深水S-Spar平台水动力性能及其立管系统疲劳特性研究
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摘要
随着人类石油勘探开发逐渐向深水领域扩展,涌现了许多新型的适应深海海洋环境的平台。与其他形式的平台相比,Spar平台的适用水深范围大,运动性能和稳定性好,已经成为世界深海油气开采的主力平台类型之一。Spar平台已经由第一代Classic Spar平台、第二代Truss Spar平台发展到第三代Cell Spar平台。目前我国在此领域的研究还处于起步阶段,且特殊的环境条件对Spar平台的设计和研究提出了新的挑战。因此,急需开展新型Spar平台概念设计及其水动力性能等方面计算和模型试验研究。
本文结合Classic Spar和Truss Spar平台的优点,基于极深水和海洋内波等特殊的海洋环境条件,提出一种新型S-Spar平台,并设计了半张紧半悬链线式的系泊系统。S-Spar平台采用圆柱形中央井连接软硬舱,并在连接段的中央井外设置了三层垂荡板。S-Spar平台独特的封闭式中段能够有效避免顶张式立管等设施因内波高流速引起严重的涡激振动,还可以安装更长的浮筒,不需要采用轻质金属便能提供足够的顶张力,使用的水深范围更大。此外,中段的独特设计还减少了钢材的消耗量,有效的提高了平台的有效荷载。
采用三维势流理论分析平台在频域内的运动响应,计算了作用在平台主体上的波浪载荷、附加质量和势流阻尼系数以及运动响应传递函数等。计算结果表明,新型S-Spar平台的附加质量和阻尼都达到了良好的量级,具有良好的运动性能,所得的频域计算结果将进一步用于平台的时域耦合分析计算。
采用DeepC软件建立了S-Spar平台和‘Horn Mountain’Truss Spar平台的耦合分析模型,考虑风、浪、流等环境荷载的作用和系泊系统的非线性影响,进行了时域耦合分析。得到了两种Spar平台的波浪荷载(包括一阶波浪激励力和二阶波浪力)、运动位移时程、运动响应谱、系泊缆的张力时程和张力极值等,并对两种Spar平台的结果进行了比较。结果表明,S-Spar封闭式的中段并没有引起平台主体承受的波浪荷载的明显增大;在极端风浪流环境荷载的作用下,S-Spar平台各自由度的运动响应要优于‘Horn Mountain’Truss Spar平台,其系泊缆的张力极值和张力变化幅值也的得到了很好的控制,因此新型S-Spar平台保持了传统Spar平台良好的运动性能,能够适应深海油气的开采。
Spar平台常采用TTR作为海面与海底井口间的主要连接件,现在对Spar平台TTR系统的研究多针对单根立管,即不考虑Spar平台的影响,尤其是TTR的涡激振动分析。本文最后基于S-Spar平台,对其顶张式立管涡激振动疲劳特性进行了研究,主要包括S-Spar平台对立管保护作用研究、Spar平台对其顶张式立管(TTR)固有频率和涡激振动疲劳损伤的影响、Spar平台VIM运动对其TTR疲劳损伤的响应,得出以下结论:
1)新型S-Spar平台的封闭式中段不仅能够保护平台中段的立管,还能有效的减小整根立管的疲劳损伤。S-Spar平台对平台长度范围内立管及导向环支撑位置处立管的保护作用最为明显,且随着流速的增大保护作用增强。
2)Spar平台中央井内的导向环对TTR提供侧向支撑作用,使得有Spar平台时TTR的固有频率会高于无Spar平台模型,对于本文的顶张式立管,固有频率误差最大可达11.12%。
3)不考虑Spar平台而采用简化的单根管模型对TTR进行涡激振动疲劳损伤计算使立管的疲劳设计偏于危险。本文的顶张式立管在南海海域各流速的作用下,有Spar平台的立管疲劳损伤为单根管模型计算结果的2.598倍。
4)VIV疲劳损伤与VIM疲劳损伤耦合计算时,Spar平台VIM运动可以降低TTR的疲劳损伤。忽略Spar平台VIM运动而对TTR进行疲劳寿命预报会使结果偏于保守。
本论文的创新性工作主要体现在:综合Classic Spar和Truss Spar平台的优点,考虑极深水和海洋内波等特殊海洋环境条件,提出一种新型S-Spar平台,并完成了时域和频域内的运动响应分析;基于S-Spar平台,从S-Spar平台对立管保护作用、Spar平台对TTR涡激振动疲劳损伤的影响、Spar平台VIM运动对TTR疲劳损伤的影响等方面研究了Spar平台立管系统的疲劳特性。
As the offshore oil exploitation activities expending to deep water and even ultra-deep water, many new types of floating structures suitable for this depth are being developed concomitantly. Compared with other floating structures, Spar platform has excellent stability, benign motion behavior and adaptation to wide range of water depth. Spar platform is then regarded as an attractive design solution for regions of deep water. Since the first generation of Classic Spar has come to use, the Spar platform has been evolved into the second generation of Truss Spar and the latest Cell Spar. At present, the Chinese research in this area is still in the starting phase. However, the special environments, such as ultra-deep water and internal waves, pose a new challenge to the design of Spar platforms. Therefore, the concept design and hydrodynamic analysis of new type of Spar platform are urgently needed.
