汽车覆盖件模面柔性参数化设计关键技术研究
|
摘要
汽车覆盖件模具的设计水平是制约汽车产品开发速度和品质的核心因素。模具型面设计作为模具设计的首要环节,直接决定了模具结构的复杂程度和模具的可成形性,在模具设计中占据着举足轻重的地位。随着CAD/CAE集成技术的快速发展,面向CAE的覆盖件模具型面的参数化设计方法得到了广泛的研究。目前,一些现有的商业化CAE分析软件已经推出了相应的模面设计模块,然而这些软件系统在特征截面线的编辑、工艺补充的曲面构造等方面还存在不足。与此同时,我国在模具CAD/CAE集成技术方面的研究相对落后,亟需开展面向CAE的模具型面参数化设计方法的自主研发工作。为此,本文以构建面向CAE的模具型面设计系统为研究的核心目的,运用NURBS方法进行模具型面构造,借助其与网格设计相比更加“柔性”的设计优势,对模具型面设计中的部分关键技术进行了深入的研究,主要内容如下：
(1)基于ACIS几何造型引擎,实现了覆盖件模具型面设计环节中的零件边界提取、翻边隐藏、冲压方向确定等功能；
(2)针对覆盖件模具型而设计中零件边界凹入区域的工艺补充问题,提出了一种基于平面多段线offset技术的边界光顺算法,并通过NURBS方法构建了光顺曲线及与零件C1连续的光顺曲面。结果表明该方法可避免出现细小误差和重复修正问题,具有良好的适用性和可靠性；
(3)为提高覆盖件模具型面设计的效率和稳定性,以模板技术为基础,提出了2D特征截面线的编辑策略及其优化算法,有利于规范用户的操作习惯,同时避免了截面线越界、飞逸等异常现象的发生,提高了设计的鲁棒性；采用蒙皮技术生成工艺补充面的分片曲面并将其光滑拼接,可有效降低曲面的阶数与算法复杂度,且支持局部形状的柔性修改。本方法采用统一的NURBS的曲面曲线表达形式,为型面设计提供了强大的柔性编辑功能。以汽车前翼子板为例,验证了该方法的有效性及适用性;
(4)针对汽车覆盖件在冲压过程中出现的表面凹陷/畸变问题,提出了一种基于几何morphing的模具修正方案。采用具有典型反拉延特征形状的试验模具进行冲压试验,并分别运用凹模内加垫法、坯料打孔法及本文方法对模具进行修正处理及冲压成形试验,然后通过激光扫描方法对试验件进行凹陷测量。结果表明,该方法可以有效地降低试验件表面的凹陷／畸变程度,从而大大降低了反复试模及修改带来的成本消耗,缩短了模具的设计周期。该方法具有较好的工程应用前景。
The design of automotive panel die is the core factor to restrict the rate and quality of automotive products development. As the first link of die design, die-face design directly determines the complexity of die structure and the formability of the die results in a decisive role in die design. With the rapid development of CAD/CAE integrated technology, CAE-oriented parametric die-face design for automotive panel has been extensively researched. At present, some commercial available CAE analysis software packages have introduces corresponding die-face modules. However, these software systems have "shortcomings in editing the section curves and constructing addendum surfaces. Meanwhile, the research on die CAD/CAE integration techniques in China have lagged behind, it is urgent to make effort in the study on CAE-oriented parametric die-face design. For all this, to build a system on CAE-oriented parametric die-face design for automotive panel, NURBS is employed to study some key techniques on that. The main contents of this dissertation are as following:
(1) Realize the functions of extracting part edges、hiding flange、determining the stamping direction for parametric die-face design on ACIS platform.
(2) To decrease the quantity and the depth of the concave regions for facilitating the addendum-design, a smoothing method for automotive panels based on offset technique of polyline is proposed, and the smoothing curves and surfaces are constructed by NURBS. It shows that our method is robust to accurately find all smoothing regions with no errors and adjustments, which has great applicability and reliability.
(3) To enhance the efficiency and stability of die-face design, an editing strategy for2D section feature and its optimization algorithm are proposed based on the template technique, which are conductive to the formation of standardize design habits and could avoid abnormal problems; The covering method is adopted to obtain the original NURBS patch surfaces, and then sub-surface models are merged to generate an overall smooth model. This method could reduce the order of the model、the complexity of algorithm and is convenient to modify the local shape; All of curvilinear and free-formed surfaces are expressed in the same form for the utility of NURBS method, and it is advantage for the flexible editing. Finally, effective and applicability of the proposed method are verified by the front fender part.
(4) Aimed at the low/distortion phenomena appearing at the surface, of outer panels during stamping process, a flexible corrective method based on geometry morphing algorithm is proposed. Three corrective approaches:good bearing、holes in blank and die face morphing are tried out by specimens with typical depression features, and laser scanner is performed to measure the surface low/distortion at the corner areas of the depression feature. The experiments results show that die face morphing is a practical and effective method to minimize the occurrence of surface low/distortion.
