旋转电极均匀介质阻挡放电及应用研究
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摘要
低温等离子体在臭氧制备、材料表面处理、流体控制、杀菌消毒等领域有广阔的应用前景。介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge, DBD)是大气压条件下产生大体积低温等离子体的一种有效手段。然而,大气压条件下,DBD容易形成丝状放电,导致放电分布不均匀,这限制了一些工业应用。近十年来,大气压均匀DBD成了研究热点。目前研究的大气压均匀DBD主要是指不存在微放电的辉光和汤森放电,这种放电通常要求单一气体。从工业应用角度来讲,即使存在微放电,只要在一定时间内,微放电能均匀的分布在材料表面,也能够达到比较好的处理效果。因此,改善微放电的空间分布形成长时间尺度均匀放电,具有很大的工业应用价值。
论文基于本实验室前期研究,通过提出微放电叠加模型论证了放电图像灰度标准差能够定量反映长时间尺度放电均匀性的变化,灰度标准差越小,放电越均匀。为长时间尺度放电均匀性评价打下理论基础。
实验发现了长时间尺度内DBD存在暂态过程的现象,即随着放电时间增加,放电图像的灰度标准差会逐渐减小,最后达到稳定。由电极静止不同时刻放电图像灰度曲线可知,暂态过程初始态时放电容易形成比较强的放电细丝,而随着时间增加,达到稳定态时,放电细丝强度逐渐减弱并发生融合,从放电图像上仍能观察到一些‘簇状’放电。出现暂态过程的原因可能是随着放电时间增加,积累了大量热量,加速了空气流动,从而增加放电空间残留物和壁电荷的扩展和相互作用,使种子电子分布更均匀。
研制了一种新型旋转电极DBD装置,实现了长时间尺度内较为均匀的放电。实验结果显示旋转电极的暂态过程比静止电极的暂态过程更快结束,放电图像的灰度标准差也更小。放电图像灰度标准差随转速增加而减小,当电极转速超过3000rpm时,灰度标准差稳定在4左右,接近大气压氦气中灰度标准差2。拍摄了4000rpm不同电压、频率和间隙放电暂态过程的放电图像,结果表明电压、频率和间隙对放电均匀性影响很小。这说明在转速超过3000rpm时,可以实现长时间尺度均匀放电。
提出了电极旋转形成长时间尺度均匀放电的机制。在暂态过程初始态,半个周期内放电图像说明放电空间残留物随气流流动为后续放电提供种子电子可以有效改善微放电时空位置分布,形成带状放电轨迹。流场仿真结果显示带状轨迹长度与气流流过距离吻合。微放电空间位置随时间变化可以减小灰度畸变,提高长时间尺度放电均匀性。在稳定态时,放电变糊,放电分布受转速影响不明显。这与微放电本身结构和分布有很大关系。通过ICCD相机拍摄了初始态微秒放电图像和稳定态纳秒放电图像,研究了微放电及分布之间的差异。结果显示在稳定态时,单个微放电强度变弱而且微放电之间相互融合,这是稳定态放电均匀性提高的重要原因。
研究了丝网和包膜电极形成的空间周期边界在旋转条件下对放电分布和均匀性的影响。结果表明包膜和丝网旋转电极可以更有效改善放电分布,当电极转速为1000rpm时就可以实现同等水平的均匀放电,进一步增加转速对放电均匀性影响不大。在转速达到1000rpm时,电压、频率和间隙变化对放电均匀性影响不大。而且丝网电极可以在比较低的电压下,得到强度更强的放电。
将旋转电极DBD装置用于臭氧制备,在电压或流量较低时,电极旋转可以提高臭氧浓度和产率。这主要是由于电极旋转可以改变气流流向,有利于增加气流与放电之间接触时间和放电均匀性,从而提高臭氧浓度和产率。其中,电压、频率和流量之间有一个最佳配合。增加电压和频率虽然可以有效提高臭氧浓度,但电压和频率过大,会降低臭氧产率。流速对产额和产率有显著影响,但流速过大会降低臭氧浓度。在保证安全运行条件下,选择高气体流量有助于增加产额和产率。
Low-temperature plasma has a broad application prospects in the field of ozone generation, surface treatment of materials, fluid control, sterilization, et.al. The dielectric barrier discharge is an effective means to produce a large volume of low-temperature plasma under atmospheric conditions. However, it is apt to form filamentary discharge, and the spatial distribution of discharge is uneven, which limits its industrial applications. Over the past decade, the atmospheric pressure homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge research focus mainly on the glow and Townsend discharge which is charateristiced as the absent of micro-discharge. While it requires harsh conditions and is not conducive to industrial applications. From the perspective of industrial applications, even in the presence of micro-discharge, if the microdischarges are evenly distributed on a material surface within a certain time, it is possible to achieve a good treatment effect. Hence improving the spatioal distribution of microdischarges to obtain a long time scale uniform discharge is also an important issue to be examined.