Based on the advantages of Classic Spar and Truss Spar, A new type of Spar platform, named S-Spar, is presented in this paper. This Spar aims at applying to the especial areas with internal wave and ultra-deep water depth. Its midsection is a cylinder with same diameter as the centre well, and the centre well and midsection is designed as an integrated structure. Three heave plates are attached appropriately along the connect section. With the unique closed midsection, S-Spar shields the risers in the centre well from the majority of environment loads near the midsection, then can avoid the high frequency vibration of risers due to current and internal waves. S-Spar can provide sufficient top tension for ultra-deep water application but no buoyancy can made of lightweight alloy is need. Besides, S-Spar has been optimized to carry large payloads due to the decrease of steel using of midsection.
Based on the 3D potential flow theory, the hydrodynamic analysis of S-Spar is conducted in frequency domain. The wave exciting force, added mass coefficient, damping coefficient and motion Response Amplitude Operators (RAO) are obtained. The calculation results show that added mass and damping of S-Spar platform has reach good level, and S-Spar is considered to have good motion characteristics. The results from frequency-domain analysis will be further used in time-domain coupling analysis of S-Spar platform.
The coupling analysis model of S-Spar platform and‘Horn Mountain’Truss Spar are set up using the software DeepC. Then the hydrodynamic performance of two Spars is analyzed through nonlinear time-domain coupling method with the wind, wave, current loads and the nonlinear effects of mooring system. The wave force (including first order wave exciting force and second order wave drift force), time history of global motions, response spectrum, tension time history of mooring lines and maximum tension are obtained. Then the paper compares the motion characteristics of S-Spar and the typical Truss Spar in this paper. The results show that wave force on S-Spar platform is at the same level of that of Truss Spar which indicates the closed midsection doesn’t cause obvious increase of wave loads. S-Spar platform shows better motion response than the typical Truss Spar under the extreme wind, wave and flow condition. Besides, the maximum tension and tension fluctuation of mooring lines for S-Spar platform are also well controlled. Therefore, the S-Spar is considered to have excellent motion characteristics and good adaptation to exploitation of deep water and ultra-deep water.
Top tensioned riser is usually used to connect sea surface and wellhead in seabed in Spar platform. However, most researches adopt single riser model which can not take the influence of Spar platform on TTR into consideration, especially for the vortex induce vibration (VIV) study. Based on the S-Spar platform, the vortex induced vibration and fatigue behaviors of TTR hosted in Spar platform are investigated in this paper at the last part. The researches mainly focus on protective effects of S-Spar on TTRs in centre well, influence of riser guides on natural frequency and VIV fatigue damage of TTRs, influence of Spar VIM on fatigue damage of TTRs. The following conclusions can be drawn:
1) The S-Spar platform can not only protect TTR in the range of midsection, but also decrease fatigue damage of whole riser effectively. The protective effect is more obvious in the range of Spar hull and riser guides, and increases with current velocity.
2) Riser guides in the centre well of Spar platform will make natural frequency of TTR higher than single riser model. For the TTR mentioned in this paper, tolerance of natural frequency can reach to 11.2%.
3) Using single riser model to predict the fatigue life of TTR hosted in Spar platform is more dangerous. The fatigue damage of TTR with Spar platform is 2.598 times as that of single riser model under the current condition in South China Sea.
4) When VIV fatigue damage and VIM fatigue calculated together, the VIM of Spar platform has great influence on the fatigue damage of TTR. VIM of Spar can restrain the vibration and fatigue damage of TTR It is conservative to predict the fatigue life of TTR without taking the VIM of Spar into consideration.