(1)基于ACIS几何造型引擎,实现了覆盖件模具型面设计环节中的零件边界提取、翻边隐藏、冲压方向确定等功能；
(2)针对覆盖件模具型而设计中零件边界凹入区域的工艺补充问题,提出了一种基于平面多段线offset技术的边界光顺算法,并通过NURBS方法构建了光顺曲线及与零件C1连续的光顺曲面。结果表明该方法可避免出现细小误差和重复修正问题,具有良好的适用性和可靠性；
(3)为提高覆盖件模具型面设计的效率和稳定性,以模板技术为基础,提出了2D特征截面线的编辑策略及其优化算法,有利于规范用户的操作习惯,同时避免了截面线越界、飞逸等异常现象的发生,提高了设计的鲁棒性；采用蒙皮技术生成工艺补充面的分片曲面并将其光滑拼接,可有效降低曲面的阶数与算法复杂度,且支持局部形状的柔性修改。本方法采用统一的NURBS的曲面曲线表达形式,为型面设计提供了强大的柔性编辑功能。以汽车前翼子板为例,验证了该方法的有效性及适用性;
(4)针对汽车覆盖件在冲压过程中出现的表面凹陷/畸变问题,提出了一种基于几何morphing的模具修正方案。采用具有典型反拉延特征形状的试验模具进行冲压试验,并分别运用凹模内加垫法、坯料打孔法及本文方法对模具进行修正处理及冲压成形试验,然后通过激光扫描方法对试验件进行凹陷测量。结果表明,该方法可以有效地降低试验件表面的凹陷／畸变程度,从而大大降低了反复试模及修改带来的成本消耗,缩短了模具的设计周期。该方法具有较好的工程应用前景。
The design of automotive panel die is the core factor to restrict the rate and quality of automotive products development. As the first link of die design, die-face design directly determines the complexity of die structure and the formability of the die results in a decisive role in die design. With the rapid development of CAD/CAE integrated technology, CAE-oriented parametric die-face design for automotive panel has been extensively researched. At present, some commercial available CAE analysis software packages have introduces corresponding die-face modules. However, these software systems have "shortcomings in editing the section curves and constructing addendum surfaces. Meanwhile, the research on die CAD/CAE integration techniques in China have lagged behind, it is urgent to make effort in the study on CAE-oriented parametric die-face design. For all this, to build a system on CAE-oriented parametric die-face design for automotive panel, NURBS is employed to study some key techniques on that. The main contents of this dissertation are as following:
(1) Realize the functions of extracting part edges、hiding flange、determining the stamping direction for parametric die-face design on ACIS platform.
(2) To decrease the quantity and the depth of the concave regions for facilitating the addendum-design, a smoothing method for automotive panels based on offset technique of polyline is proposed, and the smoothing curves and surfaces are constructed by NURBS. It shows that our method is robust to accurately find all smoothing regions with no errors and adjustments, which has great applicability and reliability.
(3) To enhance the efficiency and stability of die-face design, an editing strategy for2D section feature and its optimization algorithm are proposed based on the template technique, which are conductive to the formation of standardize design habits and could avoid abnormal problems; The covering method is adopted to obtain the original NURBS patch surfaces, and then sub-surface models are merged to generate an overall smooth model. This method could reduce the order of the model、the complexity of algorithm and is convenient to modify the local shape; All of curvilinear and free-formed surfaces are expressed in the same form for the utility of NURBS method, and it is advantage for the flexible editing. Finally, effective and applicability of the proposed method are verified by the front fender part.
(4) Aimed at the low/distortion phenomena appearing at the surface, of outer panels during stamping process, a flexible corrective method based on geometry morphing algorithm is proposed. Three corrective approaches:good bearing、holes in blank and die face morphing are tried out by specimens with typical depression features, and laser scanner is performed to measure the surface low/distortion at the corner areas of the depression feature. The experiments results show that die face morphing is a practical and effective method to minimize the occurrence of surface low/distortion.
引文
[1]中国汽车报.2000年我国汽车产销量增长[EB/OL].2000[2001.02.09],http://www.autoworld.com.cn/cheping/chanlng4.htm.
[2]汽车协会行业信息部.2011年汽车工业经济运行情况信息发布会通稿[EB/OL].2011[2012.01.12], http://www.caam.org.cn/xiehuidongtai/20120112/1605066975.html.
[3]第一汽车制造厂工装设计室.汽车覆盖件冲模[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1979.
[4]王永锋,曹静,刘锐.我国汽车覆盖件模具的发展现状及其思路[J].产业透视,2009,10：58-59.
[5]罗百辉.我国汽车模具迅猛发展,力争占领高档模具市场[EB/OL].2012[2012.02.11],http://news.byf.com/html/20120211/136168.shtml.
[6]周天瑞.汽车覆盖件冲压成形技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[7]胡道钟.中国车身模具“十一五”回顾与“十二五”展望[J].现代零部件,2010,3：19-23.
[8]新华社.中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要[EB/OL].[2011.03.16], http://www.gov.cn/20111h/content_1825838.htm.
[9]中华人民共和国工业和信息化部.机械基础件、基础制造工艺和基础材料产业“十二五”发展规划[EB/OL].http://zbs.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11295142/n11299123/1433360]. html.
