欧盟反倾销法律制度研究
摘要
本文试图通过对欧盟反倾销法及其实践的深入分析，尤其是将欧盟反倾销法与GATT反倾销协定进行对比，从而纠正我国在欧盟反倾销法研究中的诸多错误认识，进而在对欧盟反倾销法正确认识基础上找出我国企业针对欧盟反倾销程序的对策，并在未来的反倾销立法中进一步借鉴欧盟反倾销法的优点。本文分四个部分，约四万二千字。
第一部分介绍了欧盟反倾销法概貌并分析了其对中国的影响。作者首先对欧盟反倾销法历史发展作了考察，然后分析了直接参与反倾销程序的理事会、委员会及欧盟法院的职能。在欧盟反倾销法对中国的影响上，作者分别论述了其对中国反倾销立法的借鉴性影响及对中国外贸的影响。作者主要从出口价格、地区产业及启动调查时国内生产商的支持率三方面论述了中国在反倾销立法中对欧盟反倾销法的借鉴。而在对中国对外贸易的影响上，作者则分析了欧盟对华反倾销的四大特点，其中着重剖析了欧盟反倾销法对中国的歧视问题，尤其是“单独待遇”所需的四个条件。
第二部分详尽分析了倾销构成要件，即：存在倾销，存在损害，倾销与损害之间存在因果关系，共同体利益要求干预。作者论述了欧盟针对我国的市场经济五条标准中我国难于达到其中第二及第三条：第二条对中国提出了高于市场经济国家的会计标准要求；第三条则是我国在由计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中难以避免使企业的生产成本和财务状况不受到源自非市场经济体制的明显扭曲。在损害认定上，作者特别分析了廉价出售幅度与过分削价幅度的区别，并指出反倾销税幅度等于廉价出售幅度导致进口产品在欧盟实际市场价格与欧盟产品的目标价格之间的全部差额都被认为是倾销造成的损害。作者还分析了在累计损害问题上《条例》与《协定》的区别。“共同体利益”条款是欧盟反倾销法的特色和优点之一，它为我们更深入分析
倾销提棋了一水新的视野尽管在目前欧矍实践中共同体利益因在大
多数情况下等同于受到倾销损害的共同体产业利益而被边缘化，但由
于共同体利益有利于我们更全面地从一国经济福利最大化角度把握
反倾销的利弊得失，从而很可能会在未来发挥越来越大的作用。
第三部分讨论了反倾销程序。作者首先分析了程序启动中的证据
标准与申诉资格问题，并附带指出了《条例》中译本在申诉资格方面
的翻译错误。其次着重分析了调查过程中欧盟如何保护利害关系人权
益，尤其是如何处理保密与维护利害关系人辩护权的平衡。在反倾销
措施上，作者逐一分析了价格承诺、临时反倾销税、登记与最终反倾
销税。而在退税与行政复审方面，作者首先指出了两者的主要区别，
即退税仅限于对本身意义上的倾销的调查，而复审则可包含对倾销及
由此造成的损害的调查。然后分析了退税及行政复审中的四个主要复
审:日落复审、期中复审、新出口商复审及吸收税复审。而在司法审
查上则主要讨论了原告诉讼资格及司法审查的理由。
第四部分为结语，探讨中国现行反倾销立法的不足之处与中国对
欧盟反倾销法的应对策略。作者尤其强调中国反倾销法应明确提出国
家利益审查以便有选择地运用反倾销措施，从而使经济利益最大化。
This article is an attempt to explore systematically EU anti-dumping law and its practices, especially to focus on the comparison between EU anti-dumping Regulation and GATT anti-dumping Agreement in order to correct our comprehension errors on EU anti-dumping law research. Based upon full understanding of EU anti-dumping law, author advance a series of countermeasures for promotion of Chinese export to EU and propose to take advantage of EU anti-dumping law to further the refinement of Chinese anti-dumping legislation. With 42 000 Chinese characters, this article consists of four parts.
