降低电厂负荷。采取采取以天然气部分代替煤的方法,能够显著地降低SO2、NO2对于周围环境的影响。
Zhengzhou is the capital of Henan province and the center of the central plains city group, which holds a pivotal status in the national economy development pattern, linking east with west and connecting south to north. Zhengzhou is one of the cities whose air pollution is quite serious on a national scale. The weather of dust-haze happens frequently. The condition impacts on people's normal life and is harmful to human health. It allows no delay to discuss the cause of dust-haze and the temporal variations of PM2.5.
This research concludes two parts. First, this study adopted the meteorological data monitored in Zhengzhou station (57083) published by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to analyze the performance of the haze of Zhengzhou. The mass concentration of the atmospheric particulates (PM2.5, PM10) in industrial district of Zhengzhou was monitored by TEOM 1400a monitor and high volume sampler. Secondly, the research chooses AERMOD model to assess the impact of power plants'emission in Zhengzhou to the quality of the atmospheric environment. The improvements of different cutting measures on power plants source's pollution are compared.
Through the study, we can get the following conclusions:
(1) The occurrence frequency of dust-haze in zhengzhou city is increasing roughly year by year. Especially in the 21st century, the number of days that the haze weather happened is up to 100 or more. Moderate to severe haze weather appeared. The number of days that severe haze happened is ranging from 1 to 3. Among the dust-haze weather,70% of which is slight haze. The incidence of haze weather is larger in autumn and winter, and which is smallest in summer. The rate of haze weather is high from October to the following year's January. The concentration of PM2.5 is closely related with the occurrence of haze. When the concentration of PM2.5 is up to 150μg/m3, the severe weather haze is easy to occur.
(2) The level of PM2.5 pollution exceeds bid badly. The average of concentrations of PM2.5 in 2010-2011 in industrial districts of Zhengzhou City is 76.1μg/m3. The number of days beyond the secondary standard accounts for 41.2%. The concentrations of the PM2.5 present obvious seasonal changes, and it is large in autumn and winter.
(3) The source of Zhengzhou's PM2.5 and PM10 has good consistency. In the 80% of the sample dates, the ratio of the PM2.5 and PM10 is between 60%～80%. The level of PM2.5 pollution is obviously the bi-modal distribution. It indicates that the traffic source influences largely.
(4) If the Zhengzhou's power plants deliver in in full load operation in the datum year, the concentration of NO2, PM2.5 in some of the largest daily may take place more than standard. Especially the concentration of NO2 distribution, the annual average concentration is badly exceeds. Some control measures must be adopted to reduce pollution and meet the purpose of no environmental damage.
(5)In the same power load, the benefits of alternative energy and improving technology are is different. Using natural gas to replace coal burning is the optimal choice, and next is technology improvement. The worst is to reduce power plant's load. Taking the measure of replacing part of coal by natural gas can significantly reduce the concentration of SO2 and NO2 in the atmospheric environment.
引文
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