[10]GUO Y Q, BATOZ J L, NACEUR H, et al. Recent developments on the analysis and optimum design of sheet metal forming parts using a simplified inverse approach[J]. Computers and Structures,2000,78(1-3):133-148.
[11]KIM Y H, PARK J J. Effect of process parameters on formability in incremental forming of sheet metal[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,130-131 (3):42-46.
[12]GAN W, WAGONER R H. Die design method for sheet springback[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2004,46(7):1097-1113.
[13]陈刚.基于知识的车身冲压件DFM关键技术研究[D].上海：上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,2006.
[14]FIRAT M. Computer aided analysis and design of sheet metal forming processes:Part III:Stamping die-face design[J]. Materials and Design,2007,28(4):1311-1320.
[15]高军,郝滨海,李辉平,等.模具设计及CAD[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006.
[16]余世浩,黄尚宇.模具CAD基础[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2009.
[17]王义林.模具CAD基础[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2011.
[18]OKAMOTO f. Computer aided design and Evaluation system for stamping dies in Toyota[J]. SAE paper 880524,1988:79-89.
[19]PILANI R, NARASIMHAN K, MAITI S K, et al. A hybrid intelligent, systems approach for die design in sheet metal forming[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2000,16(5):370-375.
[20]KUNWOO L. Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems[M]. Boston:Addison-Wesley,1999.
[21]沈纪桂,陈廉清.IGES—实现CAD/CAM系统间数据交换的规范[J].中国机械工程,1998,9(7)：70-73.
[22]朱大培,徐永安,杨钦,等.基于STEP标准的数据交换的研究与实现[J].计算机工程与设计,2001,22(4)：5-8.
[23]NX:Siemens PLM Software[EB/OL]. http://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/zh_cn/pro ducts/nx/index.shtml.
[24]CAD software-Virtual product-CATIA-Dassault Systemes[EB/OL]. ht tp://www.3ds.com/products/catia/
[25]胡平.大型覆盖件冲压成形CAE软件系统[C]//走向21世纪的中国力学$-$中国科协第九次“青年科学家论坛”报告文集.北京：清华大学出版社,1996.
[26]HU P, SHEN G Z, LIU Y Q. Integrative CAD/CAE/CAM for complicated panel metal stamping of oil pan used in the car engine[J]. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,2001, 14(3):259-267.
[27]胡平,卫教善.冲压成形模具分析软件KMAS[J].模具制造,2004,6：9-11.
[28]胡平,卫教善.KMAS软件及其应用事例[J].现代制造,2004,9：54-55.
[29]HU P, SHEN G Z, YANG G. A quasi-flow constitutive model with strain-rate dependence[J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica,2004,20(3):283-291.
[30]郑国君,张向奎,胡佳楠,等.KMAS软件系统在复杂车身部件快速工艺设计中的应用[J].汽车工艺与材料,2008,11：1-5.
[31]龚科家.CAE驱动的汽车覆盖件模面设计系统若干关键技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学机械科学与工程学院,2006.
[32]狄驰.基于CAE的覆盖件模面工程系统若干关键算法研究[D].长春：吉林大学材料加工工程,2009.
[33]郑金桥.基于KBE的大型复杂冲压件工艺设计关键技术研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学材料加工工程学院,2005.
[34]BADRI NARAYANAN S, NICHOLAS Z. A Sensitivity analysis for the optimal design of metal-forming process[J]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,1996,129(4):319-348.
[35]OHATA T, NAKAMURA Y, KATAYAMA T, et al. Improvement of optimum process design system by numeracal simulation[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1998,80-81: 635-641.
[36]王玉国,卫原平,沈启,等.覆盖件拉深模工艺补充部分和压料面设计[J].上海交通大学学报,1999,33(2)：242-244.
[37]CHEN W, YANG J C, LIN Z Q. Application of integrated formability analysis in designing die-face of automobile panel drawing dies[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,121 (2-3):293-300.
[38]OLAF S, MATTHIAS H. Opitimal design of metal forming die surfaces with evolution strategies[J]. Computers and Structures,2004,82(20-21):1695-1705.
[39]SUN Z C, DEBRAY K, LI Y M, et al. Design-modeling-optimization of addendum surface in deep drawing[C]//Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on New Forming Technology, Harbin,2004:271-276.
[40]张峻,柯映林.基于响应面和空间映射技术的模面设计优化[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(3)：479-485.
[41]王义林,郑金桥,李志刚.基于KBE的大型复杂冲压件工艺信息模型的研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1)：4-7.
[42]王义林,胡贤罡,薄克红.知识驱动的覆盖件模具型面参数化设计[J].现代制造工程,2010,2：87-90,127.
[43]杨伟俊,李东升,李小强,等.基于快速回弹补偿的橡皮囊液压成形模面设计方法[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(12)：1-6.
[44]王匀,许桢英,袁铁军.模具CAD/CAE/CAM[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2011.
[45]万凯,何援军.基JAC IS平台的大型二维CAD系统的设计与开发[J].计算机仿真,2004,21(10)：178181.