The innovation of this thesis can be concluded as follows: Taking the ultra-deep water condition and internal wave load into consideration, a new type of Spar named S-Spar is presented in this paper by integrating the advantages of Classic Spar and Truss Spar. And the hydrodynamic performance is obtained using frequency-domain and time-domain method, and compared with a typical Truss Spar. Based on the S-Spar, protective effects of S-Spar on TTRs in centre well, influence of Spar platform on VIV fatigue damage of TTRs, influence of Spar VIM on fatigue damage of TTRs are investigate, and beneficial conclusions are obtained.
本文结合Classic Spar和Truss Spar平台的优点,基于极深水和海洋内波等特殊的海洋环境条件,提出一种新型S-Spar平台,并设计了半张紧半悬链线式的系泊系统。S-Spar平台采用圆柱形中央井连接软硬舱,并在连接段的中央井外设置了三层垂荡板。S-Spar平台独特的封闭式中段能够有效避免顶张式立管等设施因内波高流速引起严重的涡激振动,还可以安装更长的浮筒,不需要采用轻质金属便能提供足够的顶张力,使用的水深范围更大。此外,中段的独特设计还减少了钢材的消耗量,有效的提高了平台的有效荷载。
采用三维势流理论分析平台在频域内的运动响应,计算了作用在平台主体上的波浪载荷、附加质量和势流阻尼系数以及运动响应传递函数等。计算结果表明,新型S-Spar平台的附加质量和阻尼都达到了良好的量级,具有良好的运动性能,所得的频域计算结果将进一步用于平台的时域耦合分析计算。
采用DeepC软件建立了S-Spar平台和‘Horn Mountain’Truss Spar平台的耦合分析模型,考虑风、浪、流等环境荷载的作用和系泊系统的非线性影响,进行了时域耦合分析。得到了两种Spar平台的波浪荷载(包括一阶波浪激励力和二阶波浪力)、运动位移时程、运动响应谱、系泊缆的张力时程和张力极值等,并对两种Spar平台的结果进行了比较。结果表明,S-Spar封闭式的中段并没有引起平台主体承受的波浪荷载的明显增大;在极端风浪流环境荷载的作用下,S-Spar平台各自由度的运动响应要优于‘Horn Mountain’Truss Spar平台,其系泊缆的张力极值和张力变化幅值也的得到了很好的控制,因此新型S-Spar平台保持了传统Spar平台良好的运动性能,能够适应深海油气的开采。
Spar平台常采用TTR作为海面与海底井口间的主要连接件,现在对Spar平台TTR系统的研究多针对单根立管,即不考虑Spar平台的影响,尤其是TTR的涡激振动分析。本文最后基于S-Spar平台,对其顶张式立管涡激振动疲劳特性进行了研究,主要包括S-Spar平台对立管保护作用研究、Spar平台对其顶张式立管(TTR)固有频率和涡激振动疲劳损伤的影响、Spar平台VIM运动对其TTR疲劳损伤的响应,得出以下结论:
1)新型S-Spar平台的封闭式中段不仅能够保护平台中段的立管,还能有效的减小整根立管的疲劳损伤。S-Spar平台对平台长度范围内立管及导向环支撑位置处立管的保护作用最为明显,且随着流速的增大保护作用增强。
2)Spar平台中央井内的导向环对TTR提供侧向支撑作用,使得有Spar平台时TTR的固有频率会高于无Spar平台模型,对于本文的顶张式立管,固有频率误差最大可达11.12%。
3)不考虑Spar平台而采用简化的单根管模型对TTR进行涡激振动疲劳损伤计算使立管的疲劳设计偏于危险。本文的顶张式立管在南海海域各流速的作用下,有Spar平台的立管疲劳损伤为单根管模型计算结果的2.598倍。
4)VIV疲劳损伤与VIM疲劳损伤耦合计算时,Spar平台VIM运动可以降低TTR的疲劳损伤。忽略Spar平台VIM运动而对TTR进行疲劳寿命预报会使结果偏于保守。
本论文的创新性工作主要体现在:综合Classic Spar和Truss Spar平台的优点,考虑极深水和海洋内波等特殊海洋环境条件,提出一种新型S-Spar平台,并完成了时域和频域内的运动响应分析;基于S-Spar平台,从S-Spar平台对立管保护作用、Spar平台对TTR涡激振动疲劳损伤的影响、Spar平台VIM运动对TTR疲劳损伤的影响等方面研究了Spar平台立管系统的疲劳特性。
As the offshore oil exploitation activities expending to deep water and even ultra-deep water, many new types of floating structures suitable for this depth are being developed concomitantly. Compared with other floating structures, Spar platform has excellent stability, benign motion behavior and adaptation to wide range of water depth. Spar platform is then regarded as an attractive design solution for regions of deep water. Since the first generation of Classic Spar has come to use, the Spar platform has been evolved into the second generation of Truss Spar and the latest Cell Spar. At present, the Chinese research in this area is still in the starting phase. However, the special environments, such as ultra-deep water and internal waves, pose a new challenge to the design of Spar platforms. Therefore, the concept design and hydrodynamic analysis of new type of Spar platform are urgently needed.