PART Ⅰ: Introduction to EU anti-dumping law and its impact on China. After an overview of history of EU anti-dumping law, author analyse the functions of the three institutions directely involved in anti-dumping procedure: Council, Commission, EC Court. On EU anti-dumping law impact on China, author develop separately China's taking use of EU anti-dumping law in her legislation and repercussions of EU anti-dumping law on Chinese foreign trade.
PART Ⅱ : A detailed analyse on requirements of EU anti-dumping: existance of dumping, existance of injury, causation between dumping and injury, community interest calling for intervention. Concerned the 5 points of market economy, author point out that it's very difficult for Chinese corporations to satisfy points 2 and 3. In fact, point 2 imposes an accounting standard higher than that of economy country, and in China on transformation from centrally planned economy to market economy, it's inevitable for an enterprise's production
costs and financial situation be sisnificantly distorted, which is originating from non-market economy. On existance of injury, author distinguish margin of underselling from margin of undercutting, pointing out that margin of anti-dumping duty equal to that of underselling makes injury caused by dumping accountable for all the difference between actual market price and threshold price of EU enterprises. "Community interest" clause gives us a new perspective in examining the phenomenon of dumping . Although it is marginised in most cases, it would play a greater role since it facilitates our comprehensive mastery of advantages and disadvantages of anti-dumping through the examination of national welfare maximisation.
PART Ⅲ: Anti-dumping procedure. Firstly, author examine the evidentiary threshold requirements and the locus standi of the applicant in initiation of proceeding; Secondly, author analyse by what means EU institutions, during investigation, protect the interested parties' rights, especially how to balance confidentiality and the defense right of interested parties. On refund and administrative review, author advance their main distinction: refund is limited to investigation of dumping, review can include the investigation of dumping and injury.
PART Ⅳ: Conclusion. Author explore the shortcomings of Chinese, ant i-dumping legislation and the countermeasures to EU anti-dumping toward China. Author emphasize "public interest" test should be added to Chinese anti-dumping legislation in order to apply selectively the anti-dumping measures for the
maximisation of national welfare.
第一部分介绍了欧盟反倾销法概貌并分析了其对中国的影响。作者首先对欧盟反倾销法历史发展作了考察，然后分析了直接参与反倾销程序的理事会、委员会及欧盟法院的职能。在欧盟反倾销法对中国的影响上，作者分别论述了其对中国反倾销立法的借鉴性影响及对中国外贸的影响。作者主要从出口价格、地区产业及启动调查时国内生产商的支持率三方面论述了中国在反倾销立法中对欧盟反倾销法的借鉴。而在对中国对外贸易的影响上，作者则分析了欧盟对华反倾销的四大特点，其中着重剖析了欧盟反倾销法对中国的歧视问题，尤其是“单独待遇”所需的四个条件。
第二部分详尽分析了倾销构成要件，即：存在倾销，存在损害，倾销与损害之间存在因果关系，共同体利益要求干预。作者论述了欧盟针对我国的市场经济五条标准中我国难于达到其中第二及第三条：第二条对中国提出了高于市场经济国家的会计标准要求；第三条则是我国在由计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中难以避免使企业的生产成本和财务状况不受到源自非市场经济体制的明显扭曲。在损害认定上，作者特别分析了廉价出售幅度与过分削价幅度的区别，并指出反倾销税幅度等于廉价出售幅度导致进口产品在欧盟实际市场价格与欧盟产品的目标价格之间的全部差额都被认为是倾销造成的损害。作者还分析了在累计损害问题上《条例》与《协定》的区别。“共同体利益”条款是欧盟反倾销法的特色和优点之一，它为我们更深入分析
倾销提棋了一水新的视野尽管在目前欧矍实践中共同体利益因在大
多数情况下等同于受到倾销损害的共同体产业利益而被边缘化，但由
于共同体利益有利于我们更全面地从一国经济福利最大化角度把握
反倾销的利弊得失，从而很可能会在未来发挥越来越大的作用。
第三部分讨论了反倾销程序。作者首先分析了程序启动中的证据
标准与申诉资格问题，并附带指出了《条例》中译本在申诉资格方面
的翻译错误。其次着重分析了调查过程中欧盟如何保护利害关系人权
益，尤其是如何处理保密与维护利害关系人辩护权的平衡。在反倾销