[46]詹海生,李广鑫,马志欣.基于ACIS的几何造型技术与系统开发[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[47]JONATHAN C, THEODORE L.3D Modeling With ACIS[M]. American:Paul and Co Pub Consor,2002.
[48]Spatial Corporation Homepage[EB/OL]. http://www.spatial.com/cn.
[49]刘弘,刘希玉.面向对象程序设计：Visual C++6.0与基于ACIS的几何造刑[M].北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2005.
[50]刘瑞军.覆盖件冲压模具型面参数化仿真设计方法与关键技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学材料科学与工程学院,2010.
[51]杨玉英.最新汽车覆盖件冲压成形模具设计制造与组合装配工艺技术手册[M].香港：中国科技文化出版社,2007.
[52]王义林,习朝阳,李志刚,等.汽车覆盖件冲压方向优化[J].塑性工程学报,1994,1(1)：25-31.
[53]覃建周,吴伯杰.汽车覆盖件冲压方向的优化[J].模具工业,2002,252(2)：58.
[54]郭忠新,项辉宇,张蕾.汽车大型覆盖件冲压方向的优化设计[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2003,33(5)：152-159.
[55]胡淳,尤飞.汽车覆盖件冲压方向优化系统设计[J].汽车技术,2005(5)：30-34.
[56]刘渝,江秉华,刘建新.冲压件拉延方向分析方法及应用[J].塑性工程学报,2007,14(2)：247-250.
[57]刘瑞军,宋玉泉,胡平,等.基于改进层次分析法的冲压方向优化函数权重研究[J].塑性工程学报,2009,16(1)：1-5.
[58]狄驰,宋玉泉,郑国君,等.基于网格的汽车覆盖件冲压方向快速算法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2009,39(1)：88-92.
[59]PIEGL L, TILLER W. The NURBS book[M].Berlin: Springer Ver lag, 2nd ediuion, 1996.
[60]施法中.计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2005.
[61]王仁宏,李崇君,朱春钢.计算几何教程[M].北京,科学出版社,2008.
[62]PRAUTZSCH H. Degreeelevation of B-spline curves[J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1984,1(2):193-198.
[63]COHEN F, I.YCHE T, SHUMAKER L. Algorithm for degree-raising of splinos[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1985,4(3):171-181.
[64]PRAUTZSCH H, PIPER B. A fast algorithm to raise the degree of spline curvcs[J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1991,8(4):253-265.
[65]PIEGI. L, TILLER W. Software-engineering approach to degree elevation of B-spline curves[J]. Computer-Aided Design,1994,26(1):17-28.
[66]姚兴,陈军,石晓祥,等.覆盖件拉延模工艺补充面及压料面参数化设计研究[J].模具技术,2002,4：6-9.
[67]王伟,施法中.覆盖件拉延模型工艺补充部分的参数化设计[J].锻压技术,2007,3(2)：105-109.
[68]吴伯杰,赵殊.基于UG汽车覆盖件工艺补允面的参数化设计[J].现代制造工程,2003(4)：1820.
[69]AUTOFORM ENGINEERING. Workshop: AutoForm DieDesigner. AutoForm Engineering GmbH, 2002.
[70]ETA.DYNAFORM TEAM. et a/DYNAFORM DEF Training Manual. Engineering Technology Associates, Inc.,2006.
[71]PAMSTAMP 2G. PAM STAMP 2G 2007 Examples Manual. ESI GROUP, 2007.
[72]龚科家,李运兴,郭威,等.而向CAE的汽车覆盖件模面设计中零件边界光顺技术[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2006,36：75-78.
[73]GONG K J, GUO W, HU P. Smoothing method of auto-body part contour based on the CAE-driving die-face design[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2006,7(7) :853-858.
[74]DI C, ZHENG G J. Fairing method for automotive panels based on ski nning surface[C]/ Proceeding of the 2010 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. Washington DC: IEEE Computer Society,2010,2:220-223.
[75]SHIN H, CHO S K. Directional offset of a 3D curve[C]//Proceeding of the seventh ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications. New York:ACM,2002:329-335.
[76]LIU X Z, YONG J H, ZHENG G Q, et al. An offset algorithm for polyline curves[J]. Computers in Industry,2007,58(3):240-254.
[77]PARK S C, CHUNG Y C. Offset tool-path linking for pocket machining[J]. Computer-Aided Design,2002,34(4):299-308.
[78]SHAN Y, WANG S L, TONG S G. Uneven offset method of NC tool path generation for free-form pocket machining[J]. Computers in Industry,2000,43(1):97-103.
[79]DAVID S. Curves and surfaces for computer graphics[M]. New York:Springer,2005.
[80]FARIN G. Curves and surface for CAGD:A practical guide[M]. San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann,5"'edition,2002.
[81]周永泰.模具行业“十五”期间市场预测[J].模具工业,2000(1)：3-6.
[82]陈涛,李光耀.覆盖件拉延模工艺补充及压料面的参数化设计新方法[J].机械工程学报,2006,42(5)：69-74.
[83]龚科家,胡平.汽车覆盖件模面设计中补充曲面的生成方法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2006,36(1)：63-66.