Based on our previous researches, it is demonstrated that the standard deviation of gray levels could quantitatively reflect the discharge uniformity by a microdischarge superposition model. The smaller the standard deviation, the more uniform the discharge. This is a theoretical foundation for the quantitative evluation of the long time scale discharge.
We observed a long time-scale DBD transient process, that is, the standard deviation of gray levels gradually reduces with an increase of the discharge time, and finally keeps stable. From the discharge gray curves of different times, it is apt to form relatively strong discharge filaments at the initial state of the transient process, when the discharge reach a steady state, the discharge filaments strength gradually weakened and fusion and some 'clustered' discharges form. The microdischarge interaction caused by the dispersion of the discharge remnant may be the reason for the transient process. With an increase of discharge time, a temperature rise will accelerate the air convection and thus the expansion and interaction of the discharge remnant, which results the seed electron distribution more uniform.
In this paper, a DBD with rotating electrode is developed to achieve a long time scale uniform discharge. Experimental results show that the transient process of the rotating electrode ends faster than that of the stationary electrode, and the grayscale standard deviation is smaller. The standard deviation of gray levels decreases with the speed increase. When the the electrode speed is over3000rpm, the standard deviation of gray levels keeps about4, which is comparable with that of the discharge at atmospheric pressure helium2. When the rotating rate is4000rpm, the effect of voltage, frequency, and gap distance on the discharge uniformity is small. This suggests that a long time scale uniform discharge can be achieved when the speed exceeds3000rpm.
When the electrode is rotating, at the initial state of the transient process, the discharge forms lighting bands distribution; at the stable state of the transient process, the discharge becomes diffuse and changes little with the electrode rotation. The discharge image and gas flow simulation results show that the discharge remnant has a dominant effect on the discharge distribution at the initial state. The ICCD images show that the intensity difference of the discharge filaments is obvious, which has an important effect on the discharge uniformity. At the steady state of the discharge, the discharge intensity is relatively weak, which could prevent the burning down of the material surface.
Mesh and barrier coated electrode are used to investigated the effects of the spatiotemporal periodic boundary on the discharge uniformity. The results show that the same uniform discharge could be obtained at a smaller rotating rate. When the speed is1000rpm, the uniformity of discharge changes little with the variation of the voltage, frequency, and gap. Moreover, the mesh electrode can be obtained in a relatively low voltage, the stronger intensity discharge.
Rotary electrode is used for the ozone preparation. It is found that voltage and frequency have a significant effect on the ozone concentration, but if the voltage and frequency is too large, the the yield of ozone will reduce. Flow rate has a significant effect on the yield, while the flow rate through the assembly will reduce the ozone concentration. Between the voltage, frequency and flow rate has a best fit. In the case of a higher voltage, regardless of the electrodes is rotated or not, the final ozone will reach a higher concentration; rotation ozone concentration and the yield can be improved when the voltage is low. The electrode rotation will change the air flow field and increase the contact time between the air and the discharge, which could improve the discharge uniformity and the ozone yield.
论文基于本实验室前期研究,通过提出微放电叠加模型论证了放电图像灰度标准差能够定量反映长时间尺度放电均匀性的变化,灰度标准差越小,放电越均匀。为长时间尺度放电均匀性评价打下理论基础。
实验发现了长时间尺度内DBD存在暂态过程的现象,即随着放电时间增加,放电图像的灰度标准差会逐渐减小,最后达到稳定。由电极静止不同时刻放电图像灰度曲线可知,暂态过程初始态时放电容易形成比较强的放电细丝,而随着时间增加,达到稳定态时,放电细丝强度逐渐减弱并发生融合,从放电图像上仍能观察到一些‘簇状’放电。出现暂态过程的原因可能是随着放电时间增加,积累了大量热量,加速了空气流动,从而增加放电空间残留物和壁电荷的扩展和相互作用,使种子电子分布更均匀。
研制了一种新型旋转电极DBD装置,实现了长时间尺度内较为均匀的放电。实验结果显示旋转电极的暂态过程比静止电极的暂态过程更快结束,放电图像的灰度标准差也更小。放电图像灰度标准差随转速增加而减小,当电极转速超过3000rpm时,灰度标准差稳定在4左右,接近大气压氦气中灰度标准差2。拍摄了4000rpm不同电压、频率和间隙放电暂态过程的放电图像,结果表明电压、频率和间隙对放电均匀性影响很小。这说明在转速超过3000rpm时,可以实现长时间尺度均匀放电。
提出了电极旋转形成长时间尺度均匀放电的机制。在暂态过程初始态,半个周期内放电图像说明放电空间残留物随气流流动为后续放电提供种子电子可以有效改善微放电时空位置分布,形成带状放电轨迹。流场仿真结果显示带状轨迹长度与气流流过距离吻合。微放电空间位置随时间变化可以减小灰度畸变,提高长时间尺度放电均匀性。在稳定态时,放电变糊,放电分布受转速影响不明显。这与微放电本身结构和分布有很大关系。通过ICCD相机拍摄了初始态微秒放电图像和稳定态纳秒放电图像,研究了微放电及分布之间的差异。结果显示在稳定态时,单个微放电强度变弱而且微放电之间相互融合,这是稳定态放电均匀性提高的重要原因。
研究了丝网和包膜电极形成的空间周期边界在旋转条件下对放电分布和均匀性的影响。结果表明包膜和丝网旋转电极可以更有效改善放电分布,当电极转速为1000rpm时就可以实现同等水平的均匀放电,进一步增加转速对放电均匀性影响不大。在转速达到1000rpm时,电压、频率和间隙变化对放电均匀性影响不大。而且丝网电极可以在比较低的电压下,得到强度更强的放电。
将旋转电极DBD装置用于臭氧制备,在电压或流量较低时,电极旋转可以提高臭氧浓度和产率。这主要是由于电极旋转可以改变气流流向,有利于增加气流与放电之间接触时间和放电均匀性,从而提高臭氧浓度和产率。其中,电压、频率和流量之间有一个最佳配合。增加电压和频率虽然可以有效提高臭氧浓度,但电压和频率过大,会降低臭氧产率。流速对产额和产率有显著影响,但流速过大会降低臭氧浓度。在保证安全运行条件下,选择高气体流量有助于增加产额和产率。