措施上，作者逐一分析了价格承诺、临时反倾销税、登记与最终反倾
销税。而在退税与行政复审方面，作者首先指出了两者的主要区别，
即退税仅限于对本身意义上的倾销的调查，而复审则可包含对倾销及
由此造成的损害的调查。然后分析了退税及行政复审中的四个主要复
审:日落复审、期中复审、新出口商复审及吸收税复审。而在司法审
查上则主要讨论了原告诉讼资格及司法审查的理由。
第四部分为结语，探讨中国现行反倾销立法的不足之处与中国对
欧盟反倾销法的应对策略。作者尤其强调中国反倾销法应明确提出国
家利益审查以便有选择地运用反倾销措施，从而使经济利益最大化。
This article is an attempt to explore systematically EU anti-dumping law and its practices, especially to focus on the comparison between EU anti-dumping Regulation and GATT anti-dumping Agreement in order to correct our comprehension errors on EU anti-dumping law research. Based upon full understanding of EU anti-dumping law, author advance a series of countermeasures for promotion of Chinese export to EU and propose to take advantage of EU anti-dumping law to further the refinement of Chinese anti-dumping legislation. With 42 000 Chinese characters, this article consists of four parts.
PART Ⅰ: Introduction to EU anti-dumping law and its impact on China. After an overview of history of EU anti-dumping law, author analyse the functions of the three institutions directely involved in anti-dumping procedure: Council, Commission, EC Court. On EU anti-dumping law impact on China, author develop separately China's taking use of EU anti-dumping law in her legislation and repercussions of EU anti-dumping law on Chinese foreign trade.
PART Ⅱ : A detailed analyse on requirements of EU anti-dumping: existance of dumping, existance of injury, causation between dumping and injury, community interest calling for intervention. Concerned the 5 points of market economy, author point out that it's very difficult for Chinese corporations to satisfy points 2 and 3. In fact, point 2 imposes an accounting standard higher than that of economy country, and in China on transformation from centrally planned economy to market economy, it's inevitable for an enterprise's production
costs and financial situation be sisnificantly distorted, which is originating from non-market economy. On existance of injury, author distinguish margin of underselling from margin of undercutting, pointing out that margin of anti-dumping duty equal to that of underselling makes injury caused by dumping accountable for all the difference between actual market price and threshold price of EU enterprises. "Community interest" clause gives us a new perspective in examining the phenomenon of dumping . Although it is marginised in most cases, it would play a greater role since it facilitates our comprehensive mastery of advantages and disadvantages of anti-dumping through the examination of national welfare maximisation.
PART Ⅲ: Anti-dumping procedure. Firstly, author examine the evidentiary threshold requirements and the locus standi of the applicant in initiation of proceeding; Secondly, author analyse by what means EU institutions, during investigation, protect the interested parties' rights, especially how to balance confidentiality and the defense right of interested parties. On refund and administrative review, author advance their main distinction: refund is limited to investigation of dumping, review can include the investigation of dumping and injury.
PART Ⅳ: Conclusion. Author explore the shortcomings of Chinese, ant i-dumping legislation and the countermeasures to EU anti-dumping toward China. Author emphasize "public interest" test should be added to Chinese anti-dumping legislation in order to apply selectively the anti-dumping measures for the
maximisation of national welfare.