[84]刘玉琳,龚科家,郭威,等.汽车覆盖件工艺补充面参数化设计方法[J].计算力学学报,2007,24(4)：529-532.
[85]DI C, LIU R J, HU P, et al. Smoothing parametric method to design addendum surface[C]//Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. Washington, DC:IEEE Computer Society,2008,1:1140-1144.
[86]刘细芬,黄华艳,张洪锐.基于CAE技术的汽车覆盖件拉延模具设计[J].机械设计与制造,2010(4)：242-244.
[87]崔令江.汽车覆盖件冲压成形技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[88]闫飞吴,崔令江,刘大海.压料面形状对拉深成形影响的研究[J].模具工业,2009,35(1)：1-5.
[89]ORTEGA J M, RHEINBOLDT W C多元非线性方程组迭代解法[M].朱季泽,译.北京：中国科学出版社,1983.
[90]ALTAIR ENGINEERING. HyperForm Introduction--1-Step and Incremengtal Stamping Simulation. Altair Engineering, Inc.,2009.
[91]SHIMOMURA T, YOSHIDA M. Study of surface deflection in door outer panel[C]/ Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Congress-International Deep Drawing Research Group. Melbourne:Efficiency in Sheet Metal Forming,1984:46-53.
[92]SATOH T, AMAIKE T, TOKUNAGA Y, et al. A study of the growth mechanism and removal techniques of surface deflection observed in autobody outer panels[C]//Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Congress-Internat ional Deep Drawi ng Research Group. Melbourne: Efficiency in Sheet Metal Forming,1984:54-61.
[93]ISHIGAKA H, NAKAGAWA N, OKAMOTO I,et al. Analysis of growth and disappearance of surface deflection in press forming of large-sized autobody panels[J]. International Journal of Vehicle Design,1985,6(2):240-256.
[94]ANDERSSON A. Evaluation and visualisation of surface defects on auto-body panels[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2009,209(2):821-837.
[95]PARK C D, CHUNG W J, KIM B M. A numerical and experimental study of surface deflections in automobile exterior panels[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2007,187-188:99-102.
[96]SUN Z Z, YANG Y Y. A study of surface deflection in pressed automobile panels[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2006,180 (1-3):53-59.
[97]PARK D H, SREEJITH P S. Analysis of surface deflection in auto body outer panel [J]. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,2010,61:5-9.
[98]YOSHIDA K, HAYASHI J, NIYAUCHI K, et al. Assessment of fitting behavior and shape fixation by Yoshida Buckling Test-A way to overall formability[C]//International Symposium on New Aspects of Sheet Metal Forming ISIJ, Tokyo:Iron and Steel Institute of Japan,1981:125-150.
[99]YOSHIDA K. Purpose and feature of Yoshida Buckling Test[J]. Journal of the Japan society for technology of plasticity,1983,24:901-903.
[100]CHENG H S, CAO J, WANG H P. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Buckling and Post-Buckling Phenomenon in the Yoshida Test[C]//Proceedings of ASME International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Michigan:ASME, 2006:249-256.
[101]CAO J, CHENG H S, WANG H P, et al. Buckling of Sheet Metals in Contact With Tool Surfaces[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,2007,56(1):253-256.
[102]WANG HP, XU S G, CAO J. Prelimilary Study on a Surface Distortion Predictor for Sheet Metals:Validation in Yoshida Buckling Problems[C]//Proceedings of the 7th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes, Zurich:ETH,2008:457-466.
[103]FU Z C, HU P, EIU H P. Investigation on the numerical simulation of panel dent resistance by using finite element[J]. Journal of Plasticity Engineering,2008, 15(5):136-141.
[104]付争春,马俊山,胡平,等.汽车外覆盖件表面凹陷与畸变的实验与仿真[J].塑性工程学报,2009,16(2)：24-28,43.
[105]SARRAGA R E. Modifying CAD/CAM surfaces according to displacements prescribed at a finite set of points[J]. Computer-Aided Design,2004,36(4):343-349.
[106]YIN Z W, SONG J, JIANG S W. A new strategy for direct generation of tool shape from a CAD model based on a meshless method[J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2004,17(4):327-338.
[107]SARRAGA R F, OETJENS T J, WANG C T, et al. Volume morphing to compensate stamping springback[C]//SAE World Congress & Exhibition, Detroit:Sheet/Hydro/Gas Forming Technology and Model ing(Part 1 of 3),2009-01-0982.
[108]ZHOU L, HU S J, LIN G S, et al. Evolutionary stamping die development using morphology technology[J].Transactions of NAMRI/SME,2009,37:317-324.
[2]汽车协会行业信息部.2011年汽车工业经济运行情况信息发布会通稿[EB/OL].2011[2012.01.12], http://www.caam.org.cn/xiehuidongtai/20120112/1605066975.html.
[3]第一汽车制造厂工装设计室.汽车覆盖件冲模[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1979.
[4]王永锋,曹静,刘锐.我国汽车覆盖件模具的发展现状及其思路[J].产业透视,2009,10：58-59.
[5]罗百辉.我国汽车模具迅猛发展,力争占领高档模具市场[EB/OL].2012[2012.02.11],http://news.byf.com/html/20120211/136168.shtml.