Low-temperature plasma has a broad application prospects in the field of ozone generation, surface treatment of materials, fluid control, sterilization, et.al. The dielectric barrier discharge is an effective means to produce a large volume of low-temperature plasma under atmospheric conditions. However, it is apt to form filamentary discharge, and the spatial distribution of discharge is uneven, which limits its industrial applications. Over the past decade, the atmospheric pressure homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge research focus mainly on the glow and Townsend discharge which is charateristiced as the absent of micro-discharge. While it requires harsh conditions and is not conducive to industrial applications. From the perspective of industrial applications, even in the presence of micro-discharge, if the microdischarges are evenly distributed on a material surface within a certain time, it is possible to achieve a good treatment effect. Hence improving the spatioal distribution of microdischarges to obtain a long time scale uniform discharge is also an important issue to be examined.
Based on our previous researches, it is demonstrated that the standard deviation of gray levels could quantitatively reflect the discharge uniformity by a microdischarge superposition model. The smaller the standard deviation, the more uniform the discharge. This is a theoretical foundation for the quantitative evluation of the long time scale discharge.
We observed a long time-scale DBD transient process, that is, the standard deviation of gray levels gradually reduces with an increase of the discharge time, and finally keeps stable. From the discharge gray curves of different times, it is apt to form relatively strong discharge filaments at the initial state of the transient process, when the discharge reach a steady state, the discharge filaments strength gradually weakened and fusion and some 'clustered' discharges form. The microdischarge interaction caused by the dispersion of the discharge remnant may be the reason for the transient process. With an increase of discharge time, a temperature rise will accelerate the air convection and thus the expansion and interaction of the discharge remnant, which results the seed electron distribution more uniform.
In this paper, a DBD with rotating electrode is developed to achieve a long time scale uniform discharge. Experimental results show that the transient process of the rotating electrode ends faster than that of the stationary electrode, and the grayscale standard deviation is smaller. The standard deviation of gray levels decreases with the speed increase. When the the electrode speed is over3000rpm, the standard deviation of gray levels keeps about4, which is comparable with that of the discharge at atmospheric pressure helium2. When the rotating rate is4000rpm, the effect of voltage, frequency, and gap distance on the discharge uniformity is small. This suggests that a long time scale uniform discharge can be achieved when the speed exceeds3000rpm.
When the electrode is rotating, at the initial state of the transient process, the discharge forms lighting bands distribution; at the stable state of the transient process, the discharge becomes diffuse and changes little with the electrode rotation. The discharge image and gas flow simulation results show that the discharge remnant has a dominant effect on the discharge distribution at the initial state. The ICCD images show that the intensity difference of the discharge filaments is obvious, which has an important effect on the discharge uniformity. At the steady state of the discharge, the discharge intensity is relatively weak, which could prevent the burning down of the material surface.
Mesh and barrier coated electrode are used to investigated the effects of the spatiotemporal periodic boundary on the discharge uniformity. The results show that the same uniform discharge could be obtained at a smaller rotating rate. When the speed is1000rpm, the uniformity of discharge changes little with the variation of the voltage, frequency, and gap. Moreover, the mesh electrode can be obtained in a relatively low voltage, the stronger intensity discharge.
Rotary electrode is used for the ozone preparation. It is found that voltage and frequency have a significant effect on the ozone concentration, but if the voltage and frequency is too large, the the yield of ozone will reduce. Flow rate has a significant effect on the yield, while the flow rate through the assembly will reduce the ozone concentration. Between the voltage, frequency and flow rate has a best fit. In the case of a higher voltage, regardless of the electrodes is rotated or not, the final ozone will reach a higher concentration; rotation ozone concentration and the yield can be improved when the voltage is low. The electrode rotation will change the air flow field and increase the contact time between the air and the discharge, which could improve the discharge uniformity and the ozone yield.
引文
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