引文
1、高永富、张玉卿主编：《国际反倾销法》，上海：复旦大学出版社2001年版。
2、李昌麒主编：《经济法》，北京：中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
3、赵学清：《国际反倾销法理论与实务》，重庆：重庆大学出版社1994年版。
4、胡晓红：《中国反倾销法理论与实践》，北京：中国社会科学出版社2001年版。
5、王景琦：《中外反倾销法律与实务》，北京：人民法院出版社2000年版。
6、张晓东：《中国反倾销法立法比较研究》，北京：法律出版社／中央文献出版社2000版。
7、李炼：《反倾销：法律与实务》，北京：中国经济发展出版社1999年版。
8、赵海峰、卢建平主编：《欧洲法通讯》第二辑，北京：法律出版社2001年版。
9、赵海峰、张小劲主编：《欧洲法通讯》第三辑，北京：法律出版社2002年版。
10、《反倾销条例及其配套规定》，北京：中国法制出版社2002年版。
11、石广生主编：《中国加入世界贸易组织知识读本(二)，乌拉圭回合多边谈判结果：法律文本》，北京：人民出版社2002年版。
12、Terence P.Stewart and Amy S.Dwyer, WTO Antidumping and Subsidy Agreement, A Practioner's Guide to "sunset" Review in Australia, Canada, The European Union, and the United States, Klumer Law International, 1996.
13、Ivo Van Bael and Jean Francois Bellis, Antidumping and other Trade Protection Laws of the EEC, Second Edition, CCH Editions Limited, 1990.
14、Clive Stanbrook and Philip Bentley, DUMPING AND SUBSIDIES: The Law and Procedures Governing the Imposition of Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties in the European Community, Third Edition, Clumer Law International, 1996.
15、Pierre Didier, WTO Trade Instruments in EU Law, Cameron May, 1999.
16、Edwin Vermulst and Paul Waer, E.C.Anti-dumping Law and Practice, Sweet&Maxwell, 1996.
17、Jo(?)i Boudant, 1'Antidumping Communautaire, Economica, 1991.
18、Keith Steele, Anti-dumping under WTO: A Comparative Review, Klumer Law International and International Bar Association, 1996.
2、李昌麒主编：《经济法》，北京：中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
3、赵学清：《国际反倾销法理论与实务》，重庆：重庆大学出版社1994年版。
4、胡晓红：《中国反倾销法理论与实践》，北京：中国社会科学出版社2001年版。
5、王景琦：《中外反倾销法律与实务》，北京：人民法院出版社2000年版。
6、张晓东：《中国反倾销法立法比较研究》，北京：法律出版社／中央文献出版社2000版。
7、李炼：《反倾销：法律与实务》，北京：中国经济发展出版社1999年版。
8、赵海峰、卢建平主编：《欧洲法通讯》第二辑，北京：法律出版社2001年版。
9、赵海峰、张小劲主编：《欧洲法通讯》第三辑，北京：法律出版社2002年版。
10、《反倾销条例及其配套规定》，北京：中国法制出版社2002年版。
11、石广生主编：《中国加入世界贸易组织知识读本(二)，乌拉圭回合多边谈判结果：法律文本》，北京：人民出版社2002年版。
12、Terence P.Stewart and Amy S.Dwyer, WTO Antidumping and Subsidy Agreement, A Practioner's Guide to "sunset" Review in Australia, Canada, The European Union, and the United States, Klumer Law International, 1996.
13、Ivo Van Bael and Jean Francois Bellis, Antidumping and other Trade Protection Laws of the EEC, Second Edition, CCH Editions Limited, 1990.
14、Clive Stanbrook and Philip Bentley, DUMPING AND SUBSIDIES: The Law and Procedures Governing the Imposition of Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties in the European Community, Third Edition, Clumer Law International, 1996.
15、Pierre Didier, WTO Trade Instruments in EU Law, Cameron May, 1999.
16、Edwin Vermulst and Paul Waer, E.C.Anti-dumping Law and Practice, Sweet&Maxwell, 1996.
17、Jo(?)i Boudant, 1'Antidumping Communautaire, Economica, 1991.
18、Keith Steele, Anti-dumping under WTO: A Comparative Review, Klumer Law International and International Bar Association, 1996.