[6]周天瑞.汽车覆盖件冲压成形技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[7]胡道钟.中国车身模具“十一五”回顾与“十二五”展望[J].现代零部件,2010,3：19-23.
[8]新华社.中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要[EB/OL].[2011.03.16], http://www.gov.cn/20111h/content_1825838.htm.
[9]中华人民共和国工业和信息化部.机械基础件、基础制造工艺和基础材料产业“十二五”发展规划[EB/OL].http://zbs.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11295142/n11299123/1433360]. html.
[10]GUO Y Q, BATOZ J L, NACEUR H, et al. Recent developments on the analysis and optimum design of sheet metal forming parts using a simplified inverse approach[J]. Computers and Structures,2000,78(1-3):133-148.
[11]KIM Y H, PARK J J. Effect of process parameters on formability in incremental forming of sheet metal[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,130-131 (3):42-46.
[12]GAN W, WAGONER R H. Die design method for sheet springback[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2004,46(7):1097-1113.
[13]陈刚.基于知识的车身冲压件DFM关键技术研究[D].上海：上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,2006.
[14]FIRAT M. Computer aided analysis and design of sheet metal forming processes:Part III:Stamping die-face design[J]. Materials and Design,2007,28(4):1311-1320.
[15]高军,郝滨海,李辉平,等.模具设计及CAD[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006.
[16]余世浩,黄尚宇.模具CAD基础[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2009.
[17]王义林.模具CAD基础[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2011.
[18]OKAMOTO f. Computer aided design and Evaluation system for stamping dies in Toyota[J]. SAE paper 880524,1988:79-89.
[19]PILANI R, NARASIMHAN K, MAITI S K, et al. A hybrid intelligent, systems approach for die design in sheet metal forming[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2000,16(5):370-375.
[20]KUNWOO L. Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems[M]. Boston:Addison-Wesley,1999.
[21]沈纪桂,陈廉清.IGES—实现CAD/CAM系统间数据交换的规范[J].中国机械工程,1998,9(7)：70-73.
[22]朱大培,徐永安,杨钦,等.基于STEP标准的数据交换的研究与实现[J].计算机工程与设计,2001,22(4)：5-8.
[23]NX:Siemens PLM Software[EB/OL]. http://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/zh_cn/pro ducts/nx/index.shtml.
[24]CAD software-Virtual product-CATIA-Dassault Systemes[EB/OL]. ht tp://www.3ds.com/products/catia/
[25]胡平.大型覆盖件冲压成形CAE软件系统[C]//走向21世纪的中国力学$-$中国科协第九次“青年科学家论坛”报告文集.北京：清华大学出版社,1996.
[26]HU P, SHEN G Z, LIU Y Q. Integrative CAD/CAE/CAM for complicated panel metal stamping of oil pan used in the car engine[J]. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,2001, 14(3):259-267.
[27]胡平,卫教善.冲压成形模具分析软件KMAS[J].模具制造,2004,6：9-11.
[28]胡平,卫教善.KMAS软件及其应用事例[J].现代制造,2004,9：54-55.
[29]HU P, SHEN G Z, YANG G. A quasi-flow constitutive model with strain-rate dependence[J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica,2004,20(3):283-291.
[30]郑国君,张向奎,胡佳楠,等.KMAS软件系统在复杂车身部件快速工艺设计中的应用[J].汽车工艺与材料,2008,11：1-5.
[31]龚科家.CAE驱动的汽车覆盖件模面设计系统若干关键技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学机械科学与工程学院,2006.
[32]狄驰.基于CAE的覆盖件模面工程系统若干关键算法研究[D].长春：吉林大学材料加工工程,2009.
[33]郑金桥.基于KBE的大型复杂冲压件工艺设计关键技术研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学材料加工工程学院,2005.
[34]BADRI NARAYANAN S, NICHOLAS Z. A Sensitivity analysis for the optimal design of metal-forming process[J]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,1996,129(4):319-348.
[35]OHATA T, NAKAMURA Y, KATAYAMA T, et al. Improvement of optimum process design system by numeracal simulation[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1998,80-81: 635-641.
[36]王玉国,卫原平,沈启,等.覆盖件拉深模工艺补充部分和压料面设计[J].上海交通大学学报,1999,33(2)：242-244.
[37]CHEN W, YANG J C, LIN Z Q. Application of integrated formability analysis in designing die-face of automobile panel drawing dies[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,121 (2-3):293-300.
[38]OLAF S, MATTHIAS H. Opitimal design of metal forming die surfaces with evolution strategies[J]. Computers and Structures,2004,82(20-21):1695-1705.
[39]SUN Z C, DEBRAY K, LI Y M, et al. Design-modeling-optimization of addendum surface in deep drawing[C]//Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on New Forming Technology, Harbin,2004:271-276.
[40]张峻,柯映林.基于响应面和空间映射技术的模面设计优化[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(3)：479-485.
[41]王义林,郑金桥,李志刚.基于KBE的大型复杂冲压件工艺信息模型的研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1)：4-7.