Based on the advantages of Classic Spar and Truss Spar, A new type of Spar platform, named S-Spar, is presented in this paper. This Spar aims at applying to the especial areas with internal wave and ultra-deep water depth. Its midsection is a cylinder with same diameter as the centre well, and the centre well and midsection is designed as an integrated structure. Three heave plates are attached appropriately along the connect section. With the unique closed midsection, S-Spar shields the risers in the centre well from the majority of environment loads near the midsection, then can avoid the high frequency vibration of risers due to current and internal waves. S-Spar can provide sufficient top tension for ultra-deep water application but no buoyancy can made of lightweight alloy is need. Besides, S-Spar has been optimized to carry large payloads due to the decrease of steel using of midsection.
Based on the 3D potential flow theory, the hydrodynamic analysis of S-Spar is conducted in frequency domain. The wave exciting force, added mass coefficient, damping coefficient and motion Response Amplitude Operators (RAO) are obtained. The calculation results show that added mass and damping of S-Spar platform has reach good level, and S-Spar is considered to have good motion characteristics. The results from frequency-domain analysis will be further used in time-domain coupling analysis of S-Spar platform.
The coupling analysis model of S-Spar platform and‘Horn Mountain’Truss Spar are set up using the software DeepC. Then the hydrodynamic performance of two Spars is analyzed through nonlinear time-domain coupling method with the wind, wave, current loads and the nonlinear effects of mooring system. The wave force (including first order wave exciting force and second order wave drift force), time history of global motions, response spectrum, tension time history of mooring lines and maximum tension are obtained. Then the paper compares the motion characteristics of S-Spar and the typical Truss Spar in this paper. The results show that wave force on S-Spar platform is at the same level of that of Truss Spar which indicates the closed midsection doesn’t cause obvious increase of wave loads. S-Spar platform shows better motion response than the typical Truss Spar under the extreme wind, wave and flow condition. Besides, the maximum tension and tension fluctuation of mooring lines for S-Spar platform are also well controlled. Therefore, the S-Spar is considered to have excellent motion characteristics and good adaptation to exploitation of deep water and ultra-deep water.
Top tensioned riser is usually used to connect sea surface and wellhead in seabed in Spar platform. However, most researches adopt single riser model which can not take the influence of Spar platform on TTR into consideration, especially for the vortex induce vibration (VIV) study. Based on the S-Spar platform, the vortex induced vibration and fatigue behaviors of TTR hosted in Spar platform are investigated in this paper at the last part. The researches mainly focus on protective effects of S-Spar on TTRs in centre well, influence of riser guides on natural frequency and VIV fatigue damage of TTRs, influence of Spar VIM on fatigue damage of TTRs. The following conclusions can be drawn:
1) The S-Spar platform can not only protect TTR in the range of midsection, but also decrease fatigue damage of whole riser effectively. The protective effect is more obvious in the range of Spar hull and riser guides, and increases with current velocity.
2) Riser guides in the centre well of Spar platform will make natural frequency of TTR higher than single riser model. For the TTR mentioned in this paper, tolerance of natural frequency can reach to 11.2%.
3) Using single riser model to predict the fatigue life of TTR hosted in Spar platform is more dangerous. The fatigue damage of TTR with Spar platform is 2.598 times as that of single riser model under the current condition in South China Sea.
4) When VIV fatigue damage and VIM fatigue calculated together, the VIM of Spar platform has great influence on the fatigue damage of TTR. VIM of Spar can restrain the vibration and fatigue damage of TTR It is conservative to predict the fatigue life of TTR without taking the VIM of Spar into consideration.
The innovation of this thesis can be concluded as follows: Taking the ultra-deep water condition and internal wave load into consideration, a new type of Spar named S-Spar is presented in this paper by integrating the advantages of Classic Spar and Truss Spar. And the hydrodynamic performance is obtained using frequency-domain and time-domain method, and compared with a typical Truss Spar. Based on the S-Spar, protective effects of S-Spar on TTRs in centre well, influence of Spar platform on VIV fatigue damage of TTRs, influence of Spar VIM on fatigue damage of TTRs are investigate, and beneficial conclusions are obtained.
引文
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