[42]王义林,胡贤罡,薄克红.知识驱动的覆盖件模具型面参数化设计[J].现代制造工程,2010,2：87-90,127.
[43]杨伟俊,李东升,李小强,等.基于快速回弹补偿的橡皮囊液压成形模面设计方法[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(12)：1-6.
[44]王匀,许桢英,袁铁军.模具CAD/CAE/CAM[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2011.
[45]万凯,何援军.基JAC IS平台的大型二维CAD系统的设计与开发[J].计算机仿真,2004,21(10)：178181.
[46]詹海生,李广鑫,马志欣.基于ACIS的几何造型技术与系统开发[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[47]JONATHAN C, THEODORE L.3D Modeling With ACIS[M]. American:Paul and Co Pub Consor,2002.
[48]Spatial Corporation Homepage[EB/OL]. http://www.spatial.com/cn.
[49]刘弘,刘希玉.面向对象程序设计：Visual C++6.0与基于ACIS的几何造刑[M].北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2005.
[50]刘瑞军.覆盖件冲压模具型面参数化仿真设计方法与关键技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学材料科学与工程学院,2010.
[51]杨玉英.最新汽车覆盖件冲压成形模具设计制造与组合装配工艺技术手册[M].香港：中国科技文化出版社,2007.
[52]王义林,习朝阳,李志刚,等.汽车覆盖件冲压方向优化[J].塑性工程学报,1994,1(1)：25-31.
[53]覃建周,吴伯杰.汽车覆盖件冲压方向的优化[J].模具工业,2002,252(2)：58.
[54]郭忠新,项辉宇,张蕾.汽车大型覆盖件冲压方向的优化设计[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2003,33(5)：152-159.
[55]胡淳,尤飞.汽车覆盖件冲压方向优化系统设计[J].汽车技术,2005(5)：30-34.
[56]刘渝,江秉华,刘建新.冲压件拉延方向分析方法及应用[J].塑性工程学报,2007,14(2)：247-250.
[57]刘瑞军,宋玉泉,胡平,等.基于改进层次分析法的冲压方向优化函数权重研究[J].塑性工程学报,2009,16(1)：1-5.
[58]狄驰,宋玉泉,郑国君,等.基于网格的汽车覆盖件冲压方向快速算法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2009,39(1)：88-92.
[59]PIEGL L, TILLER W. The NURBS book[M].Berlin: Springer Ver lag, 2nd ediuion, 1996.
[60]施法中.计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2005.
[61]王仁宏,李崇君,朱春钢.计算几何教程[M].北京,科学出版社,2008.
[62]PRAUTZSCH H. Degreeelevation of B-spline curves[J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1984,1(2):193-198.
[63]COHEN F, I.YCHE T, SHUMAKER L. Algorithm for degree-raising of splinos[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1985,4(3):171-181.
[64]PRAUTZSCH H, PIPER B. A fast algorithm to raise the degree of spline curvcs[J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1991,8(4):253-265.
[65]PIEGI. L, TILLER W. Software-engineering approach to degree elevation of B-spline curves[J]. Computer-Aided Design,1994,26(1):17-28.
[66]姚兴,陈军,石晓祥,等.覆盖件拉延模工艺补充面及压料面参数化设计研究[J].模具技术,2002,4：6-9.
[67]王伟,施法中.覆盖件拉延模型工艺补充部分的参数化设计[J].锻压技术,2007,3(2)：105-109.
[68]吴伯杰,赵殊.基于UG汽车覆盖件工艺补允面的参数化设计[J].现代制造工程,2003(4)：1820.
[69]AUTOFORM ENGINEERING. Workshop: AutoForm DieDesigner. AutoForm Engineering GmbH, 2002.
[70]ETA.DYNAFORM TEAM. et a/DYNAFORM DEF Training Manual. Engineering Technology Associates, Inc.,2006.
[71]PAMSTAMP 2G. PAM STAMP 2G 2007 Examples Manual. ESI GROUP, 2007.
[72]龚科家,李运兴,郭威,等.而向CAE的汽车覆盖件模面设计中零件边界光顺技术[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2006,36：75-78.
[73]GONG K J, GUO W, HU P. Smoothing method of auto-body part contour based on the CAE-driving die-face design[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2006,7(7) :853-858.
[74]DI C, ZHENG G J. Fairing method for automotive panels based on ski nning surface[C]/ Proceeding of the 2010 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. Washington DC: IEEE Computer Society,2010,2:220-223.
[75]SHIN H, CHO S K. Directional offset of a 3D curve[C]//Proceeding of the seventh ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications. New York:ACM,2002:329-335.
[76]LIU X Z, YONG J H, ZHENG G Q, et al. An offset algorithm for polyline curves[J]. Computers in Industry,2007,58(3):240-254.
[77]PARK S C, CHUNG Y C. Offset tool-path linking for pocket machining[J]. Computer-Aided Design,2002,34(4):299-308.
[78]SHAN Y, WANG S L, TONG S G. Uneven offset method of NC tool path generation for free-form pocket machining[J]. Computers in Industry,2000,43(1):97-103.
[79]DAVID S. Curves and surfaces for computer graphics[M]. New York:Springer,2005.
[80]FARIN G. Curves and surface for CAGD:A practical guide[M]. San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann,5"'edition,2002.
[81]周永泰.模具行业“十五”期间市场预测[J].模具工业,2000(1)：3-6.
[82]陈涛,李光耀.覆盖件拉延模工艺补充及压料面的参数化设计新方法[J].机械工程学报,2006,42(5)：69-74.
[83]龚科家,胡平.汽车覆盖件模面设计中补充曲面的生成方法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2006,36(1)：63-66.
[84]刘玉琳,龚科家,郭威,等.汽车覆盖件工艺补充面参数化设计方法[J].计算力学学报,2007,24(4)：529-532.
[85]DI C, LIU R J, HU P, et al. Smoothing parametric method to design addendum surface[C]//Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. Washington, DC:IEEE Computer Society,2008,1:1140-1144.
[86]刘细芬,黄华艳,张洪锐.基于CAE技术的汽车覆盖件拉延模具设计[J].机械设计与制造,2010(4)：242-244.
[87]崔令江.汽车覆盖件冲压成形技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[88]闫飞吴,崔令江,刘大海.压料面形状对拉深成形影响的研究[J].模具工业,2009,35(1)：1-5.
[89]ORTEGA J M, RHEINBOLDT W C多元非线性方程组迭代解法[M].朱季泽,译.北京：中国科学出版社,1983.
[90]ALTAIR ENGINEERING. HyperForm Introduction--1-Step and Incremengtal Stamping Simulation. Altair Engineering, Inc.,2009.
[91]SHIMOMURA T, YOSHIDA M. Study of surface deflection in door outer panel[C]/ Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Congress-International Deep Drawing Research Group. Melbourne:Efficiency in Sheet Metal Forming,1984:46-53.
[92]SATOH T, AMAIKE T, TOKUNAGA Y, et al. A study of the growth mechanism and removal techniques of surface deflection observed in autobody outer panels[C]//Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Congress-Internat ional Deep Drawi ng Research Group. Melbourne: Efficiency in Sheet Metal Forming,1984:54-61.
[93]ISHIGAKA H, NAKAGAWA N, OKAMOTO I,et al. Analysis of growth and disappearance of surface deflection in press forming of large-sized autobody panels[J]. International Journal of Vehicle Design,1985,6(2):240-256.
[94]ANDERSSON A. Evaluation and visualisation of surface defects on auto-body panels[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2009,209(2):821-837.
[95]PARK C D, CHUNG W J, KIM B M. A numerical and experimental study of surface deflections in automobile exterior panels[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2007,187-188:99-102.
[96]SUN Z Z, YANG Y Y. A study of surface deflection in pressed automobile panels[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2006,180 (1-3):53-59.
[97]PARK D H, SREEJITH P S. Analysis of surface deflection in auto body outer panel [J]. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,2010,61:5-9.
[98]YOSHIDA K, HAYASHI J, NIYAUCHI K, et al. Assessment of fitting behavior and shape fixation by Yoshida Buckling Test-A way to overall formability[C]//International Symposium on New Aspects of Sheet Metal Forming ISIJ, Tokyo:Iron and Steel Institute of Japan,1981:125-150.
[99]YOSHIDA K. Purpose and feature of Yoshida Buckling Test[J]. Journal of the Japan society for technology of plasticity,1983,24:901-903.
[100]CHENG H S, CAO J, WANG H P. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Buckling and Post-Buckling Phenomenon in the Yoshida Test[C]//Proceedings of ASME International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Michigan:ASME, 2006:249-256.
[101]CAO J, CHENG H S, WANG H P, et al. Buckling of Sheet Metals in Contact With Tool Surfaces[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,2007,56(1):253-256.
[102]WANG HP, XU S G, CAO J. Prelimilary Study on a Surface Distortion Predictor for Sheet Metals:Validation in Yoshida Buckling Problems[C]//Proceedings of the 7th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes, Zurich:ETH,2008:457-466.
[103]FU Z C, HU P, EIU H P. Investigation on the numerical simulation of panel dent resistance by using finite element[J]. Journal of Plasticity Engineering,2008, 15(5):136-141.
[104]付争春,马俊山,胡平,等.汽车外覆盖件表面凹陷与畸变的实验与仿真[J].塑性工程学报,2009,16(2)：24-28,43.
[105]SARRAGA R E. Modifying CAD/CAM surfaces according to displacements prescribed at a finite set of points[J]. Computer-Aided Design,2004,36(4):343-349.
[106]YIN Z W, SONG J, JIANG S W. A new strategy for direct generation of tool shape from a CAD model based on a meshless method[J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2004,17(4):327-338.
[107]SARRAGA R F, OETJENS T J, WANG C T, et al. Volume morphing to compensate stamping springback[C]//SAE World Congress & Exhibition, Detroit:Sheet/Hydro/Gas Forming Technology and Model ing(Part 1 of 3),2009-01-0982.
[108]ZHOU L, HU S J, LIN G S, et al. Evolutionary stamping die development using morphology technology[J].Transactions of NAMRI/SME,2009,37:317-324.